Punitive Damages

The first chapter of the paper elaborates the question of whether one of the constitutive elements of the internationally wrongful act and a precondition for responsibility could be embodied in an existence of damage that has to be inflicted upon participants with international legal personality. In this regards legal doctrine, the arbitral awards, international judgments as well as the works of the UN International Law Commission will be examined, particularly the Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts and the Draft Articles on the Responsibility of International Organisations from 2001 and 2011, respectively. An interesting question could be raised concerning the terms used in Law on Responsibility and that is whether there is a difference between damage, injury, and unlawful consequence. Punitive or penal damage and its application in Law on Responsibility will be further assessed. The author will begin its research with the definition of pun...

Punitive damages are one of the most controversial aspects of tort litigation and have been the subject of various theoretical, empirical, and experimental studies. One criticism of punitive damages refers to the effect that they have on civil litigation processes. In particular, Polinsky (1997) argues that the uncertainty and unpredictability that punitive damage claims inject into a case may increase both the rate and amount of settlements, thus implying that punitive damages carry systemic consequences for the general processing of tort claims. This paper represents the first, empirical examination of this implication. With one of the largest and most comprehensive data sets of tort litigation (over 25,000 cases filed from 1994 through 1997 in several counties in Georgia), we analyze both cases that are likely to have caps on punitive damage awards and cases that are likely to be uncapped. We examine the effect of the decision to seek punitive damages on several major decision po...

A presente obra tem por objetivo discutir a reparação não pecuniária dos danos morais no direito brasileiro. A partir da constatação da predominância, no campo práti-co, de um modelo exclusivamente monetário de compensação de danos extrapatrimoniais, em face de um alargamento do campo de incidência da responsabilidade civil, aliado a uma concepção subjetiva do que seja a lesão imaterial, analisa-se a missão de-sempenhada pelo secular instituto jurídico. Conclui-se, à luz do ordenamento civil nacional, desempenhar a responsabilidade civil função precipuamente reparatória, constituindo a prevenção e a punição efeitos reflexos, mas não necessários, da reparação do dano. O sistema indenizatório deve guiar-se pelo princípio da re-paração adequada, voltado a buscar as medidas mais eficazes a reparar o bem imaterial violado, não sendo possível falar-se em reparação integral do dano extrapatrimonial. É analisada a posi-ção prioritária da reparação específica no ordenamento brasilei-ro, consistindo o ressarcimento monetário em meio subsidiário e complementar de compensação do dano moral. A ausência de determinação explícita quanto ao método a ser utilizado na re-composição do bem jurídico violado, à luz do disposto no art. 927 do CC/02, longe de desembocar no afunilamento dos meios reparatórios, mediante o uso exclusivo da via monetária, impõe ao intérprete perscrutar, dentre o catálogo de opções ofertadas pelo sistema, aquela que se apresente mais adequada à repa-ração do direito da personalidade transgredido. A reparação não pecuniária do dano moral não afasta integralmente a possibilidade de ser ministrado o remédio monetário, cabendo ao magistrado, no caso concreto posto à apreciação, avaliar em que medida a tutela específica logrou efetivamente recompor o bem existencial lesado, circunstância esta que influirá diretamente no montante a ser arbitrado.

Aborda-se a problemática envolvendo a obrigatoriedade ou não do elemento dano para configurar a responsabilidade civil, mostrando a visão clássica da responsabilidade civil e a contemporânea, assentada nas exigências constitucionais da dignidade humana e solidariedade. Aprofunda as categorias do dano-evento e do dano-prejuízo, de modo identificar se é possível configurar a responsabilidade civil apenas com a presença do dano-evento. Aprofunda o viés preventivo da responsabilidade civil a partir do novo matiz constitucional. Apresenta tese que existe responsabilidade civil sem o dano-prejuízo, limitado apenas ao dano-evento, explicando as bases constitucionais que apoiam essa opção Hermenêutica. Palavras-Chave: Responsabilidade Civil; Função Preventiva; Dano-Evento; Dano-Prejuízo.

