Electronics and communication Engineering

This paper gives brief introduction about various sensors used in robotics and their applications. A sensor is a device that detects the changes in electrical or physical or other quantities and thereby produces an output and whose purpose is to detect events or changes in its environment and send the information to other electronic devices. Robotic sensors are used to estimate robots condition and environment. Sensors in robots are based on the functions of human sensory organs. Sensors used in robots provide intelligence to the robot and improve their performance.

In this paper, citation analysis of the doctoral dissertations of the Electronics and Communication Engineering (E.C.E.) department of National Institute of Technology Durgapur (N.I.T. Durgapur), West Bengal, India, were analysed to understand the citation trends of the scholars. For this study, 47 doctoral dissertations available in the library are chosen as the study sample. These dissertations contain 6476 references referred from different kinds of literature. Journals are the most preferred literature with 3934 (60.75%) of the whole, followed by conference proceedings with 1572 (24.27%) and books with 675 (10.44%) references. 231 (3.57%) were referred from other resources, while 64 (0.99) could not find. IEEE has received maximum journal citations to 1572 (39.96%) of the total journals' citations followed by Elsevier B.V. and American Physical Society to 413 (10.50%) and 222 (5.64%) respectively. The rest of the journals references were from other publishers. Scholars cited 754 journals out of these IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation has received maximum occurrence to 337 followed by Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics by A.P.S. and Electronics Letters by I.E.T. to 108 and 107 times respectively. The U.S.A. is the top publishing country with 318 Publications. Followed by the United Kingdom, Netherlands & India with 134, 94,44 & 40 publications, respectively.

https://www.ijert.org/live-tracking-system

https://www.ijert.org/research/live-tracking-system-IJERTV9IS060770.pdf

Live tracking system means that a GPS tracking device that sends it location to the end user at a consistently high frequency. It offers users real-time location updates, every few seconds. GPS Tracking devices communicate their positions by taking the signals. This system can be used for safety and security purpose by tracking the live location of children's or loved ones. The days are gone when one of the two parents will sit at home to take care of the children and one earns. Now time has come for both the parents to work; in such scenario the security of children is very important. The numbers of users have android phone equipped with Global Positioning System which can be used efficiently for security and protection purpose. The application is manly developed for a toddler who has many activities to do while in school or outside the home. Child tracking system is an app that can track and monitor the child location. The aim of the project is to create a system to allow the parents to keep track of their kids when their child is out of their view. However, with the child tracking system the parent can track and monitor their child location in just a simple app when the parent is in office. The Live Tracking System is the multipurpose safety system since it can be used for any safety purpose tracking which will work in android platform.

The Indian Railways are the lifeline of India's transport system. Being the fourth largest railway network in the world, it covers the length and breadth of the country. In 2018-19, 23.12 million people and 3.36 million metric tons of freight depended on the railways on a daily basis. They bind the economic life of the country and foster the development of industry and agriculture. However, poor maintenance of the railway tracks has caused several accidents over the years. Derailments due to the presence of faults in railway tracks cause heavy loss of life and railway property. Therefore, timely detection and analysis of these cracks is of utmost importance. This proposal aims at providing a cost effective solution to the problem of fault detection in railway tracks using digital image processing.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of social interaction on the benefits of sharing knowledge, the effect of expected benefits on sharing knowledge, the effect of expected benefits on the benefits of social media groups, the effect of social interaction on the benefits of social media groups, the effect of knowledge sharing on the benefits of social media groups, the effect of sharing knowledge on intentions. sustainable knowledge sharing, and the effect of the benefits of social media groups on the intention of sustainable knowledge sharing. The sample in this study was 308 respondents consisting of high school/vocational students and D3/S1 students in the Jabodetabek area. Data processing for descriptive statistics and regression using SPSS and Amos software tools. The results of this study that social interaction affects knowledge sharing, expectations of benefits have no effect on sharing knowledge, expectations of benefits affect the benefits of social media groups, social interactions affect the benefits of social media groups, knowledge sharing affects the benefits of social media groups, knowledge sharing has no effect on intention to share knowledge on an ongoing basis, the benefits of social media groups affect the intention to share knowledge on an ongoing basis.

