Resource sharing

The novelty of the peer-to-peer (P2P) paradigm relies on two main concepts: cooperation among users and resource sharing. There are many applications based on peer-to-peer paradigm, but the most popular one is the file sharing. We can classify the file sharing application into centralized systems, (having a central server), and decentralized systems. Another classification would be structured and unstructured systems,

Nigeria is endowed with abundant energy resources, both conventional and renewable, whichprovide her with immense capacity to develop an effective national energy plan. However, introduction of renewable energyresources into the nation's energy mix have implications on itsenergy budget. The national energy supply system has been projected intothe future using MARKAL, a large scale linear optimization model.However, this model may not be absolutely representative of the highlynon-linear future of renewable energy. Results of the model reveal that under onlya least cost constraint, only large hydro power technology is the prominentcommercial renewable energy technology in the electricity supply mix of thecountry. Despite the immense solar energy potentials available, solar electricity generation is attractive only under severeCO2 emissions mitigation of the nation's energy supply system. Similarly, the penetration of small-scale hydro power technology in theelectricity supply mix is favoured only under CO2 emissionsconstraints. Due to economy of scale, large hydropower technology takes the lion share of all the commercial renewableenergy resources share for electricity generation under any CO2emissions constraint. These analyses reveal that some barriers exist to thedevelopment and penetration of renewable energy resources electricity production in Nigeria's energy supplysystem. Barriers and possible strategies to overcome them arediscussed. Intensive efforts and realistic approachtowards energy supply system in the country will have to be adopted inorder to adequately exploit renewable energy resources and technologiesfor economic growth and development.

This paper proposes efficient resource allocation techniques for a policy-based wireless/wireline interworking architecture, where quality of service (QoS) provisioning and resource allocation is driven by the service level agreement (SLA). For end-to-end IP QoS delivery, each wireless access domain can independently choose its internal resource management policies to guarantee the customer access SLA (CASLA), while the border-crossing traffic is served by a core network following policy rules to meet the transit domain SLA (TRSLA). Particularly, we propose an engineered priority resource sharing scheme for a voice/data integrated wireless domain, where the policy rules allow cellular-only access or cellular/WLAN interworked access. By such a resource sharing scheme, the CASLA for each service class is met with efficient resource utilization, and the interdomain TRSLA bandwidth requirement can be easily determined. In the transit domain, the traffic load fluctuation from upstream access domains is tackled by an inter-TRSLA resource sharing technique, where the spare capacity from underloaded TRSLAs can be exploited by the overloaded TRSLAs to improve resource utilization. Advantages of the inter-SLA resource sharing technique are that the core network service provider can freely design the policy rules that define underload and overload status, determine the bandwidth reservation, and distribute the spare resources among bandwidth borrowers, while all the policies are supported by a common set of resource allocation techniques.

The water resources of the Incomati river basin, shared between South Africa, Swaziland and Mozambique, are intensively used. Moreover, the basin is situated in a part of Africa that over the last 40 years has experienced a dynamic, sometimes turbulent and volatile, political history. Both ingredients might have been sufficient for the emergence of confrontations over water. Tensions between Mozambique, South Africa and Swaziland over Incomati waters existed but never escalated. This case study attempts to explain why cooperation prevailed, by presenting information about the natural characteristics of the basin, its political history, water developments and the negotiations that took place during the period 1967–2002. The paper provides four explanations why tensions did not escalate and cooperation prevailed. It is concluded that the developments in the Incomati basin support the hypothesis that water drives peoples and countries towards cooperation. Increased water use has indeed...

This paper examines the potential integration of Living Labs concepts of open and user driven innovation with Future Internet experimentally driven research approaches, in order to accelerate the user-driven development of Future Internet enabled services towards Smart Cities. Two key issues are underlying this integration: strengthening user involvement in experimental Internet research, and providing access to common resources such as testbed facilities and living lab resources. To explore the opportunities for such integration, three case studies from current FP7-ICT projects are discussed: SmartSantander, TEFIS and ELLIOT. A framework is proposed facilitating the sharing of resources offered by existing Smart City platforms, testbeds and living labs facilities as a basis for partnership agreements implementing open innovation approaches for Smart Cities.