A lo largo de su vasta historia, el movimiento feminista ha pensado, como problema político y como parte de su estrategia de lucha y sobrevivencia, las diferentes facetas del aparato represivo del Estado. En diversos contextos el antipunitivismo-es decir, la respuesta política a la filosofía del castigo como el modo de (re)accionar a las cuestiones sociales-ha surgido como elemento crucial de las diatribas de los feminismos antisistémicos. Sin embargo, no podríamos afirmar que existe algo así como una tradición, estructurante y estructurada, del feminismo antipunitivista, sino, más bien, lo que observamos es un conjunto de preocupaciones y aproximaciones políticas de algunos feminismos a las estrategias de castigo, en los momentos en los que las lógicas de la dominación patriarcal se entrecruzan con la selectividad sexo-genérica de los aparatos represivos de los Estados. En el presente trabajo quisiéramos hacer el esfuerzo de deliberar la interacción entre estas aproximaciones para así enunciar qué elementos compondrían un feminismo antipunitivista.

Throughout its great history, the feminist movement has thought the different facets of the repressive apparatus of the State, as a political problem and as part of its strategy of struggle and survival. In different contexts, antipunitivism-that is, the political response to the philosophy of punishment as the way to (re)act to social issues-has emerged as a crucial element in the diatribes of antisystemic feminisms. However, we could not claim that there is something like a structuring and structured tradition of antipunitivist feminism. Rather, what we observe is a set of concerns and political approaches of some feminisms to the strategies of punishment, in the moments in which the logics of patriarchal domination intersect with the gender-generic selectivity of the repressive apparatuses of the States. In the present work we would like to make the effort to deliberate the interaction between these approaches in order to enunciate what elements would compose an antipunitivist feminism.

These new discoveries (in part) are related to evidenced legal arguments brought by the Federal government – Ref. “THE UNITED STATES v ACE CORP, et al” Docket No. 0:2013cv00464 and the sworn testimony of Nationally recognized Fraud Expert - Lynn E. Szymoniak. In this case reference (and on behalf of the Plaintiff - The United States), Ms. Szymoniak stated under oath:

“Defendants used fraudulent mortgage assignments to conceal that over 1400 MBS trusts, each with mortgages valued at over $1 billion, are missing critical documents..."

Harm and loss in the French law of civil liability after the Projet de réforme of March 2017. Pure economic losses and pure non-economic losses (wrongful life and wrongful death). Punitive damages. Vindicatory damages.  Functions of civil liability.

Il lavoro tenta di trasmettere alla comunità scientifica l’idea che l’impostazione attuale del private enforcement, volta ad attuare il riconoscimento a chiunque del danno antitrust mediante la ‘responsabilizzazione verso chiunque degli autori dell’illecito’, ha prodotto lo scardinamento della responsabilità civile. Questa è stata resa un alienum rispetto alla tradizione giuridica dell’Europa continentale, perché non mira alla tutela delle vittime, bensì alla punizione dell’autore dell’offesa. Un esito che contrasta anche con la complementarità che informa l’azione pubblica e l’azione privata nel diritto antitrust. Di conseguenza, l’indagine mette al centro la tutela del singolo, vittima dell’offesa. Muovendo, quindi, dal carattere residuale della responsabilità aquiliana, viene sperimentato l’approccio in chiave contrattuale alle patologie generate dall’intesa e dall’abuso di posizione dominante. Quest’ottica sembra salvaguardare, non solo le categorie della tutela civile, ma anche la complementarità tra il private enforcement e il public enforcement, secondo il canone del diritto moderno.

***

The work tries to convey to the scientific community the idea that the current setting of antitrust private enforcement has deranged civil liability, as recognized by the general principles common to the laws of the Member States. Indeed, the idea to recognize ‘compensation for antitrust damages to anyone’ through the ‘liability towards anyone of the infringers’ has made that liability an alienum with respect to the legal tradition of continental Europe, because it does not aim to protect the victims, but rather to punish the offender. An outcome that also contrasts with the complementarity that informs public and private actions in antitrust law. Thus, the investigation focuses on the protection of the individual, victim of the offense. Moving from the residual character of non-contractual responsibility, the work tests the contractual approach to the pathologies generated by both unlawful agreements and the abuse of a dominant position. This view seems to safeguard, not only the categories of civil law, but also the complementarity between private enforcement and public enforcement, according to the canon of modern law.