https://www.ijert.org/study-of-customized-autonomous-car-by-using-raspberry-pi

https://www.ijert.org/research/study-of-customized-autonomous-car-by-using-raspberry-pi-IJERTV10IS050320.pdf

In recent times, transportation has become one of the inseparable parts of human race. Advancements are made based on making cars faster and safer according to our needs. According to statistics, most road accidents take place due to lack of response time to instant traffic events. With the autonomous cars many problems faced in the traditional driving system can be effectively addressed. This can be achieved by implementing automated systems to detect traffic events happening in the real time and take necessary actions. This will transform the lifestyle of people by creating an efficient way of driving on roads autonomously. The ability to track and detect the stationary or moving objects is said to be one of the most challenging tasks for decades. To design such recognition system in self-driving automated cars, it is important to maneuver through real time traffic events. In this paper, we have reviewed some recent papers related to the topic of discussion and we have identified the required components and technologies to be used in order to navigate safely, independently, quickly and comfortably. We have proposed a system which can perform detection of lanes, obstacles, sign boards, neighbouring cars, signals, etc in near real time system. And also, working of this self-driving car prototype totally relies upon cheaper alternatives which yields better results in all the possible ways.

https://www.ijert.org/5g-network-from-space

https://www.ijert.org/research/5g-network-from-space-IJERTV10IS070145.pdf

The new generation of Mobile communication systems known as "5G" has evolved, and new equipment is currently being installed in densely populated areas across the world. In many cases, the demand for 5G capacity is demanding infrastructure improvements, especially in thinly populated areas that are difficult to access. For years, satellite communication has remained standalone technology, rather than of mobile networking. Now with the subsequent generation of satellites-built from 5G architecture-they are going to connect with networks to manage connectivity to cars, airplanes, and other IoTdevices in remote and rural areas.5G provides the opportunity for the satellite industry to break out of its niche and for service providers to supply anenormous range of services. Soon, 5G signals will beam down from space and support our 'terrestrial' 5G infrastructure on Earth. The result is a new space race for satellites-promising to supply customers a seamless wireless experience across the entire globe.

Accurate location of a fault on a line is extremely important to restore the parameters line in the shortest time as possible, which directly affects the operational cost and system reliability. This paper presents an accurate and fast strategy for fault location based on well-known state estimation method. The proposed method employs PMU measurements records line parameters during the fault (before the circuit breakers open). Those measurements are used for determination of the fault currents flowing on the faulted line and locating the fault using Weighted Least Squares (WLS) estimator. The proposed method reduces the required number of measurements for the solution of the fault location problem by making use of the fast refresh rates of the PMUs.

Increase in use of power electronics in power system addressed power quality problems. Converters are widely used in industrial area for different application. They are non-linear devices and degrade power quality of system. In this paper, 12 – pulse ac – dc power supply is taken as non-linear load example. Power supply, here discuss is use in low voltage, high dc current application. High dc current is generated by connecting four M3 converters in parallel. Phase-shifting transformer is also introduce for require phase displacement. Converter can affect power quality in terms of inject harmonics and decrease power factor. It can be used as dynamic load; therefore, it is necessary to evaluate active and reactive power for different loading condition. This paper represents assessment of power quality for such system.

The Government of Indonesia through Presidential Regulation Number 25 of 2021 concerning Child-friendly District/City Policies again emphasizes that districts/cities throughout Indonesia become KLA and the fulfillment of children's rights and special protection. Sumbawa Regency is one of the regencies in West Nusa Tengga Province that has been committed to realizing KLA since 2017. However, until now Sumbawa Regency has not been able to get the KLA predicate, either Nindya, Madya or Pratama. Through the initiation of the Child Friendly Poto Village, the local government together with the Samawa Center tried to implement a bottom-up approach in KLA. For this reason, this study aims to determine the design, implementation and initiation process of child-friendly villages in Poto Village, District, as well as the challenges and obstacles. This study uses a PAR approach based on the concept of rights-based community development popularized by Ife and Tesoriero (2000). The result of this research is that the design of the implementation of DLA is adjusted to the conditions of the local community where it begins with the common perception and preparation of the DLA action plan. The challenges and obstacles lie in the commitment of the members of the task force and the village government. This is because the DLA issue is still considered new and not very familiar so that understanding is not yet complete.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of social interaction on the benefits of sharing knowledge, the effect of expected benefits on sharing knowledge, the effect of expected benefits on the benefits of social media groups, the effect of social interaction on the benefits of social media groups, the effect of knowledge sharing on the benefits of social media groups, the effect of sharing knowledge on intentions. sustainable knowledge sharing, and the effect of the benefits of social media groups on the intention of sustainable knowledge sharing. The sample in this study was 308 respondents consisting of high school/vocational students and D3/S1 students in the Jabodetabek area. Data processing for descriptive statistics and regression using SPSS and Amos software tools. The results of this study that social interaction affects knowledge sharing, expectations of benefits have no effect on sharing knowledge, expectations of benefits affect the benefits of social media gro...

