Market Structure

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of market structure and risk taking on the efficiency of banks accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange. This study was an applied research and all the banks accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange participated in the study and among them, 10 banks were selected as the sample of the study which was examined over the period of 5 years. To test the hypotheses, multivariate linear regression test was used. The current study had one main hypothesis and 4 sub-hypotheses. The findings revealed that the market structure and risk taking had significant positive relation with efficiency of banks accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange.

In this review, I criticize the ability of popular asymmetric information-based models to explain the magnitude of the underpricing of initial public offerings (IPOs) that is observed. I suggest that the quantitative magnitude of underpricing can be explained with a market structure in which underwriters want to underprice excessively, issuers are focused on services bundled with underwriting rather than on maximizing the offer proceeds, and there is limited competition between underwriters. Since the technology bubble burst in 2000, U.S. IPO volume has been low. Although regulatory burdens undoubtedly account for some of the decline, I suggest that much of the decline may be due to a structural shift that has lessened the profitability of small independent companies relative to their value as part of a larger, more established organization that can realize economies of scope. I also discuss the long-run performance literature. My interpretation of the evidence is that except for th...

The interaction between the sectoral composition of the economy, the scientific and technological research activity of firms and universities, and the activity of large firms is considered as a crucial factor of growth in the advanced countries. This paper enquires about the relationship between the dynamics of international technological specialization, on the one hand, and market expansion and profit opportunities, accumulation of technical and scientific knowledge and market structures, on the other hand. We employ R&D and ...

In this study, the validity of the structure, conduct and performance (SCP) paradigm is tested with view to ascertaining which version of the hypothesis holds sway in Nigeria listed agro-based sector. Data collected from 22 listed agro-based firms for the period 2000-2010 were analyzed using the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression technique as well as granger causality test. The data was first examined for unit roots using the Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) and the Phillips-Peron (PP) tests. Result revealed that all the variables were stationary at first difference except market share (MKTS), return on capital employed (ROC) and cost efficiency (CEFF) that were later stationary at first difference. The major determinants of profitability were market share, capital to labour ratio and cost efficiency variables. Surprisingly, total number of firm branches and firm sizes carried the expected positive signs but failed to significantly explain the variation in profit of the sampled agro-based firms. Findings further revealed that the behavior of agro-based firms were consistent with the relative market Power (RMP) and the efficient market (EM) hypothesis, implying that the traditional SCP paradigm is not validated. Result also revealed that granger causality runs uni-directionally from market share, cost efficiency and capital to labour ratio to return on capital employed and from return on capital employed to firm size and from capital to labour ratio to cost efficiency. This, therefore, inform the need to pursue policies that would reduce branch network and focus on few productive branches, increase their market share and enhance their efficiencies as the way out.

This paper first proposes a competitive market structure for reactive power procurement and then develops a methodology for incorporating voltage stability problems into the model. The owners of electric transactions should participate in this competitive framework and submit their own firmness bids in ($/MW) to the Independent System/Market Operator (ISO- IMO). ISO clears the market for reactive energy regarding the

The purpose of this paper is to bridge gap in economic theory between the assumption that production cost and distribution of resources are allocated through the price mechanism and its dependent on the entrepreneur-coordinator. In view of the fact that is usually argued that coordination will be done by price mechanism, why is such organization necessary? Within a firm these market transactions are eliminated, and in place of the complicated market structure with exchange transactions is substituted the entrepreneur coordinator, who directs production. Coordination of the various factors of production is, however, normally carried out without the intervention of the price mechanism.

ABSTRACT Historically, researchers have addressed pricing issues from many different perspectives, including the firm's business model (cost structure, experience curve), stakeholders (customers and channel partners), competition (market structure and intensity), and macroeconomic issues (interest rates, economic growth). An important dimension of organizational price setting that has been neglected is the impact that the firm's internal political system, reflected in interdepartmental coordination and rivalry, has upon price setting. A study of managers who are influential in shaping the firm's pricing strategy was conducted to identify intraorganizational issues and their relative impact on the firm's pricing strategy. The results of the study provide important implications for the development and execution of a firm's pricing strategy.

To what extent are firms kept out of a market by patents covering related technologies? Do patents held by potential entrants make it easier to enter markets? We estimate the empirical relationship between market entry and patents for 27 narrowly defined categories of software products during the period 1990-2004. Controlling for demand, market structure, average patent quality, and other factors,

This work identifies the market structure to which Cinépolis belongs through the strategies of differentiation (innovation and
localization) and the one based on the resources executed by Cinépolis and Cinemex. It is analyzed through the structure-behaviorperformance model of the industry. with a focus on Cinépolis, in a way that made it possible to understand the proposal of the COFECE
regarding the fact that fewer companies do not always mean less competition, since the number of competitors does not determine the
competition, but rather those that have the capacity to convert a consecutive to simultaneous game through the use of their resources and
capabilities, being innovative in quality and variety, thus generating greater utility for consumers through prices determined by the
market

The present paper provides a theoretical framework of the relationship between the rate of entrepreneurship and national economic performance. The first part deals with some aspects of the recent economics literature on the relation between entrepreneurship and small business on the one hand, and economic growth on the other. In particular, it gives a summary of some work of the EIM/CASBEC research group in The Netherlands. In the second part, a framework is presented linking entrepreneurship and growth to different levels of aggregation. The last part of the paper illustrates the framework with some historical case studies. The present paper supplements Wennekers, Uhlaner and Thurik (2002) and is concerned with the causes of the rate of entrepreneurship.

