Filament Winding

In order to assist researchers explore the full potential of distributed recycling of post-consumer polymer waste, this article describes a recyclebot, which is a waste plastic extruder capable of making commercial quality 3-D printing filament. The device design takes advantage of both the open source hardware methodology and the paradigm developed by the open source self-replicating rapid prototyper (RepRap) 3-D printer community. Specifically, this paper describes the design, fabrication and operation of a RepRapable Recyclebot, which refers to the Recyclebot's ability to provide the filament needed to largely replicate the parts for the Recyclebot on any type of RepRap 3-D printer. The device costs less than $700 in mate rials and can be fabricated in about 24 h. Filament is produced at 0.4 kg/h using 0.24 kWh/kg with a diameter ±4.6%. Thus, filament can be manufactured from commercial pellets for <22% of commercial filament costs. In addition, it can fabricate recycled waste plastic into filament for 2.5 cents/kg, which is <1000X commercial filament costs. The system can fabricate filament from polymers with extrusion temperatures <250 °C and is thus capable of manufacturing custom filament over a wide range of thermopolymers and composites for material science studies of new materials and recyclability studies, as well as research on novel applications of fused filament based 3-D printing.

Apart from voice services, data made its foray in cellular networks with 2.5G networks. Today, with 3G network already in place, the data requirements of mobile subscribers is very high. With the increasing demand for mobile internet and rich data services such as streaming media for audio and video, this data requirement is expected to multifold in near future.  Correspondingly the network operators have started looking for alternative means of satisfying these data needs. Among many alternatives, mobile data offloading (MDO) is the most promising one. This paper presents the extensive need,  benefits, and technological solutions for MDO. Qualitatively, it is also shown that Wi-Fi, or 802.11 network is the most
promising technology for MDO. Also, to further popularize Wi-Fi as a candidate network for MDO, IEEE published the enhancements to the base IEEE 802.11-2007 standard in the form of its ninth amendment (i.e. IEEE 802.11u). Restricting the scope to beacon frame only, we show how this amendment supports interworking of 802.11 network with external networks. We also show the benefit of 802.11u compatible
Wi-Fi, as a candidate network for MDO, by modelling the problem of taking user's choice for assisting any vertical handover decision algorithm.

Las áreas de tecnología ofrecen de manera inalámbrica y eficiente, un sistema de comunicación Li-Fi (que es la transmisión de datos a través de la iluminación) mediante sistemas ópticos para el envío de datos a través de una lámpara LED que varía en intensidad más rápido de lo que percibe el ojo humano. El presente proyecto trata sobre la construcción de un manipulador digital controlado por luz: el cual se va a desglosar en dos etapas; aplicaciones y construcción. Para desarrollar la parte de aplicaciones es necesario entender ciertos conceptos que requieren una breve introducción al panorama general de las comunicaciones inalámbricas de los sistemas VLC (Visual Light Communication). Por otro lado los materiales necesarios para su construcción en la que se va tomando en cuenta las condiciones de manufactura. Existen investigaciones que han estudiado los sistemas VLC y la tecnología Li-Fi con ingeniosas estrategias para mejorar el desempeño de transmisión de información. En el presente trabajo se desarrolló finalmente un prototipo controlado mediante una interfaz VLC

To overcome the challenge of upcycling plastic waste into 3D printing filament in the distributed recycling and additive manufacturing systems, this study designs, builds, tests and validates an open source filament diameter sensor for recycling and winding machines. The modular system for multi-axis optical control of the diameter of the recycled 3D-printer filament makes it possible to scan part of the surface of the 1 Corresponding author

Composite is stated as constituent of two or more materials which retain their own physical and chemical property during the time of application, but produce a component which inherent the properties of its constituent materials and makes it better for the real time usage. There are varieties of processing techniques for fabricating composite parts or structures such as: (1) Resin Transfer Moulding, (2) Pultrusion, (3) Filament Winding, (4) Autoclave Moulding. Among all these technique of exercising composite materials, the filament winding technique is the most appropriate because it avails the user with the ease of usage, as well as gives wide range of degree of freedom for fabricating or manufacturing objects. In the paper we basically reveal the maximum approach made to study  basic theory  related to the filament winding technique or method, which provides initial platform  for the new learner.

Nanofibers have superior physical and mechanical properties. Although nanofibers can be produced by several methods, the electrospinning is predominant method in terms of simplicity, fiber diameter, flexibility and morphology. Moreover, usage nanofibers are generally produced as non-woven webs by electrospinning. This shape of production limits usage areas of nanofibers. Therefore, researchers have been working on electrospinning of nanofibers into yarns. The main aims of these studies are alignment and twisting of nanofibers. The usage areas of nanofibers will be increased by converting them into yarns from webs. Nanofibers in yarn formation can be used in several applications especially woven and knitted fabrics like convention yarns. The aim of this study is to analyze the studies about electrospun nanofiber yarn production in terms of twisting and winding mechanisms developments by years and also working principles and parameters of the electrospinning setups that are related to production of nanofiber yarn in the literature are compared. These studies are divided into two classes as discontinuous and continuous, both of them are divided into sub groups twisted and non-twisted systems. When nanofiber yarn production studies by electrospinning method are examined, it can be said that the continuous methods are advantageous compared to the discontinuous methods in terms of production speed. Twisted systems are more attractive because they give strength to the nanofiber yarn. Needless type feeders are more suitable for high speed production than needle type feeders that are used to decrease complexity of the process. In recent years, funnels, discs and cylinder types of twisting units have been preferred due to the advantages of easy installation and twisting control. As a result, systems that produce nanofiber yarns by electrospinning method are trending to industrial production that means they are focused on twisted and continuous nanofiber yarns.

