Millenium Development Goals

There are many studies indicating the relation between innovation and competitiveness, and the importance of education for both. In addition, such issues are on the United Nations agenda for the millennium goals until 2030. There is little research seeking to establish relations between these three elements. The objective of this study was to investigate the education as a determining factor for a country's competitiveness and to understand its role in the context of the innovation generation. The research used structural equation modeling and data from 138 countries included in the Global Competitiveness Report of the World Economic Forum 2016/2017. The results showed that education is the predecessor of innovation and competitiveness and it comprehends basic education and technical training provided by companies. The study contributes mainly to develop and test education, innovation, and competitiveness through a unique integrated structural model.

Purpose - – The purpose of this paper is to explore how ISO 26000 inter-marries with millennium development goals (MDGs) with a view to demonstrate and recommend how businesses can successfully use this intermarriage to solve society problems. Design/methodology/approach - – Case methodology was used to investigate how a company can use the social responsibility standard, ISO 26000, to guide its corporate social responsibility (CSR) aimed at contributing to MDGs. The paper focussed on the CSR dimension of community involvement and development (CI&D) interventions in health-related MDGs (4, 5 and 6). Data collection was by semi-structured interviews with CSR managers of the studied company, plus non-participant observation of CSR activities and projects. In order to develop a framework within which the collected data could be analyzed, the authors employed pattern-matching, explanation building and time series analysis. For generalization purposes of findings, the authors were guided...

The essential messages of the need for stakeholders' partnership, community benefits and impacts of tourism are some of the pinnacle highlights of the book, written concisely by the authors in line with the economic, sociocultural and environmental sustainability in mind.

Universal healthcare may be defined as any healthcare system that ensures
at least basic coverage to most, if not all, citizens of a country. Although it
may be implemented in many ways, universal healthcare has been widely
accepted by international humanitarian organizations such as the World
Health Organization (WHO) as the best way to ensure the universal human
right to health. So why is the United States the only industrialized country
without universal healthcare? What are the political, social, and economic
factors that have prevented its successful introduction?

Universal Healthcare explores what universal healthcare is, the many forms
it can take—using examples from countries around the world—and the
tumultuous history of attempts to implement a system of universal
healthcare in the United States. Part II delves into the contentious issues
and debates surrounding adoption of universal healthcare in the United
States. Lastly, Part III provides a variety of useful materials, including case
studies, a timeline of critical events, a glossary, and a directory of
resources

It is a well-known fact that millions of people all over the world do not have access to food on a daily basis or face hunger, malnutrition and starvation, despite the fact that their governments have ratified international treaties in which the right to food takes a prominent place. There is thus a big gap between rhetoric and reality, between theoretically having the right to food and enjoying it in practice. The present contribution deals with ways in which to realise the right to adequate food. It suggests the adoption of a framework law as a means of strengthening the implementation of the right to food at the domestic level. In the first part, the article discusses the right to adequate food from an international human rights perspective. It deals, amongst others, with the background, aim and contents of a national framework law on the right to food. In the second part, attention is given to the role of civil society in the promotion of a framework law. This is illustrated by using the example of South Africa, where the lack of availability and accessibility of food to the poor would justify the adoption of a framework law.

Students in a 4th year Cultural Studies and English seminar have produced a Study of the Global Citizen Kelowna initiative.

Shaped by course readings on humanitarianism, the students analyzed specific components of the local global education initiative, as well as the way the initiative conceives of global citizenship education. The students characterize the Global Citizen Kelowna initiative as a form of ‘soft’ global citizenship, as it focuses only on global citizenship as a form of providing aid to the so-called ‘developing’ world.

The initiative does not provide opportunities for participants to explore the complex inter-connections among people in the world. Instead, it focuses on ‘empowering’ Kelowna children and youth to ‘make a difference’ by providing support for development NGOs working in the Global South.

Specific aspects of the initiative, such as the simulated ‘slum’ activity and the Global School House, present people in the Global South in simplistic and degrading ways, reinforcing long-established stereotypes of the Canadian ‘saviour” and the ‘helpless’ African ‘in need’.

The Study analyzes the Global Citizen Kelowna initiative in the context of global citizenship education and debates regarding the best ways to alleviate poverty. The students provide a variety of recommendations that they hope will make the initiative more ‘critical’.