https://www.ijert.org/medicine-delivery-drone

https://www.ijert.org/research/medicine-delivery-drone-IJERTV9IS080100.pdf

In this study we are implementing a medicine drone delivery system using CC3D flight controller which is configured using Open pilot Ground Control Station software. The drone is optimized to deliver the medicine in rural areas, its location can be tracked using GPS together with the Blynk software. The location tracker have been carried out using NodeMCU. This drone can be of great use in certain regions where the geographical terrain is uneven and not fit for proper transportation, also in the areas where there is still lack of proper transportation services available.

The protection of turbine generator systems is an important factor that must be considered in power plant for efficient production of electricity. This project deals with temperature level monitoring of the power generator and it will be compared with the predetermined standard value through an LM35 sensor. Once it exceeds the predetermined value then the cooling fan will automatically turn on which will be useful to prevent the generator from internal winding thermal failure. The protection system consists of 16x2 LCD display, LM35 temperature sensor, a coolant fan and a microcontroller [ATMEGA328P]. The internal winding temperature of generator is increased as the turbine is rotated at its axis which may lead to major damages in the axial position and shafts of the power generator. To overcome this, an LM35 sensor is connected and linked with the microcontroller which monitors the temperature and once it exceeds the standard temperature the coolant fan automatically is turned on b...

The Indian Railways are the lifeline of India's transport system. Being the fourth largest railway network in the world, it covers the length and breadth of the country. In 2018-19, 23.12 million people and 3.36 million metric tons of freight depended on the railways on a daily basis. They bind the economic life of the country and foster the development of industry and agriculture. However, poor maintenance of the railway tracks has caused several accidents over the years. Derailments due to the presence of faults in railway tracks cause heavy loss of life and railway property. Therefore, timely detection and analysis of these cracks is of utmost importance. This proposal aims at providing a cost effective solution to the problem of fault detection in railway tracks using digital image processing.

It can occur on many occasions that you or a loved one requires urgent medical assistance, but they are unavailable due to unforeseen circumstances, or that we are unable to locate the appropriate doctor for the care. As a result, we will try to incorporate an online intelligent Smart Healthcare System in this project to solve this issue. It's a web-based programmed that allows patients to get immediate advice about their health problems.
The aim of the smart healthcare system is to create a web application that can take a user's symptoms and predict diseases, as well as serve as an online consultant for various diseases. We created an expert system called Smart Health Care System, which is used to make doctors' jobs easier. A machine examines a patient at a basic level and recommends diseases that may be present. It begins by inquiring about the patient's symptoms; if the device is able to determine the relevant condition, it then recommends a doctor in the patient's immediate vicinity. The system will show the result based on the available accumulated data. We're going to use some clever data mining techniques here. We use several intelligent data mining techniques to guess the most accurate illness that could be associated with a patient's symptoms, and we use an algorithm (Naive Bayes) to map the symptoms with potential diseases based on a database of many patients' medical records. This system not only makes doctors' jobs easier, but it also benefits patients by getting them the care they need as soon as possible.

