Population ecology

Доместикация и урбанизация часто отождествляются, так как равно считаются "приспособлением к человеку и созданной им искусственной среде обитания" (т.е. развитием синантропности). Проведённый анализ показывает ошибочность этого отождествления. Нами исследованы существенные отличия  урбанизации «диких» видов от доместикации домашних, вместе с различием стрессоров, к которым приспосабливаются. В первом случае это самые общие характеристики урбосреды — экстремальный уровень гетерогенности, нестабильности и изменчивости городского ландшафта cравнительно с любыми внегородскими (в том числе прочими «рукотворными», а тем более природными). Он требует от «городских» птиц быстро менять места гнездования, биотопы кормления, кормовые методы и другие черты биологии вслед за изменением среды обитания, местными и общегородскими, с развитием способности их прогнозировать, жить, постоянно «прыгая с льдины на льдину» в противоположность устойчивости существования в «сельских» или «лесных» популяциях. Во втором — просто смена реакции на людей, технику, уход за животным с тревожно-оборонительной на дружелюбно-интересующую, восприятие их как части окружения и партнёра по взаимодействию, а не опасности.

Echinocactus platyacanthus es uno de los cactus más abundantes y ampliamente distribuidos en México. En este trabajo se comparó la estructura poblacional de esta especie en dos áreas con grado de accesibilidad contrastante dentro de la Reserva de la Biósfera “Barranca de Metztitlán” en Hidalgo. El sitio de alcance difícil (S1) presentó un número más grande de individuos, con mayor altura y más organismos juveniles. Por su parte, la localidad con fácil acceso (S2) registró un predominio de adultos. Se censaron 456 plantas y solo se encontró una plántula. Se estimó una densidad de 1410 individuos/ha en S1 y únicamente 863 en S2. En ambos sitios se determinó el tipo de población como regresiva, ya que los individuos de la etapa de madurez se encontraron en un número significativamente más grande y la cantidad de los juveniles fue muy baja (12.9%), hecho que sugiere un futuro decline poblacional.

The false stable fly, Muscina stabulans (Fallén), was surveyed along an urban-rural gradient at Almirante Brown, Buenos Aires province, Argentina. Samples were taken at monthly intervals from May 2005 to April 2007. Hourly captures of adult flies (10:00 am - 04:00 pm) were taken at each sampling date with a hand net. The baits used were 250 g of rotten cow liver and 250 g of fresh dog faeces exposed in shaded and sunny areas. The entire sample accumulated 358 specimens. The number of specimens captured during the second year was higher than in the fi rst year. Muscina stabulans was more abundant at urban-suburban sites. Females showed significant preferences for cow liver. We caught more specimens in shaded areas. The hourly activity increased toward the afternoon at the three sites. The present work was the first ecological study related to a muscid species in Argentina.

The American mink (Neovison vison) is a semi-aquatic, generalist carnivore released onto Tierra del Fuego (TDF) Island in the 1940s, subsequently spreading to adjacent islands in the archipelago with potential effects on native prey populations. Knowledge of this new predator’s trophic ecology is essential to identify threats, plan control strategies and conserve native fauna. We studied seasonal mink diet in TDF in different habitats. We identified undigested remains from 493 scats collected between May 2005 and March 2009 along marine coasts and freshwater shores (rivers and lakes). Small mammals and fish were the main mink prey in TDF (over 65% of diet items). Seasonal variations were not detected, but diet did vary significantly between marine and freshwater habitats, where more terrestrial items were consumed. Among mammals, mink consumed more small native rodents than exotic species. Native fish consumption was also important with greater representation of species from the families Nototheniidae and Galaxiidae in marine and freshwater habitats respectively. Birds were the third item in importance, but did not constitute a particularly large part of the mink’s diet on TDF. Overall, differences found in mink diet between habitats reflected their generalist/opportunistic feeding behaviour and did not differ greatly from observations in its native range or in other areas where it has been introduced. Our results establish the interactions between this novel predator and its prey and also illustrate the need to continue research on native prey populations to quantify mink impact on them and understand the ecological context of this biotic assemblage.