3D printing is a form of additive manufacturing technology where a 3D object is created by laying down successive layers of material. It is mechanized method whereby 3D objects are quickly made on a reasonably sized machine connected to a computer containing blueprints for the object. As 3D printing is growing fast and giving a boost to product development, the factories doing 3D printing need to continuously meet the printing requirements and maintain an adequate amount of inventory of the filament. As the manufactures have to buy these filaments from various vendors, the cost of 3D printing increases. To overcome the problem faced by the manufacturers, small workshop owners, the need of 3D filament making machine arises. This project focuses on designing and fabricating a portable fused deposition 3D printer filament making machine with cheap and easily available components to draw 2 mm diameter ABS filament.

The research reported here sought to obtain the optimal winding angle (ϕ) in laminated carbon fiber reinforced
polymer (CFRP) composite pipes under patch loading. To observe the sole effect of winding angle on the pipe’s
mechanical strength, the stacking sequence of the composite laminates ([ϕ/-ϕ/ϕ/-ϕ/ϕ]) was kept constant. An
analytical investigation based on linear membrane shell theory was adapted to obtain the radial displacements
(w) along the radial direction (z). A double Fourier series expansion was used during the analytical investigation.
Two crucial factors were considered when selecting the optimal winding angle: (1) the minimum difference
between the inward (compression) and outward (tensile) radial displacements, and (2) the minimum radial
deflection at the circumference where patch loading is applied (θ=0). The optimal winding angle, ϕ=55, was obtained using a classical trial and error technique. The analytical results for ϕ=55 were then validated by an
experimental investigation. Due to a lack of prior reported experimental investigations into radial deformation
analysis of laminated composite pipes under patch loading, the manufacturing and test procedures have been
discussed comprehensively in this paper. The pipe with optimal stacking sequence [55/-55/55/-55/55] was
first manufactured using the filament winding machine and then subjected to patch loading using the INSTRON
machine. The experimental tests were conducted on three arbitrarily selected circumferential angles θ=
(0,48,77). The radial displacement at θ=0 was measured using a tensile testing (INSTRON) machine. The
radial displacements at θ= (48,77) were simultaneously measured using a laser displacement sensor (model:
ANR 1150) and a dial indicator (model: 0.01–30 mm Mitutoyo), respectively. Ultimately, the radial displacements
for a loading range of F ¼ [0-800] (N) were obtained. There was good agreement between the analytical
and experimental results, which offers a useful guideline for future design and manufacture of laminated composite pipes with elevated section.

Since the first Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) material applications emerged in the fifties, various industrial markets (from aerospace to consumer goods) have adopted FRP composites due to their attractive inherent mix of properties: FRP composites represent low density with elevated mechanical performance and display better environmental resistance than traditional materials such as steel and aluminium. As FRP composites gradually became

Human-machine interaction is becoming widespread. So, with the introduction of new technologies the gap between machines and humans is being reduced to ease the standard of living. This paper deals with design and implementation of an accelerometer based hand gesture controlled robot controlled wirelessly using a small low cost, 3-axis accelerometer. A novel algorithm for gesture identification has been developed to replace the approach of conventional controlling mechanism of robots via buttons etc. by an innovative hand gesture based controlling. Using a microcontroller system the program has been written & executed. This Project represents a simple accelerometer controlled robotic arm using Atmega328 powered embedded system as the core of this robot. The robot does not require training because the robotic arm is fully controlled by the user. The gesture controlled robot is a basic 4 wheel drive robot with a motor driver and three servos motor which is used for moving the arm.

3D printing is a form of additive manufacturing technology where a 3D object is created by laying down successive layers of material. It is mechanized method whereby 3D objects are quickly made on a reasonably sized machine connected to a computer containing blueprints for the object. As 3D printing is growing fast and giving a boost to product development, the factories doing 3D printing need to continuously meet the printing requirements and maintain an adequate amount of inventory of the filament. As the manufactures have to buy these filaments from various vendors, the cost of 3D printing increases. To overcome the problem faced by the manufacturers, small workshop owners, the need of 3D filament making machine arises. This project focuses on designing and fabricating a portable fused deposition 3D printer filament making machine with cheap and easily available components to draw 2 mm diameter ABS filament.

