Historical maps

Travel was a crucial element of ancient Egyptian culture. An extensive traffic system by land and by water already existed as early as the Old Kingdom, including various means of transport that did not fundamentally change right through to the New Kingdom. Traveling activity attested for various professions demonstrates that Egyptian society exercised a high degree of mobility. In the majority of cases, a journey was undertaken within the scope of the traveler’s work and on behalf of the pharaoh. Travel had a significant impact on the Egyptian world-view as well as on the development of the
identity of Egyptian society as an entity.

The illustrations of the Benedictine monk, artist, and chronicler Matthew Paris offer a gateway into the thirteenth-century world. This new study of his cartography emphasizes the striking innovations he brought to it, and shows how the maps became an investment and repository of certain medieval spatial practices: travel through the world, the occurrence of history in that world, and the religious practices and devotional attitudes that were assiduously cultivated within the larger visual culture of St. Albans abbey [in great measure produced by Matthew's own images]. Travel [i.e. space], history [time], and devotion [liturgy], then, are the primary issues and meanings deposited in and registered by Matthew Paris's cartographic landscape. In searching out these contexts, the book explores the paradigm of imagined pilgrimage as an organizing principle that pushes into greater relief medieval understandings of their arrangements of places and of histories. Thus traveling through geography could enact its meanings in a dynamic, religious, even devotional performance of the maps' materials. Richly illustrated with black and white and colour plates.

The book is designed as a catalogue to accompany Rouben Galichian’s exhibition of cartographic texts and images of Armenia to be presented across various countries of the world during the Armenian Genocide Centenary year of 2015. The aim of the exhibition is to make public a selection of cartographic images in which snippets of the history of Armenia could be seen through the eyes of the Ancient, Greco-Roman, Byzantine, Islamic and Western geographers and cartographers.

In ancient and medieval times maps were rare documents; therefore in many cases maps depicting significant moments and events of the history of various nations are not readily available. Sometimes historical and political events took place in such quick succession that it is not possible to prepare maps to record all the events in their real timescale.  Indeed, many events have passed without being shown or recorded on maps at all. Nevertheless, the book intends to present the sequence of events determining the course of the Armenian history as much as possible through maps prepared near the actual time of the occurrence.

Este artículo revisa y conecta diferentes eventos, construcciones urbanas y cartografías históricas de Nueva York en el marco cronológico definido por 1783, año de la firma del Tratado de París –que acabó con la guerra de la independencia americana–, y 1811, cuando el Plan de los Comisionados estableció el modelo urbanístico para hacer de la ciudad una metrópolis a la par de las grandes capitales europeas. Durante este breve pero intenso período –no tan estudiado como a veces se piensa– se sentaron las bases materiales e inmateriales (físicas e identitarias) del Nueva York actual. Este trabajo se centra en la activa e importante contribución que dos disciplinas, la arquitectura y la cartografía, hicieron al mencionado proceso.

This essay reviews and connects different events, urban constructions and historical cartographies concerning New York in the chronological framework defined by 1783, the year of the signing of the Treaty of Paris –ending the War of the American Revolution–, and 1811, when the Commissioners’ Plan established the urban planning model to make the city a metropolis on a par with the great European capitals. During this brief but intense period –not as studied as it is sometimes thought– the material and immaterial (the physical and identity) foundations of the current New York were laid. This work focuses on the active and important contribution that two disciplines, architecture and cartography, made to the mentioned process.

"Few landscapes change more rapid than the marine. Sandbanks, channels and even complete coastlines can change dramatically overnight. This is a threat not only for modern mariners, our seafaring forefathers knew this problem also all too well. With modern techniques we can monitor these changes and adapt our maps on a regular basis. These techniques not only provide saver shipping, they can also be used to find the wreck of unfortunate former mariners. How can this method be used to predict where wrecks can be found. And, if a wreck is found, is it possible to preserve it?
In order to get a full picture of possible wreck sites, we need to know what the underwater landscape was in various periods, and how it has changed over time.
Historic Cartographical analysis can give and insight in the use and sometimes in the morphology of former landscapes. The problem with this is that it only provides qualitative information; i.e. descriptive data (map legends, interpretations, names or remarks). Modern remote-sensing devices give purely quantitative data. In order to model changes in landscape overtime, the historical qualitative data should be in some way ‘quantified’ to make calculations possible. If the historical records provide quantitative data as well, they should somehow be extrapolated to be comparable with modern high resolution data. This ‘quantifying’ of data can also be used for modern qualitative maps, such as soil type maps or land use maps.
This way historical data can be integrated with modern remote-sensing and survey techniques."