Reports of amphibian declines have highlighted the urgent need for long-term data sets to increase understanding of population changes. To detect population changes in the agile frog Rana dalmatina in Vendée, western France, counts were made of spawn masses over 16 years and road mortalities over 13 years. Long-term trends were evaluated using regression analysis of the logarithmic transforms of annual mortalities and egg masses as dependent variables against year as the independent variable. Tests of the regressions against a 0 hypothetical coefficient, indicative of population stability, gave coefficients that were positive for road mortalities and negative for spawn counts. However, neither was significantly different from 0, indicating a stable population. Further analysis using jackknifing produced a series of pseudo-regression coefficients, which agreed with the true regressions. Results from both datasets were therefore congruent and indicated wide annual fluctuations, with a major increase in numbers between 2009 and 2014. Data from spawn deposition in a recently established pond suggested that the presence of invasive crayfish Procambarus clarkii influenced both deposition sites and long-term population changes.

Localities and sites of protected and endangered species Bellevalia romana (L.) Reichenb. (Hyacinthaceae) in Slovenia Nahajališča in rastišča zavarovane in prizadete vrste Bellevalia romana (L.)Reichenb. (Hyacinthaceae) v Sloveniji Abstract: The article describes three new localities of a rare and endangered species of lowland meadows Bellevalia romana in Slovenia: at Ankaran in Slovenian Istria (confirmed in 2002, but not found yet in 2011) and at Golo Brdo and between Golo Brdo and Mišček in the Idrija valley (Goriška Brda). Only a total of four localities of this species can be confirmed in Slovenia in the year 2011-in the Goriška region also under Sv. Katarina above Kromberk and in Istria on more places at Sečovlje. As regards their sites, the localities in the Goriška region on flysh and riparian meadows differ from those in Istria, where it grows on wet meadows and in reed and tall herb communities, on trampled soil in the immediate vicinity of the sea. The endangered species can be preserved through adequate protection of its sites. That usually means annual, but not too early, mowing of the meadows on which it grows.

Camera-trap surveys were carried out at two different sites within the Atlantic Forest of Misiones province, Argentina, to study the density, habitat use and activity patterns of ocelots. At Urugua-í Provincial Park, 17 different individuals were captured (nine females, six males, two of unknown sex) during a 3-month-long survey (34 camera stations, 1409 trap days). At Iguazú National Park, 34 different individuals were trapped (20 adult females, nine adult males, two subadult females and three of unknown sex) during the survey (39 sampling stations, 1631 trap days). Population density estimates (±se) for Urugua-í, in an area of between 150 and 259 km2 (depending on the buffer used to estimate the area effectively sampled), range from 7.7±1.4 to 13.4±2.6 individuals × 100 km−2, whereas at Iguazú, in an area of between 275 and 428 km2, a population density of between 12.8±2.7 and 20.0±4.2 individuals × 100 km−2 was estimated. Minimum observed range estimates for individuals with >3 capture sites range from 3.19 to 37.09 km2 for four males and from 4.17 to 7.11 km2 for three females, but underestimate the true home range size. Ocelots were captured more frequently along old roads than on new trails opened with machetes. Ocelots were captured more frequently at night than during the day and reduce their use of roads and trails during the week previous to and during full moon nights, a behavior previously reported for Amazonian ocelots. Population density estimates for ocelots in the Upper Paraná Atlantic Forest ecoregion are lower than those at other neotropical sites. The whole Green Corridor contains a population of about 1280 individuals. This estimate should bring our attention to the larger cats (pumas and jaguars) that live at lower population densities because the future of their local populations is compromised if protected areas are not urgently created and properly managed.