The spread of knowledge sources available in various formats and financial constraints has made it difficult for libraries to satisfy their users’ needs. However, the problems of information explosion, ever changing users’ needs, shrinking library budgets and currency devaluations can be overcome, to some extent, through resource sharing. Library professionals need to explore options to extend users’ access to information sources by forming partnerships with other local libraries having similar collections.These collaborative arrangements enable patrons to access resources otherwise out of their reach. This requires each participating institution to contribute in the network of their extended libraries’ family and do not operate in isolation. It is widely acknowledged that no library, no matter how large and well-funded it is, can be self-sufficient in meeting its users’ demands. Hence, libraries in Pakistan need to develop cooperative plans to meet the challenges posed by rapid growth and diversity of knowledge sources, increased users’ demands and expectations, decreased budgets, hiking prices of books, journals and databases are the major reasons for cooperation amongst libraries. This paper intends to suggest some possible ways for libraries in Lahore to get the benefits of RS.

Subterranean termites have highly cryptic life habits and their foraging activities are as a rule confined to below-ground level gallery systems. Mark–release–recapture (MRR) using fat-soluble histological dyes is a candidate method for the study of foraging dynamics and territories, but has not hitherto been standardized experimentally. A wide range of dye types and concentrations is reported in the literature. In this study, six potential dyes were evaluated at different concentrations for marking workers of Reticulitermes grassei (Clément) (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), under laboratory and simulated field conditions. Neutral red (1% wt/wt) was considered the most effective while showing acceptably low toxicity. In a subsequent field trial using dye impregnated into a wooden bait, the MMR procedure was used to map the foraging territory perimeter of a single colony. Assumptions inherent in the interpretation of MMR data are reviewed. To map the foraging territory perimeter by this method, two theoretical approaches are defined (a conservative and a non-conservative hypothesis). We show that the approach adopted may affect the estimate obtained by as much as 100%. Results are discussed in the context of the ecology and behaviour of subterranean termite colonies.

Purpose – College and University Libraries in India are a privileged type of libraries with comparatively sound collections. They spend a large portion of their funds on developing in-house collections. In spite of the prevailing ICT, there is hardly any practice of sharing collections in a formal manner. The article aims to explore the challenges in sharing library resource in libraries. Design/methodology/approach – Using a survey method, the survey followed a qualitative design based on an interview technique of data collection. Forty librarians from the state of Maharashtra India were interviewed. Structured interview were conducted at the 40 librarians’ workplaces/ on telephone during 2014-2015. Findings – The study is trying to situate India’s position in Networking and resource sharing. The data analysis of the present study revealed that various technical, procedural, psychological, behavioral, legal, barriers in achieving planned collection sharing programs. It suggests ana...

Healthcare facilities are extremely fragmented and less affordable across much of the developing world. Business architecture for healthcare systems is one of the vital requirements to bridge the gap in developing countries. The resource needed to suffice the insufficiencies of the current health system needs an algorithm driven process. This paper is an attempt to design such an algorithm for resource sharing and utilization. An empirical study has been done to check the satisfaction determinants of the patients using regression analysis.

With modern techniques that allow billions of transis- tors on a chip, microprocessor design is going to a world of multicore. A cluster of multicores will be commonly used as an efficient computational platform for high performance computing in the near future. Correspondingly, the resource providers, who share their computing elements and storage with customers, will also upgrade their machines

Collaborative transportation and logistics pooling are relatively new concepts in research, but are very popular in practice. In the last years, collaborative transportation seems a good city logistics alternative to classical urban consolidation centres, but it is still in a development stage. This paper proposes a framework for urban logistics pooling ex-ante evaluation. This framework is developed with two purposes. The first is to generate comparable contrasted or progressive scenarios representing realistic situations; the second to simulate and assess them to make a “before-after” comparative analysis. In this framework, a demand generation model is combined with a route optimization algorithm to simulate the resulting routes of the proposed individual or collaborative distribution schemes assumed by each scenario. Then, several indicators can be obtained, mainly travelled distances, working times, road occupancy rates and operational monetary costs. To illustrate that framework, several scenarios for the urban area of Lyon (France) are simulated and discussed to illustrate the proposed framework possible applications.

The purpose of this study is to develop a response mechanism for real-world instances where degraded conditions (i.e. pandemic) hinder information coordination in healthcare providers. One aspect of this research was the breakdown of the healthcare information system into its various sub-systems. Another aspect of the research was the identification and analysis of the communication links that exist between them. Collecting data through interviews and observations can demonstrate various configurations of this network of information flow at different levels of analysis. This system-of-systems approach allows for the simulation and evaluation of the behavior of healthcare information systems over time.