Mi trabajo “Un primer acercamiento, con perspectiva de Género, a la problemática del ‘Pink Tax’ y su análisis a los ojos del Derecho del Consumidor argentino”, que forma parte de la obra ´Género y Derecho del Consumidor´ tiene como origen el Proyecto de interés institucional (PII) de la Universidad de Buenos Aires, convocatoria 2017-2018, “El Género como Categoría Analítica en el Derecho del Consumidor. Teorías, perspectivas e identidades de género y la protección al consumidor.”

The compensatory damages remedy afforded in Mosley v News Group Newspapers Limited [2008] was inadequate, but also that no remedy could ever, in principle, be adequate, in misuse of private information/breach of confidence cases where the information in question has already been published. Eady J did not err in refusing to award exemplary damages. These would not have been available regardless. Eady J should instead have awarded an account of profits. This remedy was most appropriate given the uncertain foundation of the claim in 2008 (it was unclear whether the claim should be considered in equity or in tort). It is argued that awarding this remedy would strike the best possible balance between the ECHR rights to respect for private and family life (art.8) and to freedom of expression (art.10).

In Campbell v MGN Ltd, the House of Lords endorsed an expansive interpretation of the breach of confidence action to protect privacy interests. The scope and content of this transformed cause of action have already been subject to considerable judicial consideration and academic discussion. This paper focuses on the remedial consequences of privacy breaches. It undertakes an analysis of the principles which govern awards for pecuniary and non-pecuniary loss, the availability of gain-based relief, in particular an account of profits, and exemplary damages.Even in its traditional scope, the monetary remedies for breach of confidence raise complex issues, mainly resulting from the fact that this doctrine draws on multiple jurisdictional sources such as equity, contract and property law. The difficulties of determining the appropriate remedial principles are now compounded by the fact that English law also aims to integrate its obligation to protect the right to privacy under Art 8 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 1950 into the conceptual framework of the breach of confidence action.The analysis provided in this paper supports the contention that not only the scope of the cause of action but also important remedial issues are likely to remain in doubt until the wrong of ‘misuse of private information’ is freed from the constraints of the traditional action for breach of confidence. A separate tort would be able to deal more coherently and comprehensively with all wrongs commonly regarded as privacy breaches.

A recent judgement of the Tribunal of Rome assessed compensatory damages for pecuniary losses due to a copyright infringement by increasing them by half in comparison with the 'price of consent'. The judgement provides an opportunity to develop a critical reflection on the role of damages: compensation but also deterrence and punishment, which are to some extent inherent in a purely compensatory judgement . However, in order to ensure that the amount of damages does not diverge from the actual loss suffered because it is considered insufficiently 'deterrent' or 'punitive', a legal provision is needed to ensure the necessary predictability of the sanction.

(Nota a Trib. Roma 30 luglio 2020, sezione specializzata in materia di impresa)
- Un ritratto fotografico è dotato di carattere creativo quando il suo autore fa assumere al soggetto una posa particolare del corpo e del viso, ne evidenzia l’espressività dei gesti delle mani, utilizza un particolare effetto di luci ed ombre e crea così un effetto altamente suggestivo in chi osserva la fotografia (1).
- La violazione del diritto patrimoniale d’autore causa un danno in re ipsa (2).
- Il danno patrimoniale da lesione del diritto d’autore causato da un utilizzatore che ha acquistato il diritto d’autore a non domino può essere quantificato nella somma pagata dal primo al secondo, aumentata della metà (3).

This paper refers to a breach of contract which means failure to keep the promises or agreements of a contract and as a result of that breach, the one party suffers damage.
First of all, this paper highlights the correlation between breach and remedy. The aim of this term paper is to explore an idea of remedies for breach of contract. This paper also looked into different types of suits, a plaintiff can file. It is just as important for the innocent party to show that it has suffered a loss as a result of the breach, and to prove what that loss is, or to establish that it should be entitled to remedy. The cost of suit for damages is in the discretion of the court. In addition to it, this paper will also discuss multiple cases relevant to the breach of contract.