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) differ from the MDGs in purpose, concept, and politics. This article focuses process and comparison of the predecessor to the SDGs. The identification of Millennium Development Goals and the follow-on Sustainable Development Goals are referred to here as examples of such policy forming activities. The Millennium Declaration was adopted on 8th September 2000. According to David Hulme, the drafting process attempted to please both the rich countries insisting on their Development Assistance Committee (DAC) prepared list of International Development Goals and everybody else. It argues that the SDGs address several of the key shortcomings of the MDGs and incorporate a broader and more transformative agenda that more adequately reflect the complex challenges of the 21st century and the need for structural reforms in the global economy. The SDGs also reverse the MDG approach to global goal setting and the misplaced belief in the virtues of simplicity, concreteness, and quantification. While the SDGs promise the potential for a more transformative agenda, implementation will depend on continued advocacy on each of the targets to hold authorities to
account. The future of global public participation may move beyond invitation (and its deficiencies), to one based on collecting passive information of the global public. It still remains to be seen whether SDGs really demonstrate the longterm public concerns especially with the set of global priorities until 2030.

Book chapter. To cite:
FERREIRA, M. A. S. V. "ODS 16 - Promover sociedades pacíficas e inclusivas para o desenvolvimento sustentável, proporcionar o acesso à justiça para todos e construir instituições eficazes, responsáveis e inclusivas em todos os níveis". In: MENEZES, Henrique Z. (Org.). Os objetivos de desenvolvimento sustentável e as relações internacionais. João Pessoa: UFPB, 2019, v. 1, p. 255-268.

Over the last few decades, the impact of the women’s movements within countries and internationally has been central to raising and tackling gender inequality in social development. Arguments have been made that addressing gender equality is imperative for the overall development agenda in terms of economic growth; stability; enhanced productivity and its cumulative effects on other dimensions of well-being, such as education and health,  not just women but families (Wold Bank Group, 2015; World Bank, 2011; Giugale, 2011). Despite these arguments, progress and commitment to dealing with gender inequality has been variable and inconsistent because gender discrimination is embedded deep in the culture and structure of social systems. The struggles, strategies and interventions to address gender inequality are in constant negotiation with the underlying structures, socio-cultural contexts and social systems that serve to maintain it, and challenging these aspects often meets with resistance and backlash (Sandler and Rao, 2012).  In this ambiguous terrain it is important to understand the extent to which attempts to address gender inequality have been effective in varying contexts and areas of social development, particularly with regard to Millennium development goals (MDG’s)  because of its prominence in the international development agenda.  To this end, this chapter firstly addresses the complexities involved in measuring gender, as well as the collection and quality of data, as an entry point to the discussion on gender and development, since without measurement we cannot ascertain progress in this area.  Second, the chapter utilises some of the core areas of social development to explore the underlying issues that plague progress in the arena of gender equality, through an engagement with some of the MDG’s and to a lesser extent the SDG’s.  Finally the chapter briefly engages with the funding and resourcing of gender equality work, since real dedication to development in the field of gender is evidenced by financial and resource commitment.  Progress on gender equality to facilitate social development can only be achieved through adequate resourcing and funding.  Due to space limitations it is not possible to cover, all social development matters; rather only those development issues that help me illustrate some key points will be extracted and discussed.

Environmental unsustainability is due to both structural features and historically specific characteristics of industrial
capitalism resulting in specific patterns of production and consumption, as well as population growth. Sustainability
literature criticises the established corporate and political power hegemonies, interested in maintaining economic growth,
as well as inability or unwillingness of citizen-consumers to counteract these hegemonic tendencies. Yet, official policies are
still targeted at social and economic ‘development’ as a panacea for unsustainability challenges. Instead, renewed accent on
social and economic objectives are outlined by a set of sustainable development goals (SDG) that include objectives of
fighting poverty, promoting better health, reducing mortality, and stimulating equitable economic growth. What is less
commonly critiqued is the underlying morality of unsustainability and ethical questions concerned with the ‘victims of
unsustainability’ outside of socioeconomic discourse. The achievement of SDG goals, as will be further elaborated on in this
article, is unlikely to lead to greater social equality and economic prosperity, but to a greater spread of unsustainable
production and consumption, continuous economic as well as population growth that has caused environmental problems in
the first place and further objectification of environment and its elements. This article argues that an invocation of ethical
duty toward environment and its elements is required in order to move beyond the current status quo. Such ethical approach
to unsustainability can effectively address the shortcomings of the mainstream sustainability discourse that is mainly
anthropocentric and therefore fails to identify the correct locus of unsustainability.