A superluminal quantum-vortex model of the electron and the positron is produced from a superluminal double-helix model of the photon during electron-positron pair production. The two oppositely-charged (with Q = ±e sqrt (2/α) = 16.6e) open-helix spin-½ half-photons compose the double-helix photon. These half-photons separate and curl up their separated superluminal single-helical trajectories to form an electrically-charged superluminal closed-helix spin-½ quantum-vortex electron model and a corresponding positron model. The helical radius and the Dirac equation's zitterbewegung angular frequency of the quantum vortex electron and positron models equal the helical radius and zitterbewegung angular frequency of the two spin-½ half-photons, each of energy E = mc^2 , that composed the double-helix photon model of energy E = 2mc^2 from which the electron and positron models were produced. The photon and electron models are also compatible when a photon of energy E > 2mc^2 produces a relativistic electron-positron pair. Implications of the quantum vortex electron model for electron stability are discussed.

https://www.ijert.org/internet-of-things-iot-based-home-automation-using-arm7

https://www.ijert.org/research/internet-of-things-iot-based-home-automation-using-arm7-IJERTV9IS060140.pdf

This project investigates the potential of Home Control and security which is the aim of the Home Automation Systems in near future. Automation is a system that plays a significant role in the ubiquitous economics. This paper represents a low cost, flexible and standalone home automation system. We can control home appliances from outdoor also from indoor locations. The analysis and implementation of the home automation technology using Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) modem to control home appliance such as light, conditional system, and security system via Short Message Service (SMS) text messages is presented in this Project. We also describe the implementation of a small-scale prototype intrusion detection and web service alarm design using ARM microprocessor. This intrusion detection system will be integrated wirelessly to the home Wi-FI system and could initiate an email to the respective authority. A computer screen or a Smartphone can be used to monitor the Main control Unit (MCU). A very simplistic Graphical User Interface (GUI) is used which can be easily understandable for the target user. To make the data easily available to the user, this GUI will be implemented on the webpage.

The current mobile telecommunication system is grew in a massive way, and in upcoming days requires a good supervision and enactment evaluation in addition to analysis. Filter-Bank-Multi-Carrier (FBMC) stands a method of multicarrier cadence method that is been extremely used for high date rate cellular network system as well as wireless systems. This entails a supple distribution of the obtainable time-frequency possessions, which is problematic over conservative Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). Consequently, alterations of OFDM, such as windowing otherwise filtering, develop essential. The intention of current investigation exertion grounded on mobile expertise remains to upsurge the bandwidth in lieu of altogether users, huge bandwidth, further effectual also easily wieldy also continual unchanging connectivity. The projected paper benevolences, a coalescing outline, and discussion also performance estimation of FBMC also associate it toward OFDM grounded patterns. We develop that several antennas also channel estimate, two of the chief defies allied by FBMC, be able to be proficiently dealt through.

This paper presents a substantial design of a robotic system. Robotics is a automation field of technology which includes mechanical, electrical, and computing package of systems. Robot is a machine which can be programmed by a computer, it can be guidedtby an external control or controlled by an embedded which is inbuilt. In order to access the required information for an individual who is unfamiliar with a new surrounding or lack of knowledge about a particular information, this robot can make a huge impact in guiding such people. This project proposes a strategy which is helpful in controlling a robot through connected speech input. It also helpsiin placing the objects at the desired positions. Android phone is used to communicate with the robot via BluetoothaConnectivitysand Arduino Nano is used for baud rate conversion. In addition to this the robot will also posses an ability of detecting the obstacles and informs the user. ,The proposed system is more robust than the existing one.

https://www.ijert.org/design-and-implementation-of-wsn-with-real-time-monitoring-of-lpg-concentration-for-home-safety

https://www.ijert.org/research/design-and-implementation-of-wsn-with-real-time-monitoring-of-lpg-concentration-for-home-safety-IJERTV10IS070351.pdf

It is common to use Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) cylinders in homes for coking or heating, but this poses a great threat in case of gas leakage, there are several ways to avoid gas leakage by periodic check and maintenance to the gas regulator and hoses , or using cooking devices with auto shut in case no flame is present , but with all the mentioned ways to prevent the leakage , a great chance of leakage is still exist. The proposed system is used to monitor in real time the concentration of LPG gas (propane) in ppm in home kitchen via MQ-6 gas sensor and to wirelessly send the sensed information to a raspberry pi server via Zigbee protocol , alerting the user via a graphical illustration the level of concentration and if a leak is detected , the system also can take a smart decision to turn on an exhaust fan to exhaust the LPG and to keep the home safe from explosion .