As part of the government response to the Leveson Report, the Crime and Courts Act 2013 (UK) introduces new provisions on the availability of exemplary damages for media torts. This Act creates a statutory bar to the awarding of exemplary damages against a publisher who has become a member of an approved regulator but otherwise makes them available in narrowly defined circumstances. The article explores the extent to which the changes are likely to affect media publishers and, as part of this analysis, compares the new provisions with current English law as well as the relevant law in Australia, New Zealand and Canada. It also examines whether the new statutory regime is compatible with the UK's obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights. The article concludes that the statutory measures are to be welcomed because exemplary damages have an important but limited role in deterring particularly egregious media misconduct and the provisions provide more certainty to media publishers as to when they can be ordered. The article also argues that the new provisions on exemplary damages are compatible with the UK's obligations under the Convention.

Court of Cassation, Joint Sessions, no. 16601/2017 has opened the doors to the recognition of punitive damages, thus sparking a debate about the role of punishment in private law. The idea lying at the heart of the judgment is that it is possible to adopt a model in which the task of repressing or deterring socially harmful conduct is no longer performed by Public Law alone, but by Private Law, as well. Central to this scenario is the prospect of awarding damages beyond the actual losses suffered by the claimant, so as to impose penalties on the defendant (so-called “danni punitivi”), following the model of punitive damages. The Author counters this idea, arguing that a faithful reading of the case law from both the UK House of Lords and the US Supreme Court proves that even the most important Common Law jurisdictions in the world now show uneasiness when it comes to punitive damages. After all, the Common Law Courts have long recognized: on one hand, the distinction between “injury” as a wrong that calls for a legal reaction, and “damage” as a loss that puts in play the need for reparation; and on the other, that a reprehensible intent is not an essential element in tortious liability. Furthermore, the Author points out that once the Italian legal system is carefully assessed, there are no reasons compelling enough to move tort law away from being a reaction to the allocation and prevention of losses. After having stressed that the “danni punitivi” should remain alien to tort law, the Author explores the possibility of employing said concept in a meaningful way, without interfering with other legal institutes or weakening the boundaries between commutative justice and distributive justice.

The essay investigates the compatibility of punitive damages with the Italian legal order and emphasizes their contrast with the Italian public order, understood as the regulatory framework given to the community. It examines the difficult integration of punitive damages with the Italian legal system from different viewpoints: i) that of the irreconcilability with the constitutional guarantees; ii) that of the contrast with the civil responsibility; iii) that of the unsuitability with respect to the infrastructure of the civil procedural rules. In this perspective, it examines a number of rules, catalogued by certain authors and judgments, in particular by the Sezioni Unite of the Corte di Cassazione no. 16601/2017, as points of emergence of the tendency in the punitive sense of tort responsibility. This investigation exposes, on the other hand, the tendency of such cases to reveal instead the various complementary means of protection provided by the legal order to react to the violation, in view of the protection of the public and private interests affected. Finally, the Author criticizes the emergence of a tendency towards the indiscriminate opening of the legal system to the solutions contemplated by foreign legal orders, which represents a threat to the principle of certainty of the law, as it involves the continuous and unpredictable rewriting of the legal categories ordering the social environment.

Στην παρούσα εισήγηση θα επιχειρήσουμε να αναπτύξουμε τον  θεσμό της «τιμωρητικής αποζημίωσης» εξ απόψεως Δικονομικού Διεθνούς Δικαίου, με σκοπό να εξετάσουμε κατά πόσον μία απόφαση αλλοδαπού δικαστηρίου με την οποία επιδικάζεται τιμωρητική αποζημίωση (punitive damages) δύναται να κηρυχθεί εκτελεστή εντός της ελληνικής επικράτειας χωρίς αυτό να επιφέρει έννομα αποτελέσματα ασυμβίβαστα προς τις θεμελιώδεις αρχές που συνθέτουν το δικαιϊκό σύστημα της Χώρας μας.

Το νομικό ενδιαφέρον εστιάζεται στο συγκεκριμένο προβληματισμό, ενόψει του γεγονότος ότι σχεδόν σε όλες τις ευρωπαϊκές έννομες τάξεις η εισροή αυτούσιων κυρωτικών στοιχείων του ποινικού δικαίου στο δίκαιο της αστικής ευθύνης αντιμετωπίζεται ιδιαίτερα επιφυλακτικά από τον εθνικό νομοθέτη, όταν μάλιστα ο θεσμός των «punitive damages» έχει δεχθεί οξεία κριτική εντός και εκτός των Η.Π.Α. όπου κατεξοχήν εφαρμόζεται.