Following the rapid rise of distributed additive manufacturing with 3-D printing has come the technical development of filament extruders and recyclebots, which can turn both virgin polymer pellets and post-consumer shredded plastic into 3-D filament. Similar to the solutions proposed for other forms of ethical manufacturing, it is possible to consider a form of ethical 3-D printer filament distribution being developed. There is a market opportunity for producing this ethical 3-D printer filament, which is addressed in this paper by developing an “ethical product standard” for 3-D filament based upon a combination of existing fair-trade standards and technical and life cycle analysis of recycled filament production and 3-D printing manufacturing. These standards apply to businesses that can enable the economic development of waste pickers and include i) minimum pricing, ii) fair trade premium, iii) labor standards, iv) environmental and technical standards, v) health and safety standards, and vi) social standards including those that cover discrimination, harassment, freedom of association, collective bargaining and discipline.

For the flexural strengthening of reinforced concrete elements, an innovative technique, based in the filament winding method and using carbon fibres and epoxy resin, has been developed in the scope of the research and development activity of INEGI.  An experimental research has been done bearing in mind the strengthening of scale-reduced beams. The CFRP reinforced system has been able to increase more than the double of the ultimate load of the concrete beam, providing a large deflection as well.

Helical windings (or zigzag windings) are used in a number of applications, however in electrical machines mainly employed in low-power, high-speed PM brushless DC machines due to the cost-effectiveness of the winding type while maintaining reasonable performance. Typically, helical winding are used for low voltage applications due to their spiral form, which makes them most suitable for a small number of turns. In high-speed electrical machines such a low number of turns is applicable. It is apparent that high-speed PM machines suffer from rotor eddy-current losses, which in some cases may lead to PM demagnetization due to overheating. The performance of the machine is compromised by these losses, hence they have to be taken into account during the design procedure. There are many papers analyzing the magnetic field of these machines employing helical windings, however none of them present a simple and precise electromagnetic model of a machine with the helical winding. This paper presents an analytical approach to model the resulting three-dimensional magnetic field of the helical winding, taking into account eddy currents in the conducting media of the rotor. The model is verified with 3D FEM by means of comparing magnetic field and rotor eddy-current losses.

A test program was conducted to investigate the effects of specimen width, elevated temperature, and fiber angle on tensile strength and fatigue of a carbon/epoxy composite used in filament wound flywheel rotor rims. Test coupons were manufactured with three fiber orientations representative of flywheels and three specimen widths. In unidirectional and balanced angle-ply material, it was found that fiber angles of up to 5 deg. from the loading axis had a highly significant effect on quasi-static and fatigue strengths, but not on the elastic modulus. Fiber angle had a more significant effect on quasi-static strength than on fatigue lifetime. The quasi-static and fatigue strengths of the 12.7- and 24.5-mm wide specimens were slightly higher than those of the 12.7-mm-wide specimens, suggesting that cut axial ends of flywheels are potentially the critical locations to consider in the design of flywheel rims. Increases in the test temperature led to monotonically decreasing quasi-static strengths. The trends in fatigue strength versus temperature were not as clear, which indicates that temperatures up to values of approximately 30°C below the glass transition temperature of these materials do not affect their fatigue behaviors significantly.

To overcome the challenge of upcycling plastic waste into 3D printing filament in the distributed recycling and additive manufacturing systems, this study designs, builds, tests and validates an open source filament diameter sensor for recycling and winding machines. The modular system for multi-axis optical control of the diameter of the recycled 3D-printer filament makes it possible to scan part of the surface of the 1 Corresponding author

The filament winding process induces a particular winding pattern responsible for behaviour heterogeneities. The aim of this work is to propose an approach to establish link between the local architecture and the mechanical properties field. Pipes manufactured by using this process are multi instrumented and tested in a multiaxial testing facility. Strain gages are glued onto the specimens and two pairs of CCD cameras are monitoring the external surface. The set of &quot;simple-loading&quot; tests allows to get mean macroscopic mechanical properties. Strain fields measured by stereo digital image correlation during a combined traction/bending test bring to light the influence of the local winding pattern. The idea is now to use these full field measurements as entries of an inverse method in order to get fields of rigidity contrasts. A finite difference form of the Equilibrium Gap Method is here used. The identification procedure is validated by using simulated displacement fields. ...

To assess the bonding quality between the different layers of composite rings fabricated by filament winding it is necessary to choose a useful shear test. A method for measuring the shear strength of thin curved samples is proposed herein. Stress distribution within the probe is calculated and evaluated by finite element method.

A filament winding system was developed for manufacturing cross-ply cement based composites using continuous fibers. The computer-controlled system is used for manufacturing composite laminates, pipes, and pultruded sections. The electrical and mechanical components of the system are discussed in detail. Composite laminates are manufactured using continuous glass and polypropylene fibers. Their mechanical response is measured using closed loop uniaxial tensile and flexural tests. Results indicate that tensile strength of composites can exceed 50 MPa using 5% alkali-resistant glass fibers. By varying the stacking sequences, the ultimate strain capacity can be increased to more than 2% for glass fiber composites and 8% using polypropylene composites. The software/hardware system may be easily adapted for design and manufacturing of full-scale cement based composite laminate systems.