This paper deals with the manufacturing of a Prototype of Rotary Car Parking System using Sensors. Lack of space availability has always been a problem in urban areas and major cities and to add to it there are cars parked callously on the streets that further limit the space. In order to handle the issue of parking in busy places various types of vehicle parking systems are used worldwide Rotary Automated Car Parking System and many more. This thesis work is aimed to develop a scale down working model of a car parking system which will reduce the excess use of land space. This total prototype is powered by unipolar stepper motor. This model also uses a RFID Tag and Reader. When the car comes on the ramp the switch will be activated and the pallet comes to carry the vehicle. When the switch will be operated by the operator, sprockets starts to rotate and the new space will be adjusted for new vehicle. Planners, developers, architects are finding out solutions to tackle this problem ...

A recent technology of digital communication system will have more error occurred in signal transmission and reception, due to insecure Trojan protection system. Trojan can attack the software, it can be detected by using a particular software. But here we are going to use hardware to detect the Trojan. So the hardware Trojan is to be developed to detect. It used as a locking mechanism that binds a hardware design to the specific files of Trojan is identified. The Locking mechanism can be used to detect unwanted modifications in the internal files attack of Trojan. Each Trojans consist of a particular type of signature that is loaded in the FPGA. When the data are sent through the hardware, if any signature matches with the data, it blocks the Trojan and sends the remaining data. The locking mechanism should be carefully considered for this type and it always with the functionality of time-based mechanism. The design will lock down on the priority of the timing system on the aspects of always-on, until and never functionality methods for verification of Trojan files in the device. Thus the error detection system will performed by computing checksum on end of message in transmission for treated as error-free data packets. Finally, this work will be designed in Verilog HDL, Simulated and Synthesized using Xilinx Vivado and compared all the parameters in terms of area, delay, and power.

In high power applications like SONAR, PWM techniques are essentialto control high power as well as to reduce switching losses. The primary reason for preferring sinusoidal PWM is that our final need is a sinusoidal output. Hence, we use sinusoidal wave as reference wave. Sampling it with triangular wave of high frequency would ensure nearly sinusoidal wave on output side. The unipolar PWM which is one of the two commonly used types of SPWM is better suited for the applications mentioned. However, it faces problem of dead short circuit as two switches of same leg would be ON simultaneously. A modification under the name of advanced unipolar PWM technique is introduced and presented. The simulation and hardware implementation of same is also depicted using MATLAB while a microcontroller board (Arduino Uno, in this case) is used to implement the embedded code generation. The use of the microcontroller board further adds to the advantages when compared to the conventional method. The modified technique has been explained in the paper.

Laser communications offer a viable alternative to RF communications for intersatellite links and other applications where high-performance links are necessary. High data rate, small antenna size, narrow beam divergence, and a narrow field of view are characteristics of laser communication that offer a number of potential advantages for system design. The high data rate and large information throughput available with laser communications are many times greater than in radio frequency (RF) systems. The small antenna size requires only a small increase in the weight and volume of host vehicle. In addition, this feature substantially reduces blockage of fields of view of the most desirable areas on satellites. The smaller antennas, with diameters typically less than 30cm, create less momentum disturbance to any sensitive satellite sensors. The narrow beam divergence of affords interference-free and secure operation. Prof. Atul A. Padghan | Prof. Ankit P. Jaiswal"Study on Laser Com...

Physical weakness can restrain the physical capacity or fine/net engine capacity of appendages of a person. Such an individual at that point can be called as a handicap. In instances of people with loss of appendages and alongside nothing remaining limit, it is extremely troublesome for them to connect with every day exercises just as a business, instruction, autonomous living, and so on. This paper will delineate the data relating the substitution of the upper appendage of an amputee by Bionic Arm. The prosthesis is a piece of Rehabilitation Engineering which implies, the reintegration of a person with weaknesses into society. The main role of an arm prosthesis is to emulate the appearance and supplant the capacity of a missing appendage. It requires powerful utilization of assistive frameworks to reestablish the engine elements of an amputee and furthermore it ought to be cosmetically engaging. These prerequisites and advances in science and innovation have prompted improvement of the remotely controlled prosthesis that interface legitimately with the neuromuscular framework and reproduce a portion of a typical hand's complex proprioceptive control.