"We have studied habitat isolation, resource availability and demographic parameters of 15 lion-tailed
macaque groups in eight different rainforest fragments in the Anamalai Tiger Reserve, which are controlled by
private (PF; n=4) and forest department (FF; n=4) with reference to fragment size, tree density, canopy cover,
tree height and GBH of food trees. Group size ranged from 5 to 62 individuals but was not related to habitat
variables. Both FF and PF habitats harbor fairly same ratio of adult males (FF- 2.44±0.9 and PF- 2.83±2.1) but
female ratio has slight variation (FF- 4.22±1.9 and private- 5.0±3.3). The mean group size (FF- 11.65±3.3) varies
in both habitats (PF- 19.50±9.2) respectively. The FF are lager in size (971.25 ha, n=4), than the PF (43.50 ha,
n=4). Tree density, Tree height and GBH of food tree all showing strong differences. Sub adults (%) do not
differ in both fragmented habitats. Of the 4 small fragmented habitats, two fragments have big group size with
high adult male ratio. Small fragments with high population (Puthuthottam) become more vulnerable they need
serious conservation concern. Using our results, we have examined the factors that may contribute towards
maintenance of viable population of the flagship species in tropical rainforests."

Eucalyptus trees, which are native to Australia, are now a commercial resource worldwide, and planted forest cover in some African countries is often dominated by these trees. Here, we report, from Rwanda, the presence of Blastopsylla occidentalis (Hemipetra: Psyllidae), a serious invasive pest of Eucalyptus, and its natural enemy parasitoids for the first time. First, we confirmed the occurrence of this psyllid species from Rubavu, Bugesera and Gasabo Districts of the country. Second, we found many mummified nymphs of the psyllid and identified the associated parasitoid as Psyllaephagus blastopsyllae (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Furthermore, another psyllid parasitoid Psyllaephagus pilosus was also confirmed. A comprehensive study of the alien psyllid pests together with their natural enemies is necessary in Africa to develop biocontrol pest management and protection of eucalypts.

Este livro inicia a série RAE-Clássicos coordenada pela RAE-revista de administração de empresas da FGV, que tem como objetivo proporcionar à comunidade acadêmica brasileira acesso a textos clássicos e de difícil acesso na área, como essenciais matéria-prima para reflexão e orientação em seu trabalho de ensino e pesquisa. A obra reúne textos inéditos em língua portuguesa, freqüentemente referidos tanto na literatura internacional como na produção de autores brasileiros, mas que vão além das teorias e modelos mais básicos revistos em livros-texto e manuais de T.O. no Brasil, retratando o estado-da-arte do campo no fim do século XX e início do século XXI. Temas abordados- Paradigmas e metáforas em estudos organizacionais; Estratégias de pesquisa inter-paradigmática em teoria organizacional; Modelos essenciais em teorias funcionalistas no fim do século XX; Teoria Institucional; Teorias Econômicas (Custos de Transação e Teoria da Agência) em Teoria Organizacional; Ecologia de população em teoria das organizações; Interpretacionismo em teoria organizacional; Teoria crítica e análise organizacional; Pós-modernismo e teoria Organizacional.

Understanding the significance of butterflies in an ecosystem as an environmental healthy indicator and pollination of flowering plants is crucial to achieving sustainability and conservation of floral diversity. The aim of the study was to investigate the butterfly species diversity and abundance and compare the relationship between physical factor and butterfly species. Line transect were used to survey three habitats around botanical garden with scooped-net between June and July, 2010. Diversity varied from habitat to habitat. A checklist was made comprising a total of 57 butterfly species that were surveyed belonging to 9 families. There was a relationship between temperature and butterfly species diversity and abundance. There was no correlation between physical factors (relative humidity and temperature) and the total number of species and families. Moreover, butterfly numbers were not related to relative humidity in any species and family. However, temperature was significantly correlated with species. Therefore, understanding of the factors that affect butterfly species diversity and abundance in University of Ibadan Botanical Garden is important for conservation.