At the core of the paper is the problem of legal indeterminacy and judicial shamanism illustrated with the just satisfaction case law of the European Court of Human Rights, and approached with the Critical Legal Studies (cls) methodology. After analysing the case law, I have shown the chaotic nature of the case law in the respective field, which reinforces the general impression of legal postmodernists on the absence of law in most interesting cases. The paper also makes a certain contribution to further development of cls methodology in presenting all findings as "impressions".

ABSTRACT:
The aim of this paper is studying the implications of preventive legal protection through the Tort Law. It will be developed a brief summary of the discipline's evolution, which morphed from focusing compensation as a sanction for the responsible reproachable conduct, to a vision of a victim's right to get a compensation for the suffered damage, currently trying to protect those situations of difficult reparation from the inhibitory protection. In addition, it will be studied the regulation of preventive protection that was legislated with the sanction of the new Civil and Commercial Code in Argentinian law, with a critical description of the adopted regime. Finally, it will be consider the doctrinal discussion regarding the functions of civil liability, with particular emphasis on the distinction between protection in inflicted damages and preventive protection, analyzing the importance of that distinction from the perspective of the re-conceptualization of the discipline from the terms "Civil Liability " to the expression "Tort Law".

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo estudiar las implicancias de la tutela preventiva dentro del Derecho de Daños. Se efectuará una breve exposición de la evolución de la disciplina que mutó de enfocar la indemnización como sanción a una conducta reprochable, a un derecho de la víctima a la reparación por un daño sufrido, intentando actualmente protegerse aquellas situaciones de difícil reparación a través de la tutela civil inhibitoria. Asimismo, se estudiará la regulación de la tutela preventiva que se llevó a cabo con la sanción del nuevo Código Civil y Comercial en el Derecho Argentino a partir de una descripción crítica del régimen adoptado. Por último, se considerará la discusión doctrinaria referida a las funciones de la responsabilidad civil, con especial énfasis en la diferenciación entre la tutela resarcitoria y la tutela preventiva, analizando la importancia de tal distinción en atención a la reconceptualización de la disciplina desde " Responsabilidad Civil " a la expresión " Derecho de Daños ".

1 RESUMO: 1. A natureza punitiva no Direito (Público e Privado). 2. Fins puni-tivos e fi ns coativos: alguns critérios de distinção. 3. A cláusula penal. 4. As cláusulas penais e a sanção pecuniária compulsória: critérios de autonomi-zação, 5. A sanção pecuniária compulsória. 6. Conclusões. ABSTRACT: 1. The concept of punitive in the law and legal doctrine. 2. Puni-tive and compulsory: differentiation criteria. 3. The penal clause. 4. Penal clauses and compulsory monetary sanction: differentiation criteria. 5. The compulsory monetary sanction. 6. Ending Remarks.

This work explores and compares the treatment that the idea of punishing civil wrongs receives in the American, English, and French laws of torts. For this purpose, the chapter considers only tort remedies that pursue punishment as their fundamental goal, namely U.S. punitive damages, English exemplary damages, and the French amende civile as envisaged in the current reform project of tort law. The chapter shows that punishment is understood in two different ways across the three systems. One approach sees it instrumentally as a device geared towards the achievement of societal goals such as deterrence or retribution in the interests of society. On a second approach, punishment is seen as rooted in ideas of interpersonal justice in that it promotes private interests by, for example, empowering the victim of a wrong to take her revenge against the tortfeasor. While both the instrumental and interpersonal conceptions of punishment appear in each of the three systems considered, they do so to differing extents and they are seen more or less favourably depending on the way in which tort law is conceived of. In the United States, the debate as to whether tort law should punish is characterised by a clash between instrumentalist theories and theories of interpersonal justice. This conflict is part of a wider clash between different ways of theorising about tort law. The instrumental conception of punishment reflects a more general conception of tort law as an instrument of socio-economic policy. The interpersonal conception is instead consistent with broader theories that see tort law as focusing on the reciprocal rights and duties of the parties. Quite differently, in English law there is a disconnection between the way in which most legal actors view the tort system and the dominant conception of punishment. On the one hand, tort law is widely portrayed as a system of interpersonal justice, in which tort obligations must be justified with reference to the relationship between claimant and defendant. On the other hand, punishment is mostly understood instrumentally, and exemplary damages are depicted as a device that, at times, may attain societal goals such as deterrence. Clashing with an interpersonal vision of English law, exemplary damages are seen as anomalous or as requiring careful confinement. The position of French legal actors differs again. Resembling the English position, punishment is overwhelmingly seen as serving societal goals. This understanding of punishment is fully consistent with the markedly instrumental character of French tort law. Nevertheless, a potent legacy of interpersonal/corrective justice, the principle of full compensation, plays a key role in French law and limits substantially the options available when crafting punitive measures, eg by barring any solution resulting in a windfall to the claimant. The chapter concludes that the treatment reserved to punitive measures in tort varies depending on which conception of punishment, instrumental or interpersonal, is embraced and on how this conception relates to broader ways of seeing and theorising about tort law and its functions.