April 18, 2017 /
by Keith Demolder

Kristie Holmes
Diagnosed with a rare heart condition after delivering her third child in 2016, Kristie Holmes, adjunct associate professor at the USC Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, learned first-hand that attentive care can be the difference between life and death.

“I had no reason to ever check my heart,” she said. “No family history of heart disease or problems. I went to physical therapy after birth for neck pain, back pain, jaw pain, cold sweats – which turned out to all be symptoms for women’s cardiac issues.”

Holmes nearly lost her life to post-natal complications. She was placed on a United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) list and will eventually require a transplant.

However, her experience with advocacy for post-natal care started in the lobby of a convention center halfway around the world. Nearly five years earlier, at the Global Health Dynamics Roundtable in Geneva, Switzerland, Holmes became part of a technology-based breakthrough in women’s health care.

According to recent statistics from the World Health Organization, about 830 women die each day due to complications in pregnancy and childbirth, and nearly all occur in developing countries. To combat these loses, eHealth and gender-based health experts Drs. Coumba Touré, Véronique Inès Thouvenot and Jordi Serrano Pons founded Zero Mothers Die (ZMD), a global partnership initiative to save the lives of pregnant women, new mothers and their babies by implementing access to health care programs through mobile technology. The initiative is part of the United Nation’s next phase of sustainable development goals for 2030 – to reduce infant and maternal mortality, now global goal number three.

“The whole family is affected when a mother dies,” Holmes said. “The whole family is affected when they lose a child. Everyone wants to put it into a gender basket, but child care costs affect the entire family.”

ZMD’s mobile app provides essential maternal and newborn health information to both expectant and new mothers, as well as health care workers providing care to their communities.

“The app has made it so mothers, community health workers, public health workers and providers are all connected,” Holmes said. “If they have a smartphone, they can connect to a lot of information at their fingertips to get better help.”

ZMD distributes about 10,000 phones per year to women globally who are considered to be at high risk, delivering important pre- and post-natal information at the right time, with a goal to distribute 100,000 phones by 2030. Women in the ZMD program also receive free minutes donated by Airtel.

In some parts of the world, a woman having a valuable smartphone can be dangerous, so to thwart potential black-market theft and re-sale of these mobile phones, ZMD made them pink to discourage men from wanting them.

Holmes’ work as a researcher and ZMD representative has allowed her to develop programs in multiple African countries, assisting thousands of women and their children. Her own near-death experience has provided further motivation for her to ensure that no more mothers die from a lack of proper medical attention.

“Before I was focusing on research, and now I’m focused on advocacy,” she said. “I’m a mother trying not to die, so I’m doing what I can to make sure that mothers all over are receiving the care they deserve.”

The research study was conducted on a public setting, looking at the process public corporation source for its manpower.

The analyses of this research revealed that employee resourcing strategies have an impact in influencing an organizational performance.

Irrespective of this, based on the interview conducted, respondents’ opinions projected employee resourcing of the organization as a mere lip service.

It was therefore, recommended that is the study that
employee resourcing should be to acquire, retain
and motivate employees with the right skills,
knowledge and abilities, qualities, competencies,
personality, emotional stability, and intelligence
of prospective employees. And not factors such
as sex, ethnic group affiliation, influential affiliation, religion, etc. should determine who to
be strategically resourced.

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This educational policy assessment paper explores the policy trajectory and developmental strategies that turned the dysfunctional educational system in Anambra State around, within a six-year period during the Peter Obi administration. Education and the educational system in south east Nigeria, which included Anambra State, suffered immeasurably after the State Government took over Primary and Secondary Schools in 1970. The blight that followed affected curriculum, infrastructure, funding and moral. Academic standard fell across board and in Anambra State schools were shuttered for one calendar year. On becoming the Governor of Anambra State in 2006, Peter Ob made the revitalization of education a cardinal governance mandate. He used the U.N. Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and his home grown strategy, the Anambra Integrated Development Strategy (ANIDS), as special purpose vehicle and template for revitalizing education. In a space of six years, Anambra State had gone from its 26th national ranking to 1st in the NECO and WAEC national examinations. This study looks at various methodologies and strategies used to achieve the turnaround. The study concluded that good leadership, credibility of leadership, personal style and introspective approach to policy articulation, management and implementation, played pivotal role in the success of the ‘Peter Obi Education Model.’