During the last thirty years the analysis of intraindustry structure has been a prolific line of investigation since a variety of views like industrial organization economics, strategic management, cognitive psychology, the resource-based view, population ecology and game theory. Probably the existence of studies that have analysed the existence of subgroups of homogeneous firms in industrial sectors from different perspectives has

Global climate change is a major threat to biodiversity. Large-scale analyses have generally focused on the impacts of climate change on the geographic ranges of species and on phenology, the timing of ecological phenomena. We used long-term monitoring of the abundance of breeding birds across Europe and the United States to produce, for both regions, composite population indices for two groups of species: those for which climate suitability has been either improving or declining since 1980. The ratio of these composite indices, the climate impact indicator (CII), reflects the divergent fates of species favored or disadvantaged by climate change. The trend in CII is positive and similar in the two regions. On both continents, interspecific and spatial variation in population abundance trends are well predicted by climate suitability trends.

The Mediterranean sea is the frame; the growth of population is the body; the increase of trade between Europe and the Near East represents a reason to tighten relations with the Ottoman Empire, even if epidemically dangerous. From 1734 the new 'national' monarchy of Naples was developing rerations with the Levant and the Barbary states; in 1740 the King of Naples and Sicily,
Charles III, signed a treaty of navigation and commerce with the sultan of Constantinople, the second 'capitulation' of the Ottoman Empire in that year.

The present investigation entitled, "studies on succession and population dynamics of major Insect Pests of sesame" was carried out in the experimental field of all India Coordinated Research project on Sesame and Niger at Breeder seed production of Groundnut field, Jawaharlal Neharu Krishi Vishwa vidyalaya, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh during kharif season Variety Variety TKG 22 was sown in an area of 200 m 2 with normal agronomical practices during kharif-rabi seasons. Weekly observations on different insect pests were recorded on 10 randomly selected plants starting from germination till their availability or maturity of the crop. No insecticides were applied on the crop. Leaf roller and capsule borer (Antigastra catalaunalis Duponchel), Bihar hairy caterpillar (Spilarctia obliqua Walker), jassids (Orosius albicinctus Distance), til hawk moth (Acherontia styx Westwood), whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Genadius), Gall fly (Asphondylia sesami Felt.) were recorded to be infesting the sesame crop. The peak activity of leaf roller and capsule borer was recorded during 3rd week of October, and peak activity of jassid was recorded during 1st week of October, and the peak activity of til hawk moth and whitefly were recorded during 2nd week of October, Bihar hairy caterpillar and gall fly were recorded during 2nd week of November. Mean population of larvae of leaf roller and capsule borer (2.65), mean population of larvae of Bihar hairy caterpillar (3.21) and mean population of nymph and adult of jassid (1.80) were recorded at higher level and considered as key pests of sesame. Correlation of meteorological parameters i.e maximum and minimum temperature, relative humidity, vapour pressure, evaporation etc. with the population of insect pests viz. whitefly, jassid, gall gly, til leaf roller and til hawk moth were found significant. Correlation between meteorological parameters with Bihar hairy caterpillars population was found non-significant. Key words : Ses ame (Sesamum indicum L.), suc ces sion and pop u la tion dy nam ics Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an important oil seed kharif season crop under rain-fed situation. The productivity of sesame in India is very low (421 kg/ha) and fluctuating. The yield fluctuations are very wide. One of the major constraints in the production of sesame is the colossal damage caused by various insect pests. Earlier, twenty nine insect species were reported to damage the crop but recently the scenario has greatly changed and new pest problems have emerged. When all the components are placed into the production system monitoring is required to obtain information on the status of the plant growth, pests and the current and potential damage along with natural enemies. Therefore, present investigation was planned with the objective to study the succession and population dynamics of major insect pests of sesame. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present investigation entitled, "studies on succession and population dynamics of major Insect Pests of sesame" was carried out in the experimental field of all India Coordinated Research project on Sesame and Niger at Breeder seed production of Groundnut field, Jawaharlal Neharu Krishi Vishwa vidyalaya, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh during kharif season Variety Variety TKG 22 was sown in an area of 200 m 2 with normal agronomical practices during kharif-rabi seasons. Weekly observations on different insect pests were recorded on 10 randomly selected plants starting from germination till their availability or maturity of the crop. No insecticides were applied on the crop. For whitefly and jassid-observations were recorded by counting number of whitefly and jassid with the help of insect cage. The insect cage was developed in such a way that measures length 23cm, breadth 23cm and height 1m. The insect cage was placed over 10 randomly selected plants individually and the population of pests on glass were counted. For Til leaf roller and capsule borer, Til hawk moth, Bihar hairy caterpillar-number of larvae were recorded by counting of larvae/plant on ten randomly selected plants.