Academic study on Urban Planning in Southern Italy.
Originally published in 1979, this edition presents the full original text and all of the maps accompanied by a new introduction.

Studio sull'urbanistica dell'Italia Meridionale. Pubblicato per la prima volta nel 1979, questa edizione presenta l'intero testo originale e le tavole accompagnati da una nuova introduzione.

Communiqué de presse relations presse : Atlas des migrations en Méditerranée de l'antiquité à nous jours
Cet ouvrage propose un panorama original des migrations en Méditerranée depuis l’Antiquité jusqu’à nos jours.
Plus de 70 spécialistes, historiens, géographes, anthropologues, politologues, se sont donné comme objectif de montrer comment les migrations ont façonné les sociétés et les cultures méditerranéennes au cours de l’histoire. Ils rendent accessibles grâce à des textes courts, des phénomènes complexes, en mettant en lumière leurs particularités ou leur banalité ou en remettant en perspective les conditions de leur émergence. En regard, des extraits de sources historiques et des illustrations permettent de saisir les espoirs, les inquiétudes, parfois les drames qui accompagnent les mobilités d’hommes et de femmes de tous horizons.
Les 200 cartes produites jouent sur les échelles de représentation et varient les angles d’approche thématique : de l’observation des mouvements dans un port aux mobilités qui sillonnent l’ensemble des rivages méditerranéens, jusqu’aux projections mondiales des diasporas méditerranéennes, ou les mutations d’une métropole cosmopolite sous l’effet des arrivées successives de migrants.
L’atlas se structure en trois parties composées chacune de chapitres au sein desquels se succèdent, après une introduction, des doubles- pages thématiques, laissant ainsi le choix d’une lecture continue ou fractionnée. Il évoque d’abord les structures qui encadrent, contrôlent ou accompagnent les migrations (routes, frontières, lieux d’accueil, cadres politiques et juridiques, puis les différents acteurs (marchands, travailleurs, esclaves, religieux, intellectuels ou artistes) avant de porter attention aux modalités de contacts entre les migrants et les sociétés d’accueil (invasions, colonisations, transferts, cosmopolitisme, xénophobie).
Cet atlas s’adresse à un lectorat qui cherche à mieux connaître et comprendre une question qui, sous les feux de l’actualité, suscite des discours aux formules lapidaires et parfois outrancières.
ISBN : 978-2-330-14501-9
Prix indicatif : 35.00€

Die Katastralunterlagen sind in diesem Aufsatz anhand des Bestandes S 79 des Ungarischen Nationalarchivs studiert. Dieser Bestand enthält Katastralschrifte meisten aus der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts über das heutige Ungarn, die im Jahre 1951 an das Archiv abgegeben wurden. Aber nicht über jede Siedlung sind Quellen vorhanden, und verschiedene Unterlagen stehen über einzelne Gemeinden zur Verfügung. Die häufigste Unterlagen wurden dargelegt: die Grenzbeschreibung, die Beschreibung der Riede, das Grundstücksverzeichnis (früher Parzellenprotokoll), das Flächenberechnungsprotokoll, das Eigentümerverzeichnis, das Häuserverzeichnis, das Ortsnamenverzeichnis, der Auszug der Wohnhäuser der Bodenbenützungsausweis, die Besitzveränderungsliste, die Steuergegenstandveränderungsliste und die Feldskizze. Die Katastralvermessung dauerte einige Jahrzehnte, dazwischen begann im Jahre 1875 die Evidenzhaltung, um die Änderungen in der Person des Besitzers, im Umfang und in der Kulturgattung der Steuerobjekte zu erfassen. Die in verschiedenen Zeitpunkte und in verschiedenen Orte entstandenen Dokumente unterscheiden etwas sich, zum Beispiel verschiedene Formulare wurden benutzt. Außerdem war die Terminologie nicht einheitlich, es gab viele Synonyme, die Bedeutungen der Begriffe veränderten sich. Deshalb ist es nützlich und erforderlich, die Dokumententype der Katastralarchivalien festzustellen, zu definieren. Damit kann man die Beschreibung der Dokumente erleichtern, und den Forschern helfen.