Considering health as ‘one of the fundamental human right of every human being, the WHO defines health as ‘a state of complete physical, social and mental well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity’ . Despite this sacred status granted to health, the latter remains a privilege not accessible to all. As a remedy to this situation, the global community came up with the MDGs.
The Millenium Development Goals (MDGs) were initiated by the United Nations in the year 2000. The purpose of this initiative is to find measures contributing to find a way out for developing countries of their precarious economic conditions. Therefore, eight goals were adopted with focus on poverty reduction and the improvement of the population’s living . Cameroon notified its involvement in the MDGs implementation by the elaboration of a strategy  to achieve the fixed goals. The strategy adopted by Cameroon involved the holding of an assessment exercise.  Nwanolue and al. present assessment as being a sine qua non exercise for any human enterprise whose purpose is success. Assessment has as target to reveal difficulties which were not obvious at the outset in order to make adjustments . The deadline of achieving the different objectives was set for 2015; the time has then come for assessment to be made.
The strategic Document for growth and employment is presented as an integrated framework of human sustainable development in medium term in which the Cameroonian Government outlined its progress towards the achievement of the MDGs . According to the report by the National Institute of Statistics in 2012, Cameroon has honoured its commitment to the integration of sustainable development principles in policies and programmes . However, the Strategic document for growth and employment also states that it is very unlikely that the country could reach targets by 2015. What would be the reasons? In other words, what are the reasons justifying the non achievement of MDGs 4 and 5 by the Cameroonian Government and how to fix it?
In order to carry out a study that meets a precise physical demarcation, this study will have as focus to seek the causes of the MDGs 4 and 5 non achievements in the North West Region of Cameroon, precisely in the Mezam Division.

Rights and development confluence at the point of education. Primary education, in particular, lays down the foundation for fundamental rights, freedoms and social development. Motivated by the international Development Partnership (DP) in the last one-and-half-decade, South Asian states have been making tall claims to ensure Education For All (EFA) along with the technical and physical facilities to ensure education as universal, equitable and accessible. To achieve the said goals, international development partnership, mainly Department for International Development (DfID), Asian Development Bank (DB), European Union (EU), World Bank and UNICEF have been pledging millions of dollars to improve the vital literacy indicators accompanied with the principle of ‘education as a fundamental right’ and a ‘prerequisite for a country’s socio-economic development’. Both formal and non-formal education/literacy programmes have been launched to accomplish the goals and targets set-forth in MDGs, and SDGs in the continuum. How far these goals have been achieved so far? Was conventional paradigm of education discarded or transformed to correspond with the four principles of education i.e. availability, accessibility, acceptability and adaptability that help realize objectivity, equality and democratic plurality through education?

Pakistan and Bangladesh also receive millions of dollars in development cooperation to enhance their primary education sector and outcomes. What are the successes and failures need scrutiny. Assessment of the role of NGOs and Civil Society in promoting rights-based education is also relevant. Bangladesh and Pakistan hold much in common and common past in relation to their educational culture and constrains. Their policies, programmes and outcomes need to be investigated from human-rights perspectives to encourage or extend critical recommendations for future. Successful means, partnership models and modalities are also highlighted.

The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) has caused a shift in the debate on international trade issues and is questioning the basic topdown strategy. Never before has such resistance occurred concerning trade issues. So far, hundreds of other FTAs have been negotiated by the EU and U.S. with economically weaker states and (before the ratification of the Treaty of Lisbon of 2009) by EU member states, without considerable resistance by the people at large. In this paper, using the argumentative discourse analysis, I will attempt to explain the intensive debate on the current negotiated TTIP
located against the contextual backdrop of trade policy and its key benchmarks.
While I will focus on the debate about the TTIP in Germany as one of the most influential countries in Europe, I argue that opponents have managed to make a
substantial influence on the path of negotiations and consequently on the topdown process of TTIP. Hence, I speak of an early failure of the top-downprolicy which has increasingly transformed into a bottom-up process, influenced by civil society organizations. Finally, it was the public which took
the leading role in the TTIP-debate by making demands for a forward-looking global policy that does not foster the destruction of environment and which is ultimately geared to accounting for and fulfilling the needs of the people.