To conserve a rare plant, conservation programs must be guided by the biological attributes of the species. What constitutes the most critical biological information for plant conservation has been the issue of discussion for the last 30 years. Most scientists promote an approach that is either ecological or genetic in emphasis. Ecological and genetic processes will often interact synergistically to influence the population viability and to determine the persistence of populations in the long run. Consequently, conservation management of plant species, in addition to ecological information, requires a robust understanding of underlying genetic processes as well as the variation within and between populations. Conservation has a cost and the resources available for conservation programs are always limited. Therefore, conservation management strategies should not only be scientifically justified but also practical in terms of resource availability. Shorea lumutensis is a rare and endemic dipterocarp in Peninsular Malaysia. A comprehensive research activity was initiated to assess the population ecology and population genetics of S. lumutensis to elucidate specific ecological and genetic requirements and subsequently to set conservation strategies and priorities. This paper is apparently the first attempt at applying both the ecological and genetic approaches into conservation management of a rare dipterocarp. In addition, this paper also attempts to link the gaps between conservation research and conservation management in a realistic manner. It is our hope that this study will serve as a model for the study of other rare dipterocarps which should be given priority for conservation.

Environmental problem is now a subject of serious international concern. These problems include atmospheric pollution, marine pollution, global warming, and ozone depletion, the danger of nuclear and other extra hazardous substances that threatened wild life species. Such Environmental issues have assumed global character as the Environment is said to be beyond peoples immediate surrounding, sometimes assuming international dimensions (Nwufo, 2010). From the above it is safe to say that for decades' authors on environmental issues, governments, environmentalists and the average man on the street has always seen different forms of pollution as the deadliest and I beg to say the only environmental problems. However, it is the aim of this article to unveil the deadliest and least talked about environmental issue which is over population. This article will bring to light the various causes of population growth, ways of controlling it and most especially the impact of overpopulation on our environment.

Эта книга может представлять интерес как для будущих и уже работающих биологов, так и для представителей точных наук. Для биологов --- чтобы не просто освоить логику, но освоить ее в применимой для их деятельности форме, чтобы задуматься о логике своей науки. Для представителей точных наук --- чтобы понять, где именно в биологии работают строгие и хорошо логически формализуемые структуры, к которым они привыкли, а где такие структуры осекаются.

Одни из самых полезных книг --- это те, которые позволяют найти и прочитать другие книги. Авторы старались написать этот учебник прежде всего для достижения данной цели. В нем нет ни большого количества формул, ни переизбытка терминов. Тем не менее, ознакомившись с этой книгой, читатель легко ответит на вопрос типа: "Эквивалентны ли друг другу закон противоречия и закон исключения третьего?" Но еще важней, что он приобретет навык корректных и содержательных рассуждений в значимых для него областях деятельности, научится избегать логических ошибок и ловушек.

Естественно, чтобы научиться плавать, надо плавать, а чтобы научиться рассуждать --- надо рассуждать. И если для занятий в большой группе книге может понадобиться дополнение в виде задачника, то для индивидуального и коллективного самообразования заданий в ней вполне достаточно.

Кроме того, книга адресована биологу, который задумывается о логике развития своей науки, о логике биологических рассуждений, а также о применимости к этим проблемам тех или иных формализаций, которых в истории логики предлагалось немало. Для читателей такого рода предназначена часть текста, набранная мелким шрифтом. Она же позволит не скучать, даже начиная с азов. А последовательность в изучении подобного материала очень важна.