Imre Vass, Engineer, The Surveyor of ’Gömör and the Underworld of
the Country’
In the survey for the establishment of provisional land tax (provisorium), nearly 300
engineers were employed in 1851, some of whom were Hungarian-born, with great
experience as county and / or private engineers. With Imre Vass (1795–1863) among
them who was employed by the Counties Gömör and Kishont ca. from 1818 until 1836.
Later he worked as a private engineer and accepted land survey work concerning
land consolidation, moreover, he was promoting his own invention, the refractory tile.
Between 1850 and 1860 he participated in the survey of Pest-Buda and Nagyvárad tax
districts as a cadastre engineer, and finally the evaluation of Kassa tax district by parcels.

Resumen La Mapoteca Virtual de la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica es una actividad permanente de extensión que busca promover el uso de las TIC (Tecnologías de la información y la comunicación), así como de las TIG (Tecnologías de la información geográfica) en Costa Rica. Sus funciones están concentradas en un sitio web que se exhibe a través de la ideología del Open Access (Acceso Abierto), el cual cuenta con una serie de productos de cartografía temática, manuales sobre cartografía, recursos electrónicos y publicaciones relacionadas a las Ciencias Geográficas y otras afines. Abstract The Virtual Map Library of the National University of Costa Rica it's a permanent connection activity that looks to promote the use of ICT (Information and communications technology) and GIT (Geographic information technology) in Costa Rica. Its functions are concentrated in a website that's exhibits through an Open Access ideology a series of products of thematic cartography, manuals about cartography, electronic resources and publications related to the Geographical Sciences and others related.

THE CARTOBIBLIOGRAPHY is Volume 2 of The Grand Canon : A Worldwide Bibliography of the Grand Canyon and Lower Colorado River Regions in the United States and Mexico. It itemizes and often describes details on maps produced worldwide from the 16th to 21st centuries. Many citations for historical maps before the 20th century are chorographical; attention is on part of the map rather than the whole, in order to describe how the Grand Canyon and lower Colorado River regions are portrayed. Thus the principal purpose of the map may not be mentioned, such as when a map is of wider interest to cartographic histo-rians for content that is unrelated to the physical geography of the Southwest. In some instances, remarks correct or amplify the work of earlier bibliographers. All forms of maps are listed: general, geologic and physiographic, and certain specialized maps; to which is added a complete guide to all scales of topographic map quadrangles in the greater Grand Canyon–lower Colorado River regions in the U.S. and Mexico, produced by the U.S. Geological Survey and Mexico’s Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (as also used by the Servicio Geológico Mexicano). The kinds of maps cited here vary. Many are stand-alone productions, while others are included in atlases or accompany reports of explora-tions, some of them as large fold-outs, others as maps loosely laid in or even grouped in separate covers. Maps that appear as illustrations within books and periodicals are not generally considered. Neither are manuscript maps considered, although a few significant ones are cited; those that are of seminal importance in the history of the Grand Canyon and the Southwest. Notes added to these citations provide more detailed information that describe relationships between features of physical geography, for the benefit of users who may thus determine that a map should be more closely examined, or it may suggest to them that a map is not of interest to work at hand. The Cartobibliography divides maps into two major groups: 16th–18th centuries, and 19th–21st centuries; and there is a separate, consolidated chronological list of these maps. The 16th to 18th centuries in this region recorded human interactions that focused on the lower Colorado River, by international parties with interests in the region. Only manuscript maps ventured to embrace the area that now is known to be the Grand Canyon. The 19th century saw the first sponsored explorers in three centuries spanning the region, eventually delineating the Colorado River and its tributaries correctly, discovering again the Grand Canyon. And the 20th century witnessed an explosion of general and scientific maps of the region, including topographic mapping at large scales. More specifically detailed bibliographical products and statistical surveys can be derived from this Cartobibliography.

Old maps convey messages about early spatial arrangements. In some cases, they also tell a story, and hence can be qualified as 'history maps'. The interpretation of such maps is not easy, because they are witnesses to a strong dichotomy between the static representation of the landscape and the dynamic sequence of historical events. Digital Thematic Deconstruction allows to break through the iconographic composition and to extract the visual discourse from such an image stuffed with information. In this article, the method is applied to the bird's-eye view of the siege of Ypres in 1383, engraved by Guillaume du Tielt at the beginning of the seventeenth century, in order to assess the accuracy of the mapped topography and to get at the visual narrative. The results not only help interpret the meaning of such a history map, but also offer perspectives for comparing and juxtaposing history maps and textual records.