The objective of this work is to assess the utility of personalized recommendation system (PRS) in the field of movie recommendation using a new model based on neural network classification and hybrid optimization algorithm. We have used advantages of both the evolutionary optimization algorithms which are Particle swarm optimization (PSO) and Bacteria foraging optimization (BFO). In its implementation a NN classification model is used to obtain a movie recommendation which predict ratings of movie. Parameters or attributes on which movie ratings are dependent are supplied by user's demographic details and movie content information. The efficiency and accuracy of proposed method is verified by multiple experiments based on the Movie Lens benchmark dataset. Hybrid optimization algorithm selects best attributes from total supplied attributes of recommendation system and gives more accurate rating with less time taken. In present scenario movie database is becoming larger so we need an optimized recommendation system for better performance in terms of time and accuracy.

https://www.ijert.org/comparative-analysis-and-implementation-of-heart-stroke-prediction-using-various-machine-learning-techniques

https://www.ijert.org/research/comparative-analysis-and-implementation-of-heart-stroke-prediction-using-various-machine-learning-techniques-IJERTV10IS060406.pdf

Heart disease and strokes have rapidly increased globally even at juvenile ages. Stroke prediction is a complex task requiring huge amount of data pre-processing and there is a need to automate the prediction process for the early detection of symptoms related to stroke so that it can be prevented at an early stage. In the proposed model, heart stroke prediction is performed on a dataset collected from Kaggle. The model predicts the chances a person will have stroke based on symptoms like age, gender, average glucose level, smoking status, body mass index, work type and residence type. It classifies the person's risk level by implementing various machine learning algorithms like Random Forest, Naïve bayes, Logistic Regression, K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Decision Tree and Support Vector Machine (SVM). Thus, a comparative analysis is shown between the various algorithms and the most efficient one is obtained. Decision Tree algorithm was found out to be the most effective one with an accuracy of 100%.

https://www.ijert.org/attendance-management-system-using-face-recognition-2

https://www.ijert.org/research/attendance-management-system-using-face-recognition-IJERTV10IS080085.pdf

Managing attendance can be a tedious job when implemented by traditional methods like calling out roll calls or taking a student's signature. To solve this issue, a smart and authenticated attendance system needs to be implemented. Generally, biometrics such as face recognition, fingerprint, DNA, retina, iris recognition, hand geometry etc. are used to execute smart attendance systems. Face is a unique identification of humans due to their distinct facial features. Face recognition systems are useful in many real-life applications. In the proposed system, initially all the students will be enrolled by storing their facial images with a unique ID. At the time of attendance, real time images will be captured and the faces in those images will be matched with the faces in the pre-trained dataset. The Haar cascade algorithm is used for face detection. Local Binary Patterns Histogram (LBPH) algorithm is used for face recognition and training the stored dataset, that generates the histogram for stored images and the real time image. To recognize the face, the difference between histograms of real time image & dataset images is calculated. Lower difference gives the best match resulting in displaying the name & roll number of that student. Attendance of the student is automatically updated in the excel sheet.

This work represents implementation of UART (universal asynchronous receiver transmitter with the error correction and detection capability of one bit with different frame of bits. But the frame of bits should be equal to four bits and can be up to eight bits. In this phenomenon two operating modes can be used in application by the design circuit configuration, first is the normal mode in which one parity bit is added for one bit error detection and the second mode is error correction where single error can be corrected and double error can be detected. By use of this work there is no need of built-in-self test. The error correction used in this design is extended hamming code in which four numbers of hamming bits are added for error correction capability mode. In this configuration the baud rate of transmission and reception can be selected dynamically amongst eight different options. This design configuration is implemented on Field programmable gate array (FPGA), and the target device is Spartan 3E.