Книга содержит материал, дающий возможность работать как со свойствами, так и с отношениями. Последние главы посвящены разным типам противоречий и причинам их возникновения.

This research, conducted by the author when a Senior Researcher at Newcastle University, UK, was funded by a UK governance organisation to help them assess, integrate and improve their understanding of the governed population.

ABSTRACT: Governance organisations have been urged to develop more holistic evidence-based approaches with partners to better deal with issues affecting the governed population. This presupposes an understanding of the population, yet there has been little research work addressing how governance organisations come to understand their governed population, nor how this understanding can be improved upon within such organisations.

This case study examined in-depth how understanding of a governed population was developed within one UK local governance organisation and it explored how such understanding might be developed and improved through more holistic and evidence-based organisational learning within the organisation and its governance partnerships.

The research methodology involved placement within the governance organisation, participant observations on several projects and innovative initiatives, observations within, across, and outside the organisation, and also interviews with varied key stakeholders.

The study examined:

- stakeholder engagement and networks
- current and varied understandings of the population
- mechanisms actually used for developing understandings
- the influence of context on organisational learning

and analysed these to arrive at a recommendations to improve organisational understanding of the governed population.

In the case studied, significant strengths were found: including innovative past learning trials for development, extensive ongoing networking activities, and many varied and accumulating quantitative datasets available across partnerships.

However, entrenched organisational approaches and practices constrained the development of holistic evidence-based understanding, for instance: the absence of systematic maintained collective learning processes; weak recording and forgetting of understandings; methodological exclusion of stakeholders from the development of understanding; the relative neglect of qualitative data, explanations, investigations, interpretations, and reflexivity; and also implicit organisational acceptance of such limitations and low aspirations.

Nonetheless, untapped opportunities existed to enable change including: latent practitioner knowledge and innovative management champions, the desire for improvement and raised aspirations within learning networks, and the development potential of alterative learning approaches.

It was concluded that more holistic evidence-based understanding was possible, but required new learning approaches beyond those then in use in both local government or academia.   

Recommendations are made to utilise and develop improved organisational learning approaches trialed and reported in the case study.

It is argued that the case study findings, conclusions, and recommendations may be applicable to other similar local governance organisations and partnerships that seek to better understand local populations, services and interventions.

The work was also submitted for, and awarded, an MPhil (at Newcastle University, supervised by Prof. Patsy Healy)