Phantom islands are falsely mapped islands that turned out non-existent. This paper examines the histories and the etymologies of the names of Bermeja, Hy Brasil, and Sandy Island. Appearing cartographically since 1539, Bermeja's 'undiscovery' blocked Mexico's ownership of an oil-rich section of the Gulf of Mexico. Hy Brasil appeared first in 1330 maps and became falsely associated with Irish mythology. Sandy Island, near New Caledonia, was officially 'unfound' most recently in 2012, but existed on maps since 1908. This paper also examines the residential cruise liner The World, a manmade floating 'island' challenging our notion of place. Though not 'real', these islands exist as hope - Bermeja, a hope for power, Hy Brasil, a hope for a divine land, and Sandy Island and The World, a hope for the unknown. In a largely known, familiar world, discovery is not exploring the new, but revisiting the old; not uncovering what we do not know, but undiscovering what we do.

Key Words: Phantom Islands, Historical Cartography, Bermeja, Hy Brasil, Sandy Island

Abstract:
Scholarship on Kurdish history discusses the boundaries of Kurdistan in terms of its geographical limits and the political frontier. Be it geographical or political, most of these works present the limits of Kurdish lands more or less the same. While almost every modern study on the region elaborates on the boundaries of Kurdistan, the scholarship is silent about different versions of the name as well as the changing geographical boundaries and the center of Kurdistan throughout of centuries. In this article I shall not discuss where Kurdistan is and what the borders of the region are since numerous sources and maps already give enough information about this question. The question I am interested in here is what and where the Ottoman)not only the Turks but also the other ethnic groups lived inside of the Empire's borders (and European sources meant when they were referring to " Kurdistan " during the early modern period.

Kurte:
Xebatên li ser tarîxa kurdî sînorên Kurdistanê di çarçoveya sînorên erdnîgarî û siyasî de nîqaş dikin. Çi erdnîgarî çi siyasî, piraniya van lêkolînan sînorên erdê kurdan kêm zêde wekî hev pêşkêş dikin. Her çend teqrîben hemû lêkolînên nûjen ku derheqê vê herêmê de hatine kirin li ser sînorên Kurdistanê bisekinin jî, xebaten akademîk hem derbarê terzên cuda yên navê wê de hem derbarê tixûbên erdnîgarî yên guherbar û herwiha li ser merkeza Kurdistanê ya sedsalên cuda de bêdeng in. Di vê xebatê de bala min ji sînoran zêdetir li ser ferasetê ye. Ez ê hewl bidim bersivekê bo vê pirsê peyda bikim ka gelo beriya dewra nûjen, gava ku osmanî û ewrupayî digot “Kurdistan”, mebesta wan çi û kû der bû?

Öz:
Osmanlı dönemi Kürt tarihi üzerine yapılan çalışmalar Kürdistan’dan bahsederken daha ziyade coğrafi ve siyasi sınırlarına odaklanmaktadır. Coğrafi ya da siyasi olsun, bu çalışmalar Kürt bölgelerini ele alırken benzer sınırlar sunmaktadırlar. Modern çalışmaların hemen hepsi sınırlara önem atfederken, bunlar yüzyıllar içinde “Kürdistan” isminin farklı versiyonları ve de coğrafi sınırlarla merkezin değişkenliği meselesi üzerinde fazla durmamaktadırlar. Bu çalışmada Kürdistan’ın nerede olduğundan ve sınırlarının nereden geçtiği sorusuna odaklanmayacağız. Bu hususa değinen yeteri kadar kaynak ve harita mevcuttur. Burada, Batılı ve Osmanlı (Türkçe olanlarının yanı sıra aynı zamanda imparatorluk sınırları içinde diğer dillerde yazılan) kaynaklarının “Kürdistan”dan bahsederken neye ve nereye işaret ettiklerini sorunsallaştırmaya çalışacağız.