The objective of this research is to identify the system of rice seed marketing using market structur approach. Market structure measurement uses market share analysis, CR4 (Concentration Ratio for Biggest Four), Herfindahl Hirschman Index (IHH), Rosenbluth Index (IR), and Entropy Index (IE) and descriptive analysis methods. The results of the study indicate that the structure of the seed market in Madiun Regency leads to oligopoly. Of the 5 analysis tools 3 of them produced the oligopoly market structure. In product differentiation there are differences in varieties and types of packaging. On barriers to market entry there are obstacles to technical capital, government regulations and potential competitors. Market information is categorized as high, which means market information is easily obtained by rice seed producers and marketing institutions.

Conventional microeconomics concludes that firms prefer high demand but low competition, however, many locations where firms selling a homogeneous product agglomerate in are evidenced. When the consumers have imperfect information regarding the selling locations and location search is prohibited, each location is identical to them and they random uniformly for a location to visit. When the number of locations increases, the expected demand in each location decreases which creates demand uncertainty in each location. The existence of an operating store in a particular location guarantees that it has a sufficient demand to sustain its business. An entering firm selling a similar product must consider the tradeoff between locating in the same location as the existing store and face a direct competition or locating in other areas with low competition but uncertain demand. This tradeoff is the main study of this paper. If the number of locations exceeds the threshold level, all firms are willing to agglomerate in the location with a certain demand. Otherwise, firms in the location with uncertain demand can coexist with firms in the location with a certain demand.

Due to the simplicity of Burdett and Judd (1983), the number of competing firms has no effect on the equilibrium price distribution and expected price. In chapter two, heterogeneous search cost is introduced to create heterogeneity in search behavior between the two groups of consumers. Local consumers have low search cost and compare price more intensively than the foreigners who have high search cost. As a result, the location with a higher number of local consumers has a lower expected price. This finding has a negative effect on agglomeration since lower expected price discourages firms from locating in the location with a high number of local consumers.

Chapter three introduces the density-dependent search cost, that lowers cost per price sample in the location with a higher density of firms, into the model in chapter one. Lower cost per price sample intensifies the consumers’ price search behavior and increases the degree of price comparison. Consequently, the number of firms has an effect on the price distribution such that higher number of firms lowers the expected price. The consumers’ location distribution is endogenized using the two steps searching, which is a search method that doubles the process of non-sequential search. In the first step, consumers sample for a highest expected utility location from the utility distribution derived from the outcome of the second step, where consumers sample for a lowest price firm from the price distribution of the arrival location. As a result, the consumers’ location distribution is a function of the firms’ location distribution. Firm agglomeration in a particular location creates a popularity of that location since it increases the number of the optimal location sample which increases the probability that its location will be discovered. The equilibrium location distribution of the consumers and firms is obtained using numerical analysis.

This document presents four scenarios for the future of finance. The goal of our study is to imagine the future of finance and to identify challenges faced by policymakers in fighting systemic risk. It builds upon a tradition within the CPB to develop scenarios for policy analysis. We develop four scenarios for the future of finance. Our scenarios differ in two dimensions. First, to what extent soft information lies at the core of banks’ business. Second, to what extent scope economies exist between different banking activities. By combining these two dimensions, we obtain four scenarios: Isolated Islands, Big Banks, Competing Conglomerates, and Flat Finance. Market structure, market failures, and government failures vary between scenarios. These differences then translate into differences in the complexity of balance sheets, the ability to coordinate policy internationally, the information gap faced by regulators, the size of banks’ balance sheets, the tradability of banks’ assets,...

HIGHLIGHTS IMPORT BANS … reduce the amount and increase the price of the controlled goods. The justification for such policies is usually that with protection, domestic firms will increase output and jobs. But in practice import bans can just lead to higher profits for domestic firms. IN NIGERIA… importation of 24 groups of items is currently prohibited. However, the bans are circumvented by smuggling and by official granting of licenses to import, with huge profits likely for those who selling the banned imports at the inflated domestic prices EFFECTS OF IMPORT BANS In Nigeria the bans raise the cost of living; more than 4 million Nigerians could leave poverty if the bans were replaced by tariffs set at a level applied to similar products. The bans also reduce government revenues and undermine trade facilitation. Positive impacts on jobs are unclear. Import Bans in Nigeria Increase Poverty Nigeria currently prohibits importation of 24 groups of items. These include a range of food ...

"Tamil Nadu is the pioneering state in so much as it has varied genotypes from diversified geographical areas, as well as introductions from Sir Lanka. Farmers found that growing moringa crops during summer season was remunerative. Thus, moringa gained a foothold as a summer vegetable. Its unique flavour and aroma became very popular. For South Indian any meal without moringa and pulses is considered incomplete. The demand for the moringa pod also increased due to increased urban settlements and migration of people to urban colonies. Based on the significance of moringa in the human diet this study might more viable with the specific objectives of to assessing the marketing strategies for promotion Periyakulam annual moringa in Tamil Nadu.This study revealed that the price fluctuation in moringa is to the extent of ten times. The moringa production is scattered. The commercial pure crop cultivation is practiced only in selected areas in Tamil Nadu. Being perishable in nature, the produce has to be sold within a short period. Thus in the market, farmers are price takers and are in risk at disadvantages. Group monopsony behaviour of few well established trades indicated that the price made for moringa trade is unfavourable to farming community. Hence, supply chain management has to be effectively arranged for getting due share in the consumer price. Dr Rajendran T""Economic Analysis of Moringa in Tamil Nadu"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd126.pdf
Article URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/126/economic-analysis-of-moringa-in-tamil-nadu/dr-rajendran-t"