Este trabalho monográfico tem como escopo discutir a possibilidade de aplicação das indenizações punitivo-pedagógicas aos casos em que a publicidade enganosa gerar danos morais. A indenização deve ser relacionada à conduta ilícita, e quantificada de acordo com o seu grau de reprovação, ao invés de pautar-se pelo prejuízo suportado pela vítima. Para entrar no mérito do tema, analisa-se a concepção do instituto do dano moral no Brasil e as novas tendências de sua abordagem atual. Posteriormente, estudaremos a influência da publicidade neste contexto pós-moderno, para avaliar o potencial lesivo da enganosidade de uma propaganda exposta aos consumidores. Por derradeiro, adentra-se no cerne da questão: a possibilidade de adequação dos punitive damages ao Direito brasileiro, mediante seu arbitramento em casos de publicidade enganosa que justifiquem a aferição da culpabilidade do agente na comissão ou omissão danosa. Há inúmeras controvérsias e objeções quanto aos critérios norteadores das indenizações punitivas e exemplares, em relação à sua incidência no âmbito das relações de consumo – porque a responsabilização objetiva não permitiria aferição subjetiva da conduta –, ou mesmo no que tange à receptividade do direito pátrio a essa figura da responsabilização civil. Em alguns casos é bastante a indenização que vise meramente à satisfação da vítima. Em contrapartida, pugna-se pela aplicação da função punitivo-pedagógica da indenização, em apartado, para extraordinários comportamentos anti-sociais. Tem-se que o mais apropriado ambiente para a inserção eficaz desse instituto seja, indiscutivelmente, nas hipóteses de danos morais por publicidade enganosa.   

Palavras-chave: publicidade enganosa, danos morais, quantum, indenização punitivo-pedagógica.

O artigo tem por objeto a discussão acerca da aplicação de meios não pecuniários de reparação do dano não patrimonial no direito brasileiro. Partindo-se da constatação da predominância, no campo prático, de um modelo exclusivamente pecuniário de compensação, que tem se mostrado claramente insuficiente para fins de tutela de interesses não patrimoniais, mostra-se premente descortinar um rol de novas alternativas reparatórias, aptas a atender, de forma mais plena, os anseios da vítima. Busca-se auscultar a possibilidade do emprego, no direito brasileiro, de meios não monetarizados de reparação, tomando por base o ordenamento jurídico nacional, fazendo-se uso ainda da experiência alienígena para fins meramente comparativos, sem que tal circunstância implique na importação descontextualizada de institutos estrangeiros. Conclui-se ainda que a utilização de meios não pecuniários de reparação não afasta integralmente a possibilidade de ser ministrado o remédio monetário, cabendo ao magistrado, no caso concreto posto à apreciação, avaliar em que medida a tutela específica logrou efetivamente recompor o bem existencial lesado, circunstância
esta que influirá diretamente no montante a ser arbitrado.