In the thirteenth century, Italian merchant and explorer Marco Polo traveled from Venice to the far reaches of Asia, a journey he chronicled in a narrative titled Il Milione, later known as The Travels of Marco Polo. While Polo’s writings would go on to inspire the likes of Christopher Columbus, scholars have long debated their veracity. Some have argued that Polo never even reached China, while others believe that he came as far as the Americas. Now, there’s new evidence for this historical puzzle: a very curious collection of fourteen little-known maps and related documents said to have belonged to the family of Marco Polo himself.

In The Mysteries of the Marco Polo Maps, historian of cartography Benjamin B. Olshin offers the first credible book-length analysis of these artifacts, charting their course from obscure origins in the private collection of Italian-American immigrant Marcian Rossi in the 1930s; to investigations of their authenticity by the Library of Congress, J. Edgar Hoover, and the FBI; to the work of the late cartographic scholar Leo Bagrow; to Olshin’s own efforts to track down and study the Rossi maps, all but one of which are in the possession of Rossi’s great-grandson Jeffrey Pendergraft. Are the maps forgeries, facsimiles, or modernized copies? Did Marco Polo’s daughters—whose names appear on several of the artifacts—preserve in them geographic information about Asia first recorded by their father? Or did they inherit maps created by him? Did Marco Polo entrust the maps to Admiral Ruggero Sanseverino, who has links to Rossi’s family line? Or, if the maps have no connection to Marco Polo, who made them, when, and why?

The Temporary Cadastral Map Archive of Sopron, 1857–1860
The cadastral map archive of Sopron was founded in 1857 to keep, and copy the survey work
segments, and to prepare the maps for lithography. The map archive was temporarily placed in the
building of the 1st Survey Office, which rented a house from Károly Tibolth. Karl Rolke, 3rd grade
engineer was appointed as the manager of the map archive, however he did not get the title of
map archivist. The position of map archivist was advertised, and Anton Buttula, survey inspector
managing the technical activities of the provisory in the Sopron tax district, got the position in
1858. The problem of the permanent place of the map archive was solved in 1860, at least for 10-15
years; the halls of the archive were created in the first floor of the former tax office.

This presentation suggests an alternative to current theories regarding Columbus's voyage through the Bahama Islands on his first voyage. Parts of this paper were first presented in October, 1988, in Minneapolis, Minnesota, at the annual meeting of the Society for the History of Discoveries.

“Antigua Grecia: Época Helenística. Anábasis” es un juego didáctico de aula diseñado para el alumnado de 1º de ESO en la asignatura Geografía e Historia. Sobre un mapa histórico que estaba en desuso y adaptado como un tablero de juego, realizaremos una carrera por el territorio del Imperio Persa en el siglo IV a.C. poniéndonos en la piel de cuatro grupos de macedonios que acompañan a Alejandro Magno. Esta es una de las propuestas finales de una serie de tres juegos que abarcan los contenidos sobre la Historia de Grecia.

Otras propuestas en las que incluimos instrucciones y materiales de referencia o descarga son:

-“Cuadrado” de Ciencias Sociales
https://www.academia.edu/50914488/Gamificaci%C3%B3n_en_Geograf%C3%ADa_e_Historia_Propuestas_I_Cuadrado_de_Ciencias_Sociales_
-”Top Trumps” de Historia
https://www.academia.edu/50941795/Gamificaci%C3%B3n_en_Geograf%C3%ADa_e_Historia_Propuestas_II_Top_Trumps_de_Historia_
-Risk del siglo XV
https://www.academia.edu/50941965/Gamificaci%C3%B3n_en_Geograf%C3%ADa_e_Historia_Propuestas_III_Risk_del_siglo_XV_
-Escape Rooms “Antropocenus: ¡Salvar la Tierra!” y “Agenda 2030: ¿El final de los ODS?
https://www.academia.edu/50942009/Gamificaci%C3%B3n_en_Geograf%C3%ADa_e_Historia_Propuestas_IV_Escape_Rooms_Antropocenus_Salvar_la_Tierra_y_Agenda_2030_El_final_de_los_ODS_
-Trivial de Geografía
https://www.academia.edu/66183309/Gamificaci%C3%B3n_en_Geograf%C3%ADa_e_Historia_Propuestas_V_Trivial_de_Geograf%C3%ADa_
-Prehistoria en la Península Ibérica
https://www.academia.edu/72742384/Gamificaci%C3%B3n_en_Geograf%C3%ADa_e_Historia_Propuestas_VI_Prehistoria_en_la_Pen%C3%ADnsula_Ib%C3%A9rica_
-Próximo Oriente en la Antigüedad: Grecia, Egipto y Mesopotamia”
https://www.academia.edu/73481276/Gamificaci%C3%B3n_en_Geograf%C3%ADa_e_Historia_Propuestas_VII_Pr%C3%B3ximo_Oriente_en_la_Antig%C3%BCedad_
-Antigua Grecia: Época Arcaica y Clásica
https://www.academia.edu/77109586/Gamificaci%C3%B3n_en_Geograf%C3%ADa_e_Historia_Propuestas_VIII_a_Antigua_Grecia_%C3%89poca_Arcaica_y_Cl%C3%A1sica_
-Antigua Grecia: Época Helenística. Reinos Helenísticos.
https://www.academia.edu/79787378/Gamificaci%C3%B3n_en_Geograf%C3%ADa_e_Historia_Propuestas_VIII_c_Antigua_Grecia_%C3%89poca_Helen%C3%ADstica_Reinos_Helen%C3%ADsticos_
-Antigua Roma
https://www.academia.edu/82108729/Gamificaci%C3%B3n_en_Geograf%C3%ADa_e_Historia_Propuestas_IX_Antigua_Roma_
-La conquista romana de Hispania
https://www.academia.edu/82109524/Gamificaci%C3%B3n_en_Geograf%C3%ADa_e_Historia_Propuestas_X_La_conquista_romana_de_Hispania_

(ΙΒΥ 312 - Ιστορική Γεωγραφία του Βυζαντίου): Στο μάθημα εξετάζεται ο γεωγραφικός χώρος της Βυζαντινής αυτοκρατορίας (Μικρά Ασία, Αρμενία, βόρεια Μεσοποταμία, Συρία, Παλαιστίνη, βόρεια Αφρική, Νησιά, Ιταλία, Βαλκάνια), δηλαδή οι περιοχές και τα οικιστικά τοπία του ανατολικού μεσογειακού χώρου κατά το μεσαίωνα. Περιφέρειες και τοπία - κλιματολογικές συνθήκες και αλλαγές στο φυσικό περιβάλλον μετά την αρχαιότητα - οικονομική εκμετάλλευση της γης και της θάλασσας - συγκοινωνιακό δίκτυο (χερσαίοι και θαλάσσιοι δρόμοι) - σύνορα, διοικητική διαίρεση, προσαρτήσεις και απώλειες εδαφών - εκκλησιαστική οργάνωση και μοναχισμός - οικισμοί και τοπωνύμια - πληθυσμός (εθνότητες και γλώσσες) - πηγές και βιβλιογραφία για την ιστορική γεωγραφία του Βυζαντίου.

This paper discussed maps of the Arctic coast produced by the Orcadian explorer John Rae.  Rae’s maps of the Arctic coast of Canada are little known, but represent the completion of the search for the North West Passage.  The paper focuses on the maps contained in the only published narrative of Rae’s expeditions in 1846 and 1847, which resulted in the consolidation of knowledge about a previously unknown coastal area of one of the Arctic regions, the Gulf of Boothia.  Analysing the methods and approaches contained in the narrative, the paper explains the way in which both Rae’s map and published narrative (re)produce and categorize Artic space and nature.  Aspects of Inuit knowledge about the Arctic landscape (and Rae’s interpretation of Inuit knowledge) will also be explored, as they form a significant part of John Rae’s legacy.  The resulting topographies and published map relate to wider issues of interpreting maps as social constructs, and the resulting methodological challenges of using maps as historical sources.

El presente estudio examina los fondos cartográficos localizados en los diferentes archivos nacionales e internacionales que han servido para la elaboración de la base de datos del proyecto “arquitecturas Dibujadas. ingenieros militares en Cuba (1764-1898)”. Para el presente artículo se han seleccionado los proyectos arquitectónicos elaborados por ingenieros militares en la isla desde su devolución a España tras la guerra de los siete años  hasta la conclusión de la centuria, con el fin de mostrar una visión pormenorizada de las tareas de investigación emanadas del proyecto.