Determining whether a slum prevention or upgrading initiative has been successful depends on expectation and what the goals of the initiative are. The recent reviewing of some of the poverty alleviation initiatives is a clear indicator that the current governance of Botswana is determined in improving its people’s lives. Provision of urban services like water, sanitation, and access to housing also indicate that the government accepts urbanization. Generally, as adequate policies are implemented and the local economy grows slums gradually disappear as residents invest in their homes and upgrade them over time. The shack slowly becomes a house, and the slum becomes a decent suburb. How quickly this process happens depends largely on how fast a city’s economy grows and how effective the urban policies are. It must also be understood that turning a poor, informal settlement into an integrated city and establishing the necessary linkages into the economy can take years. Therefore, with a growing economy, the government should be commitment to slum prevention and upgrading, and with the community dedication, the slum will gradually transform into a suburb.

Perkembangan teknologi di dunia, khususnya di Indonesia terus berkembang dan mengalami pembaharuan serta inovasi–inovasi yang mengikuti perkembangan zaman. Perkembangan teknologi menghadirkan sebuah layanan yang dapat dimanfaatkan masyarakat yaitu financial technology atau fintech. Fintech memberikan layanan dengan kemudahan dan kepraktisan, sehingga banyak masyarakat yang memanfaatkan fintech untuk aktivitasnya, terlebih sifat masyarakat Indonesia yang konsumtif sehingga mendorong masyarakat khususnya generasi millennial untuk menggunakannya.
Generasi millenial adalah generasi Y yang saat ini berumur 17 -37 tahun. Generasi millennial ini dikenal dengan generasi yang konsumtif, gadget oriented, dan payah dalam urusan keuangan. Berdasarkan ciri–ciri ini dikhawatirkan generasi ini terjebak syndrome hedonic treadmill yang disebabkan oleh hadirnya fintech. Syndrome hedonic treadmill adalah keadaan dimana seseorang mencari kebahagiaan dalam sebuah treadmill, yang akan terus berjalan namun tetap berada tempat yang sama dan tidak pernah merasa puas.
Kehadiran fintech dapat menjadikan ancaman untuk diri sendiri apabila tidak berhati–hati dan tergiur terhadap layanan yang diberikan. Dampak dan ancaman yang bisa terjadi dengan adanya fintech adalah (1) Ancaman Kejahatan Cyber di Indonesia (2) Ancaman Regulasi Belum Matang, Aturan yang Tumpang Tindih, dan Berpotensi Adanya Penyelewengan (3) Inovasi yang Bersifat “Merusak”, (4) Generasi Millennial Indonesia Mengalami Syndrome Hedonic Treadmill.
Untuk meminimalisir ancaman dan risiko, pengguna haruslah melakukan mitigasi terhadap adanya risiko dan ancaman. Pengguna khususnya generasi millennial harus berhati–hati, selektif, mengubah pola hidup, tidak konsumtif, dan melakukan sesuatu sesuai dengan prioritas agar tidak terjebak dalam syndrome hedonic treadmill