This thesis takes an evolutionary perspective on human psychology. To the extent that inherited tendencies shape behaviour, their design will be fitted to the social environments prevailing as Homo sapiens evolved, in foraging groups, the
nearest modern equivalent being hunter-gatherers. From ethnographies of hunter-gatherers, food-sharing and counter-dominance were identified as universal. Food-sharing was more thorough than is explicable purely by kinship or reciprocation; one functional effect was to even out the supply of valuable high-variance food. In contrast with the social systems of the other great apes, counter-dominance spread influence widely, preventing the emergence of dominant individuals who could obtain resources disproportionately. Potential paths for the evolution of egalitarian tendencies are discussed.
Two falsifiable hypotheses were generated from this perspective. First, sharing will facilitate risk-taking. The predicted effect was confirmed at high risk levels, similar to those faced by hunters. Given that during evolution risk was reduced primarily by social means, social as well as rational factors are treated by the evolved brain as relevant to risky decisions. It is argued that this result may suggest
a new perspective on the Group Polarisation experiments.
The second hypothesis tested was that an egalitarian environment will produce beneficial effects on individual and social behaviour. The data collected were consistent with the hypothesis: a comparison between three Italian towns showed that measures of health (including cardiovascular mortality), education, social involvement, crime and social perceptions were significantly more positive where cooperatives
employed a larger percentage of the population.
The evolutionary perspective showed its value as a means of generating novel testable hypotheses.

Libraries have to play a central role in higher education institutions in supporting learning, teaching and research activities. Along with the other sectors of Higher Education, Library also has experience of last two decades of unprecedented change of leT. It force the academic libraries to transformed their operations according to present digital environment, where users expecting library services in 2417 mode. In recent years, e-resources have become most popular source of information for academic community. It provides the facility to librarians to work together to acquire and share library collection and provide digital library services to the users community. Due to increases in subject contents of all subjects and shrinking of the library budget make compulsion to library to come together for recourse sharing and the concept oflibrary consortium has originated. This paper explores the concepts, issues, type and facilities offered by the library consortium and discuss how it useful for academic library.

In 2005, North American Bison Cooperative formed a contractual alliance with North Dakota Natural Beef, LLC. The alliance was formed in order to enable the cooperative to enhance returns from its physical and managerial assets by entering the natural beef market. This case describes the resources shared by the cooperative and LLC, how the alliance was governed, the risk of opportunism by the CEO and associated trust building and control mechanisms, and the benefits cooperative members received. Although the two companies operate under different business principles, cooperative members exercise indirect control over the resources they contribute to the venture.

The growth of distance education course offerings is an indication of its importance to students; however, criticisms have centered on its lack of ability to provide interaction among participants. This case study utilized a mixed methods approach to examine the assumption that an increase in interaction increases student satisfaction among distance learners in an applied animal genetics course delivered by

The purpose of this tutorial is to survey queueing networks, a class of stochastic models extensively applied to represent and analyze resource sharing systems such as communication and computer systems. Queueing networks (QNs) have been proved to be a powerful and versatile tool for system performance evaluation and prediction. First we briefly survey QNs that consist of a single service center, i.e., the basic queueing systems defined under various hypotheses, and we discuss their analysis to evaluate a set of performance indices, such as resource utilization and throughput and customer response time. Their solution is based on the introduction of an underlying stochastic Markov process. Then, we introduce QNs that consist of a set of service centers representing the system resources that provide service to a collection of customers that represent the users. Various types of customers define the customers classes in the network that are gathered in chains. We consider various analytical methods to analyze QNs with single-class and multiple-class. We mostly focus on product-form QNs that have a simple closed form expression of the stationary state distribution that allows to define efficient algorithms to evaluate average performance measures. We review the basic results, stating from the BCMP theorem that defines a large class of product-form QNs, and we present the main solution algorithms for single-class e multiple-class QNs. We discuss some interesting properties of QNs including the arrival theorem, exact aggregation and insensitivity. Finally, we discuss some particular models of product-form QNs that allow to represent special system features such as state-dependent routing, negative customers, customers batch arrivals and departures and finite capacity queues. The class of QN models is illustrated through some application examples of to analyze computer and communication systems.

The purpose of this paper is to find out user awareness and uses of UGC-Infonet Digital Library Consortium by faculty members and research
scholars in School of Physical Sciences, Mizoram University.A questionnaire based survey was conducted with all faculty members and research scholars in school of physical sciences which consisting three departments- Chemistry, Mathematics & Computer Science and Physics. This paper examine the awareness, utilization and satisfaction with UGC-Infonet digital library consortium and consortium resources by faculties and research scholars and found that respondents are aware and use UGC-Infonet digitallibrary consortium butthere is a need to conduct
more awareness/tanning program for enhancing the
use of the UGC-Infonet consortium.