Οι ιστορικοί χάρτες αποτελούν ένα από τα σημαντικότερα στοιχεία της πολιτιστικής κι επιστημονικής κληρονομιάς μιας χώρας. Οι φορείς που τηρούν χαρτογραφικές συλλογές έχουν προχωρήσει στη ψηφιοποίηση του αρχειακού υλικού τους και στη δημιουργία ψηφιακών βιβλιοθηκών, με επόμενο βήμα την προβολή και διάθεσή του μέσω δικτυακών πυλών. Ωστόσο, για την ορθότερη αξιοποίηση των χαρτών στον παγκόσμιο ιστό, ιδιαίτερη σημασία έχει η μελέτη και χρήση του γεωμετρικού και θεματικού τους περιεχομένου. Στα πλαίσια της παρούσας εργασίας, μελετήθηκε η σειρά των φύλλων χάρτη «Carte de la nouvelle frontiere Turco-Greque» του Intelligence Department War Office της Μεγάλης Βρετανίας. Κύριοι στόχοι της μελέτης ήταν η ανάδειξη της ιστορικής και γεωγραφικής πληροφορίας που μπορεί να αντληθεί από έναν ιστορικό χάρτη, καθώς και των δυνατοτήτων της περαιτέρω αξιοποίησής της, τόσο για την αναζήτηση και ανάκτηση των χαρτών, όσο και για την τεκμηρίωση της χωροχρονικής εξέλιξης των οντοτήτων που αποδίδονται σε αυτόν.

The Illuminati (plural of Latin illuminatus, 'enlightened') is a name given to several groups, both real and fictitious.
Historically, the name usually refers to the Bavarian Illuminati, an Enlightenment-era secret society founded on 1 May 1776 in Bavaria, today part of Germany.
The society's goals were to oppose superstition, obscurantism, religious influence over public life, and abuses of state power. "The order of the day," they wrote in their general statutes, "is to put an end to the machinations of the purveyors of injustice, to control them without dominating them." The Illuminati—along with Freemasonry and other secret societies—were outlawed through edict by Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria with the encouragement of the Catholic Church, in 1784, 1785, 1787, and 1790.
In the following several years, the group was vilified by conservative and religious critics who claimed that they continued underground and were responsible for the French Revolution.

Many influential intellectuals and progressive politicians counted themselves as members, including Ferdinand of Brunswick and the diplomat Franz Xaver von Zwackh [de], who was the Order's second-in-command. It attracted literary men such as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Johann Gottfried Herder and the reigning Duke of Gotha and of Weimar.

In subsequent use, "Illuminati" has referred to various organisations which have claimed or have been claimed to be connected to the original Bavarian Illuminati or similar secret societies, though these links have been unsubstantiated. These organisations have often been alleged to conspire to control world affairs, by masterminding events and planting agents in government and corporations, in order to gain political power and influence and to establish a New World Order. Central to some of the more widely known and elaborate conspiracy theories, the Illuminati have been depicted as lurking in the shadows and pulling the strings and levers of power in dozens of novels, films, television shows, comics, video games, and music videos.

Üç kıtanın iç bölgelerine etki eden limanlara sahip olması nedeniyle Akdeniz, her çağda ticarete elverişli bir ulaşım yolu olmuştur. Özellikle coğrafi keşifler öncesinde, bu denizi çevreleyen kıtalardaki hem doğal sınırlamalar(Alpler, Sahra Çölü), hem de karayolu ticaretinin güvenlik sorunları deniz ticaretini daha fazla tercih edilir hale getirmiştir. Akdeniz çerçevesinde ticari hatlar limanlarla ve dolayısıyla denizle bağlantılı olarak gelişmiştir. Ayrıca Avrupa’nın doğal kaynaklarının sınırlı olması, Doğu’yla ticari ilişkisini de zorunlu kılmıştır. Akdeniz kendisini kullanan güçleri karşı karşıya getirirken, aynı zamanda Batı ve Doğu arasında yoğun bilgi ve kültür paylaşımına da ortam sağlamıştır. Ticaretle birlikte bilimsel eserlerin üretiminin de artışı, bu yoğun paylaşımın da bir sonucudur.
Pîrî Reis coğrafya biliminde yazılı belgelerin en önemlilerinden biri sayılan Kitâb-ı Bahriye ile Akdeniz’le ilgili araştırmalara öncülük etmektedir. Pîrî Reis, Kitâb-ı Bahriye’de Çanakkale başlangıç ve bitiş yeri olmak üzere saat yönünün tersinde bir yol izleyerek gezdiği tüm Ege ve Akdeniz kıyılarını coğrafi özellikleriyle açıklamış ve haritalandırmıştır. Eserin yazıldığı dönemde Akdeniz’i çevreleyen alanlarda uzakyol karayolu taşımacılığının oldukça yetersiz kaldığı düşünülürse, deniz taşımacılığının ve limanların önemi görülmektedir. Pîrî Reis’in eserlerinde liman şehirlerini, ticareti yapılan ürünleri ve özelliklerini ayrıntılı olarak işlemesi, Akdeniz deniz ticaretinin 15-16.yy.’daki yoğunluğunun bir göstergesidir.
Çalışmamızda 15-16.yy.’da Akdeniz’de ticareti yapılan ürünlere ve mallara, deniz ticaretinin özelliklerine Kitâb-ı Bahriye’den örnekler verirken, liman şehirlerin harita çizimleriyle etki alanlarını ve önemlerini göstermeyi amaçlamaktayız.