One of the most important topics in information security today is user authentication. User authentication is a fundamental component in most computer security contexts. It provides the basis for access control and user accountability. While there are various types of user authentication systems, alphanumeric passwords are the most common type of user authentication. They are versatile and easy to implement and use. However, it can either be long and secure or short and hard to remember. A graphical based password is one promising alternatives of textual passwords. According to human psychology, humans are able to remember pictures easily. In this paper, graphical passwords have been designed to try to make password more memorable and easier for people to use, and it is less vulnerable to brute force attacks than a text based password. The aim of the system is to implement a strong security. The proposed system segments the image like a grid, which has a maximum four fragments. Then...

— Now a days there is a huge rush in the toll plazas in order to pay the toll tax. Therefore in order to reduce the traffic and to save time this paper mainly focuses on to make an intelligent toll-tax system using PLC. In this system sensors are provided which able to sense the type of vehicle. It also provides over speeding fine collection which automatically added to toll tax of vehicle and amount of money that user have to pay will automatically displayed on operator's screen. This system can be used on highways for collecting toll tax and provides more efficient toll collection.

https://www.ijert.org/speech-enhancement-using-spectral-subtraction

https://www.ijert.org/research/speech-enhancement-using-spectral-subtraction-IJERTV10IS070349.pdf

In real-time, the signal viewed from a distant point consists of information and noise which is due to the disturbance of the signal from other unwanted signals i.e. noise. The noise can be removed by using speech enhancement. The speech enhancement using spectral subtraction is a simple method to remove the noise. The objective of the project is to remove the background noise and to improve intelligibility. This paper aims to provide a comparison and simulation of the spectral subtraction-type algorithms viz. basic spectral subtraction, spectral subtraction using half-wave rectification, and power spectral subtraction. To test the performance of the algorithms, speech samples with different SNR levels are taken and tested. The NOISEX database is used in the algorithm. The proposed algorithm is evaluated using subjective and objective measures

https://www.ijert.org/smart-stick-for-visually-impaired

https://www.ijert.org/research/smart-stick-for-visually-impaired-IJERTV10IS060059.pdf

This paper is about providing a compatible solution for visually impaired people and help them to walk independently and confidently. The hardware elements included are Raspberry pi microcontroller, obstacle detecting sensors, GPS module, speakers and other connecting components. That data is then processed and required instructions are given to the blind person.

In the modern age, High-resolution radar images can be achieved by employing SAR technique. It is well known that SAR can provide several times better image resolution than conventional radars. The exploration for efficient image denoising methods still remains a valid challenge for researchers. Despite the difficulty of the recently proposed methods, mostly of the algorithms have not yet attained a pleasing level of applicability; each algorithm has its assumptions, advantages, and limitations. This paper presents a review of synthetic aperture radar. Behind a brief introduction in our work we are especially targeting the noise called backscattered noise in SAR terminology which causes the appearance of speckle Potential future work in the area of air flight navigation, mapping Weather Monitoring & during natural disaster like earth quake. The SAR having the capability, to make human visibility beyond optical vision, is also discussed.

https://www.ijert.org/a-review-detection-of-abnormalities-in-liver-using-image-processing-techniques

https://www.ijert.org/research/a-review-detection-of-abnormalities-in-liver-using-image-processing-techniques-IJERTV10IS050357.pdf

The abnormal growth of cell in the liver causes liver cancer which is also known as hepatic cancer where, Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC). Maximum number of the peoples who have liver tumour were died due to the fact of inaccurate detection. The detection of this tumours is difficult and mostly found at advanced stage which causes life-threatening issues. Hence it is far essential to discover the tumour at an early stage. The liver is the second organ most normally involved by metastatic disease, being liver cancer one of the prominent causes of death worldwide. The early detection and diagnosis of liver tumor is consequential for the detection of liver tumor. Medical image processing is used as a non-invasive method to detect tumors. Many techniques have been developed for the detection of liver tumor utilizing the aberrant lesion size and shape. This paper reviews many different liver tumor detection algorithms and methodologies utilized for liver tumor diagnosis.

Automated human action Recognition has the potential to play an important role in Public security. In this project it compares three practical, reliable and generics systems for multiview video based human action recognition namely the nearest classifier, Gaussian mixture model classifier and nearest mean classifier.