Aunque la mayor parte de la doctrina considera que los "punitive damages" son ajenos a la tradición jurídica continental, pueden encontrarse en Derecho clásico y en el ius commune suficientes antecedentes que justificarían su asimilación. También hoy día, en Derecho español, encontramos elementos que nos acercan a la institución de los daños punitivos

El 17 de abril del 2012 la Cámara 3ª de Apelaciones en lo Civil y Comercial de Córdoba dictó sentencia en los autos caratulados “Teijeiro o Teigeiro, Luis M. v. Cervecería y Maltería Quilmes S.A.I.C.A. y G.”1, mediante la cual revocó el pronunciamiento que, en la instancia anterior, había dispuesto la condena de
la empresa demandada en concepto de multa civil por la suma de dos millones de pesos ($2.000.000), en aplicación del instituto normado por el art. 52 bis de la Ley de Defensa del Consumidor.

SUMARIO El trabajo realiza un análisis comparativo en seis etapas en base a la propuesta metodológica del Dr. Mauro Cappelletti, sobre la figura del daño punitivo en Argentina y Estados Unidos. Se examinan las soluciones jurídicas de un problema, que es la práctica contractual abusiva y el desinterés de sujetos fuertes hacia sujetos débiles, concretamente los consumidores, así como las analogías y diferencias de la figura en ambos países. También se investigan las grandes tendencias evolutivas en los dos sistemas jurídicos. Se analiza la recepción jurisprudencial, los problemas de aplicación de la figura, su eficacia disuasiva y su cuantificación. Luego se realiza una valoración y predicción de desarrollos futuros.
1. INTRODUCCIÓN. LAS SEIS ETAPAS DEL ANALISIS COMPARATIVO: PROPUESTA METODOLÓGICA DEL DR. MAURO CAPPELLETTI. El siguiente trabajo tiene el propósito de realizar un análisis comparativo de la institución de los daños punitivos en Argentina y en Estados Unidos, siguiendo el método propuesto por el Dr. Mauro Cappelletti en su obra "Dimensiones de la justicia en el mundo contemporáneo (cuatro estudios de Derecho Comparado)". A tal fin, se plasmarán valoraciones referentes a las analogías y diferencias que presentan, integrando los aspectos normativo, jurisprudencial, valorativo y axiológico, para concluir si el instituto en referencia es adecuado para dar cumplimiento a la solución del problema que subyace tras su instauración, esto es, la tutela de los consumidores frente a las prácticas abusivas, incumplimientos y actos socialmente disvaliosos y dañosos por parte de los proveedores.

This group of annotations focuses on issues of timely relevance to an insurance practice. As of January 16, 2009, it includes updates from the Arkansas Insurance Department which regulates in some of the areas discussed in the annotation.
    The annotation includes article summaries and Arkansas state law updates on a variety of cutting edge topics including, e.g., tort reform, charitable immunity, subrogation, and insurability of punitive damages. It also features very specific issues related to health insurance, with treatment of clinical trial coverage, genetic discrimination, and insurance issures regarding infertility and anorexia. Further, it includes a discussion of title insurance as well as causation analysis in property insurance. Finally,it includes the employment insurance topics of Corporate Owned Life Insurance (COLI) and workers compensation. The form and purpose of this publication is similar to The Mouse in the Annotated Bibliography: An Insurance Law Primer, (http://ssrn.com/abstract=1182543). However, as to content, Mouse I focuses on basic doctrinal points, like the difference between first party and third party insurance, betweeen coverage and exclusions, and the conflicts of interest that inhere in an insurance defense relationship. This article, Mouse II, by contrast, focuses on more subtle points drawn from insurance practice, with a dominant public policy focus.

1. Introduzione. - 2. Precisazione dell'interesse giuridicamente protetto. - 3. Immagine e beni giuridici immateriali. - 4. Riconoscibilità del ritratto. - 5. La raffigurazione di cose. - 6. La c.d. maschera scenica. - 7. Il sosia di personaggio celebre. - 8. Forme di circolazione della raffigurazione. - 9. Le cause di libera circolazione. - 10. Lo sfruttamento pubblicitario del ritratto altrui. - 11. Rilevanza di onore e reputazione. - 12. Presupposti dell'azione inibitoria e legittimazione attiva. - 13. La tutela cautelare in generale: presupposti dell'art. 700 c.p.c. - 14. Provvedimenti collaterali all'inibitoria c.d. cautelare. - 15. Il sequestro in particolare: problemi di costituzionalità. - 16. Conclusioni