An archaeological desk-based assessment of Taunton Castle (and the surrounding landscape) centred on N.G.R. ST 22620 24600 was conducted in January and February 2009.

The evidence examined suggests that the area was sparsely populated until the early medieval period, with the arrival of the Anglo-Saxons. The present castle was constructed in the 12th century, although has undergone many repairs and additions and was involved in the War of the Roses and the English Civil War. The core of the medieval town was established during the mid 13th century, with some additions in the post-medieval period, in many cases due to the Civil War.

Reviewing the documentary and archaeological evidence, the study area has a good potential for structures, features or deposits of archaeological interest within the built and buried environments; ranging from the early medieval period, although the possibility of features relating to early periods cannot be discounted.

British Library Harley MS 3954’s Book of Sir John Mandeville has ninety-nine images, and another thirty-five blanks, carefully framed in thin lines of ink as part of the ruling of the manuscript. As is so often the case, the blanks appear more frequently toward the end.  On the final folio (69v) there appears a neatly framed blank space (Figure 1).  The manuscript’s final text block appears just below this space and tells us of “a bok of Latyn that conteyned al that and myche more, aff wych bok the mappa mundi was mad.” As if to tantalize the reader, “mappa mundi” is rubricated and so stands out from the black ink in which the rest of the page (and the book) is written. While I sat there, staring at the blank space, and the red name for an absent image, I caught myself dreaming of finding a new mappa mundi hidden within that empty frame, the perfect place for a map of the world according to Mandeville. What would it look like, and what would imagining it tell us about the Book’s portrayal of Jews?

1a
The title of this project refers to the geographical area in Rome, the Campo Marzio (Latin: “Campus Martius”). This was the designated military grounds outside of the city limits predating the Imperial and Late Republican era of Roman antiquity.
As the old city expanded beyond the limits of the Pomerium, the area became its centre and, to this day, is loaded with iconic works and archaeological traces from the antique world, including the Pantheon, Piazza Navona (a planometric tracing of the Stadium of Domitian), and various Egyptian obelisks.
Since antiquity the district has been in a state of perpetual rebuilding and layering, adding an abundance of public space (in the form of piazzas and public buildings) to the city (a circular sample area with a 1km diameter, taken by the authors of this project, reveals an 8.3% surface area of dedicated, exposed public space in the Campo Marzio). It is the quintessential urban district; one filled with public rooms of all scales which lead, from one to another, as a continuous connective fabric.
1b
The title of this project refers to the frontispiece image from Giovanni Battista Piranesi’s 1762 work, “Il Campo Marzio dell’antica Roma.” In it, Piranesi layers urban fantasy with typological invention in a pseudo-historical collage of the Campo Marzio area of Rome. Referencing the planometric arsenal of ancient Roman architecture, Piranesi constructs an otherworldly image of the Campo Marzio, indicating a few real architectural elements rooted in the period from which he draws. These elements, amidst a field of invention, give geographical bearing and a ghostly sense of reality to this utopian vision of the ancient city.
1c
From the allusions conjured by the title of this project, one could gather that this design for a new park in the Ostiense district might have something to do with urban rooms, an otherworldly vision of public space and the city, typological appropriation, and the thrust by which a formerly peripheral district becomes central to the city it was once only attached to.