Abortion is legal in Nigeria only to save the life of the mother. The consequence of the legality of abortion within Nigeria has been contrary to the objective of the millennium development goal- reducing maternal mortality and morbidity rate. In Nigeria, due to the rigidity of the law not permitting abortion to be carried out under safe medical conditions in hospitals where professional care is obtainable, Nigerian women, particularly adolescents have for decades resorted to clandestine means of procuring abortion. This has led to the increased death and abortion complications amongst women of reproductive age within the country.
This research work has come to show that the impact of the Nigerian law is not limited to an increase in maternal mortality or morbidity, it has led to adolescents curtailing their education, to rapid and uncontrollable population growth which consequently leads to unemployment, low income, an increase in crime rate amongst other consequences. It also leads women to dumping of their unwanted children born alive into waste bins and cartons, thereby, making them go through ghastly death, inter alia. Women are similarly made to go through the pangs and agony of carrying to term products of rape and incest when it is conceived.
Evidence has shown that abortion is safer when executed by qualified obstetrics and gynaecologists with standard equipments. Having considered the various methods of procuring an abortion, the medical method was submitted to be the safest when administered by qualified personnel.
In order to find the perspectives and attitudes of women in Nigeria on abortion and the law, a cross-sectional survey was carried out on adolescents using data obtained from three States of the Federation which were formerly the capitals of the old Western, Eastern and Northern Regions of Nigeria, these are: Oyo State, Enugu State and Kaduna State so as to capture the real scope of the topic. The study showed that women have rights over what happens with their body. Although abortion may not be advised to be carried out by women, it was suggested by majority of the respondents that the law should, however, be liberalized on grounds such as cases of rape and incest.
Conclusively, it was on the basis of the facts from the entire work that this research work made about ten recommendations which will help to curb all the consequences the current law effects on the women and society, and also to curb some aforethought consequences that may follow if the law was made flexible. In essence, the need for the flexibility of the Nigerian abortion law was justified.

It is common knowledge within development circle that development involves a physical reality and a state of mind. Through development process, the interactions between social, economic and institutional processes must be continually sustained to meet up with increasing future demands in terms of population growth and continuous use of natural, human and material resources. It has been observed that changes in the integrated approach to social, economic and environmental issues have not really facilitated the developmental goals in Nigeria. For instance, problems such as poverty, flooding, ethnicity, environmental pollution corruption, attitudes and lopsided income distribution have been on the increase.

"How the Youth of the World are Creating Real-World Solutions for the UN Millenium Development Goals and Beyond."

My contribution, as a participant in the Design Science Lab is included in Part IV : Global Health for All
- Hooked-Up Health Huts, pages 210-213.
- Cambodia Water Network: Bringing Cambodia Clean Water pages 214-217.
- Eradication of Malaria: Flower Power, pages 218-221.

The various demographic generations have been described at large in the media, we all know the babyboomers; the millennials (1980-2000 born) are now the focus of attention, generation Z is next. Correlations within generations are observed, sometimes mistakenly seen as causalities, and sometimes very obvious causalities are overlooked. In this essay I point at the change in childbirth practices and notably Ceasarean (C-section) birthing as a potential factor in the behavior of the millennial generation. Especially the rich in the West have increasingly used, for various reasons, C-section and epidural and spinal anesthesia , and I posit that  in the millennial generation the effects on character, health and attitude may become more visible. What is now described as typical millennial traits like lack of initiative and fighting power might be typical for C-section born. Painless birthing might have consequences we didn’t anticipate.

This study was carried out on millennium development project and rural household incomes in Nyakitunda Sub County. The study objectives included contribution of millennium development project towards the improvement of rural household, key actors involved in the Millennium development project /Villages and other contributions of millennium development project towards the improvement of Nyakitunda Sub County. The study used a descriptive research design. Data was easily analyzed using frequency counts and percentages derived from questionnaires and interviews.  The study used a sample size of 50 respondents.

The findings indicated that millennium development project has contributed on improving the household income of the rural people through formation and institutional development of youth builders association, marketing of our produce, training people especially women in craft making. Findings also established other contributions of millennium development project towards the development of the area; these were rainfall harvesting tanks installed in schools, increasing access to clean water and good sanitation and immunization and nutrition of children. Also the study found out that Millennium Promise, UNDP and Millennium Project are the key actors involved in Millennium development project.

Basing on study objectives, the study concluded that millennium development project has contributed on improving the household income of the rural people through formation and institutional development of youth builders association, Marketing of our produce, training people especially women in craft making, providing people with affordable rural financial savings and credit services. More so the study concluded that millennium development project has not stopped at improving the household of the people but also doing other things such as installing and constructing rainfall harvesting tanks in schools, increasing access to clean water and good sanitation, immunization and nutrition of children. Also the study revealed that there are key actors involved in day to day running of activities especially in providing the resources these were Millennium Promise, UNDP and Millennium Project.

The researcher recommends that Political leaders should stop sabotaging the activities of the project in order to enable the population get services; more funds should be extended to the project to enable the smooth running of activities in the sub county.

