Differential expression

Pancreatic cancer is a rapidly fatal disease, and there is an urgent need for early detection markers and novel therapeutic targets. The current study has used a proteomic approach of two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry (MS) to identify differentially expressed ...

Microarrays containing 1046 human cDNAs of unknown sequence were printed on glass with high-speed robotics. These 1.0-cm2 DNA "chips" were used to quantitatively monitor differential expression of the cognate human genes using a highly sensitive two-color hybridization assay. Array elements that displayed differential expression patterns under given experimental conditions were characterized by sequencing. The identification of known and novel heat shock and phorbol ester-regulated genes in human T cells demonstrates the sensitivity of the assay. Parallel gene analysis with microarrays provides a rapid and efficient method for large-scale human gene discovery.

1,3-Dinitrobenzene (1,3-DNB) specifically injures Sertoli cells and induces testicular toxicity by disrupting the key function of these cells. To clarify the molecular mechanism underlying 1,3-DNB’s action on Sertoli cells, we analyzed gene expression profiles of TM4 mouse Sertoli cells after chemical treatment. In total, 1,203 genes were identified as either up- or down-regulated, with greater than 1.5-fold changes (P<0.05). Based on k-means clustering, genes that were differentially expressed in a time-dependent manner were identified; then biofunction and canonical pathways were analyzed using Ingenuity Pathways Analysis. Genes related to axonal guidance, Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress response, protein ubiquitination, and tight junction signaling pathways were identified in either time-specifically or time-dependently regulated groups. The transcription levels of genes related to tight junction signaling pathways (Mpp5, F11r, Prkcz, Magi2, and Tgfb2) and genes encoding junction proteins (Ocln, Tjp1, Tjp2, Gja1, and Gjd2) were validated in 1,3-DNB-treated and 2,5-hexanedione-treated TM4 cells by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Comprehensive gene expression profiling of 1,3-DNB-treated TM4 cells and subsequent canonical pathway analyses provided valuable information regarding the molecular mechanism of cell death and cell interaction in TM4 mouse Sertoli cells after 1,3-DNB exposure.

Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF2) is perhaps the most intricately regulated of all growth factors characterized to date. Its gene is imprinted—only one allele is active, depending on parental origin—and this pattern of expression is maintained epigenetically in almost all tissues. IGF2 activity is further controlled through differential expression of receptors and IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) that determine protein availability. This complex and multifaceted regulation emphasizes the importance of accurate IGF2 expression and activity. This review will examine the regulation of the IGF2 gene and what it has revealed about the phenomenon of imprinting, which is frequently disrupted in cancer. IGF2 protein function will be discussed, along with diseases that involve IGF2 overexpression. Roles for IGF2 in sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling and angiogenesis will also be explored.

The development of synthetic enzymes in the GABAergic system (GAD and GAD ) of the rat retina was analyzed from birth to the 67 65 4th postnatal week by the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and by immunohistochemistry. As previously observed for GABA, immunoreactive GAD profiles are seen clearly in the inner retinal layers at birth. At the end of the 1st week of 67 postnatal life, immunolabeling is detected in amacrine and/or ganglion cells and in horizontal cells. GAD immunoreactivity is 67

BackgroundPhosphatase and TENsin (PTEN) homolog is a negative regulator that takes part in IIS (insulin/insulin-like signaling) and Egfr (epidermal growth factor receptor) activation in Drosophila melanogaster. IIS and Egfr signaling events are also involved in the developmental process of queen and worker differentiation in honey bees (Apis mellifera). Here, we characterized the bee PTEN gene homologue for the first time

Comparison of protein expression in necrotic leaves and in normal leaves of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) showed that the abundance of 39 proteins was changed significantly, and 26 of these proteins were identified. Analysis of the function of the differentially expressed proteins in the necrotic hybrid leaves showed that the cytoprotective heat shock proteins may be induced to maintain the