ABSTRAK

Pedesaan Pantai Utara (Pantura) Indramayu sejak dulu dikenal sebagai daerah pertanian padi sawah yang subur dan lumbung padi nasional. Iklim yang sesuai, topografinya yang landai, dan pasokan air irigasi yang mengalir sepanjang tahun dikenal menjadi faktor yang mendukung lahan-lahan sawah di Pantura Indramayu dapat ditanam tiga kali dalam setahun. Namun, Desa Karangmulya yang juga berada di Pantura Indramayu justru menunjukkan kondisi sebaliknya. Desa yang berada di ujung jaringan irigasi Rentang dan Jatiluhur ini mempunyai kerentanan yang sangat tinggi terhadap kekeringan dan banjir. Lahan-lahan sawah di desa ini hanya mampu ditanami padi dengan optimal sekali dalam setahun. Meskipun perubahan iklim terbukti meningkatkan kerentanan ekologi, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa ketidakmampuan pemerintah mengelola kedua jaringan irigasi tersebut menjadi faktor utama tingginya kerentanan ekologi di desa.
Kerentanan ekologi yang menekan dan mengguncang penghidupan direspons setiap rumah tangga dari semua lapisan sosial dengan membangun modal sosial yang kuat. Modal sosial yang kuat memberikan akses pada setiap rumah tangga untuk meningkatkan kapasitas aset penghidupan lainnya, yaitu modal alam, modal fisik, modal finansial, dan modal insani. Dengan kombinasi kelima aset penghidupan tersebut, rumah tangga di desa menjalankan berbagai aktivitas penghidupan yang dapat dikelompokkan ke dalam tiga strategi penghidupan, yaitu pertanian, non-pertanian, dan migrasi, untuk mempertahankan keberlanjutan penghidupannya. Pertanian menjadi basis utama penghidupan rumah tangga di Desa Karangmulya. Strategi ini menjadi yang terbanyak dilakukan oleh seluruh rumah tangga. Pendapatan dari pertanian digunakan untuk menjalankan strategi penghidupan non-pertanian. Selain itu, strategi migrasi ke Korea juga menjadi strategi penghidupan yang penting, terutama bagi rumah tangga lapisan bawah buruh. Beberapa rumah tangga lapisan bawah buruh, bahkan mampu melakukan mobilisasi sosial vertikal dengan menggunakan pendapatan migrasinya untuk menyewa dan menggadai lahan sawah rumah tangga lain.
Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa setiap rumah tangga dari semua lapisan sosial berupaya menghadapi dan beradaptasi dengan kerentanan ekologi  yang mengganggu penghidupannya dengan tetap memelihara atau bahkan meningkatkan kapasistas aset penghidupannya serta mengkombinasikan aset penghidupan yang dimiliki dan diaksesnya ke dalam berbagai bentuk strategi penghidupan untuk mempertahankan keberlanjutan penghidupannya. Modal sosial yang kuat yang dimiliki seluruh rumah tangga menjadi faktor kunci terpeliharanya resiliensi dan keberlanjutan penghidupan setiap rumah tangga di desa.

Kata kunci: kerentanan, banjir, kekeringan, iklim, strategi penghidupan, modal sosial, penghidupan berkelanjutan


ABSTRACT
Rural North Coastal Areas of Java (North Coast) specifically the regency of Indramayu has long been known as a main paddy growing area of Java  and it is considered as main national grain growing region. Some supporting factors such as suitable climate, supportive topography sloping, and adequate supply of water irrigation flowing throughout the year have been known as key factors helping rice-fields keep in existence in Indramayu. However, Karangmulya Village which is also located in the northern coastal region of Indramayu actually shows the opposite. The village is located at the end of the irrigation network which face a very high susceptibility to drought and floods. Most of rice-field existing in the area can only grow rice with optimally once a year. Although climate change proven to increase ecological vulnerability, the study found that the government's inability to manage the irrigation network has been considered to be a major factor in the village high ecological vulnerability .
Ecological vulnerability as faced by the farm households are responded actively through buildingstrong social capital structure. Strong social capital gives access to every household to increase the capacity of other livelihood assets, namely natural capital, physical capital, financial capital, and human capital. With the combination of the five livelihood assets as conceptualized bt Scoones and Ellis, the households in the village run various livelihood activities. The livelihood activities can be categorized into three livelihood strategies, namely: agriculture, non-farm activities, and out-migration, in order to sustain their livelihood. Agriculture became the main economic-base of household livelihood in the Karangmulya Village. This strategy is performed mostly by the fram households. Agricultural income is also used to support the non-agricultural livelihood strategies and vice versa. In addition, the out-migration strategy to Korea or other overseas countries also became an important livelihood strategy, especially for the household having more labor force in the family. Some farm households labor, showed their capability to achieve vertical mobility  using migration income for rent and pawn wetland other households.
This shows that every household of all social layers sought to cope and adapt to ecological vulnerability that usually disrupt the livelihoods while maintaining or even improving the capacity of livelihood assets. They usually combine strategies by using livelihood assets owned by and are accessible to farm household to sustain their livelihood. Finally, it is recognized that strong social capital owned by the whole farm household has become a key factor maintaining the resilience and sustainability of the livelihoods for every household in the village.

Keywords: vulnerability, flooding, drought, climate, social capital, livelihood strategies, sustainable livelihoods