"This inter-agency document aims to be a modest contribution by the United Nations system to discussion of the sustainable development agenda based on common concerns. The international community is facing the countdown to timely achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. But it also has a unique opportunity to think about a new development paradigm for the planet beyond 2015, based on the Rio+20 commitments as reflected in the document The future we want. We hope that this text will stimulate and inform the debate on the new post-2015 development agenda, with a focus on sustainable development, equality and structural change, and that it will guide discussions within the region and among the global community on the steps needed to achieve a new paradigm of change.
This report was prepared by technical teams from the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) and the United Nations Development Group for Latin America and the Caribbean (UNDG LAC), as agreed at the Regional Coordination Mechanism meeting held on 24 January 2013 in Santiago and in close collaboration with the regional offices of the following agencies, funds and programmes of the United Nations."

In my dissertation, I theorize global CSR partnerships and the financialization of women’s lives and argue that recipients of corporate aid are defined as valuable insofar as they are vehicles for corporate profit. I show how corporations use these campaigns to add value to their brands in two ways. First, they construct global networks of business and government officials when they launch global philanthropies and later rely on these networks to obtain profitable business contracts in developing nations. Second, they rely on coverage in mainstream and social media to increase brand value among consumers in first world nations.

Sustainable development goals (SDGs) are viewed as extension of millennium development goals (MDGs) and a post-2015 agenda to fight against poverty and hunger, while protecting human rights of people and ensuring inclusive and sustainable development and healthy lives. It sounds simple but there are very complex international dynamics involved with evolution of MDGs and then SDGs. This review article examines the sociopolitical evidence base that served as motivation for MDGs to come and later on SDGs. The antecedents to the MDGs include some key summits of the 1990s which fed into many of the goals of MDGs. Then Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) came out with international development goals (IDGs). Then Clare Short (a member of the Labour Party) in the UK's Department for International Development (DFID) and Utstein group propelled the IDGs by securing support for them. The UN also came out with a set of development goals to be converted to MDGs. There were interactions between and within the UN and DAC to bring together one set of MDGs. Other big players were IMF and World Bank. There was huge criticism of MDGs for not being holistic as they left out certain social issues. Also there was a need for post-2015 agenda. As a result, SDGs came by the end of 2015. Even they could not escape criticism, and the article discusses few debates around them. At last, the article discusses potential challenges for SDGs, both at international level as well as national level with special emphasis on health-related SDGs.

Анализът в контраразузнаването притежава своя специфика, която може да бъде разкрита чрез очертаване на обема на понятията разузнавателен и контраразузнавателен анализ. Разузнавателният анализ е насочен към състоянието и промените в средата за сигурност, в един по-тесен смисъл той описва и обяснява взаимодействията в средата от гледна точка на сигурността. Контаразузнавателният анализ притежава обаче различни, по-специфични характеристики.

About the Book

This book is designed for the Personal Development of students in all levels of education.
Discover:
* How to Become an Outstanding Student- Faster Than You Ever Thought Possible
* How you can improve your academic performance through goal setting.
* How you can set and achieve your academic goals.
* The true secrets of academic success that are no longer secrets anymore.
* How you can develop a good reading culture, become self-reliant and take responsibility for designing a great future for yourself.
* Discover the incredible power of having academic Goals, how to set them and how to reach them

In order for a country to properly develop, the citizens of the country must have access to a proper education. The development field realized the importance of education and made achieving universal primary education number two on the list Millennium Development Goals. Although this goal was set to be achieved by 2015, with only a month left in that time frame, it does not appear that this is going to be possible. According to UNICEF, in Kenya only about 48.4% of girls ever make it to secondary school. There are many reasons for this, but one of the most disturbing causes for the lack of attendance is a practice called female genital mutilation (FGM), or cutting. In Kenya girls are perceived as sexual beings who need to 'cleaned' through the act of female genital mutilation to control their desires. This traditional practice prevents girls from attending school because of health complications and societal pressures to get married after being cut. How can education be used as a tool to change the perception of girls in Kenyan society and stop this archaic act?

Las unidades didácticas que componen esta publicación son el resultado de un trabajo colectivo de investigación desarrollado por varios autores/as. Este trabajo nos sirve para ofrecer un material de referencia a todas aquellas personas educadoras interesadas en abordar de manera crítica los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (ODM) en las aulas empleando material audiovisual.