Delta

La sedimentacion del delta del rio Orinoco podria influir en las relaciones geopoliticas entre Venezuela y Trinidad-Tobago, ya que los espacios deltaicos abarcan superficies cada vez mas extensas, y de esta manera generan un acercamiento progresivo entre territorio venezolano y trinitario. Al norte y sur de Trinidad existen ciudades importantes como Puerto Espana, Point Fortin y La Brea, con recursos e industrias vinculadas a la actividad petrolera vitales para su desarrollo economico, que mantienen relaciones de intercambio comercial y cultural con centros poblados situados en el estado Delta Amacuro y la peninsula de Paria, conformandose asi la frontera entre Venezuela y Trinidad-Tobago, a pesar de existir barreras en cuanto a idioma, cultura y costumbres. Para el Estado venezolano, el delta del rio Orinoco constituye la fachada atlantica que proyecta su Zona Economica Exclusiva y por este motivo, Venezuela y Trinidad-Tobago comparten un espacio que posee recursos marinos, mineros...

Egypt is one of the biggest and affected country in Africa and Middle East, which affected by increasing population and many developing projects. The Nile is the artery of life to Egypt as it shares with other ten countries as it considered the longest river by adding its tributaries which reach 6,850 km. Egypt is suffering from deficit of water resources at the present and in the future. Modeling may be helpful in solving water shortage problems in the Nile valley with successful future planning. Many previous studies had applied mathematical, physical and mechanical models on Nile river basin and studying the impact of climate change and new strategies in water resources management and using the GIS and share decisions with al participates. In the present research, we apply WEAP program on east Nile delta and study Sharkia Governorate as case study as it is the third big governorate in population and it is expected to suffering from water deficit problem, so to achieve this deficit place and amount. We feed the program with total resources of main canals (Ismailia and Bahr Mowais) and total demand of water from different sectors; irrigation, domestic, and industrial water demands. then the program determines the deficit area and redistributes the water according to demand node priorities. We concluded that the water deficit value =11.6MCM/year occur at the end of irrigation network (San Al Hagar & Al Salheya region) where some illegal actions done by the farmers to overcome this water shortage.

This paper evaluates the four leading techniques proposed in the literature for construction of prediction intervals (PIs) for neural network point forecasts. The delta, Bayesian, bootstrap, and mean-variance estimation (MVE) methods are reviewed and their performance for generating high-quality PIs is compared. PI-based measures are proposed and applied for the objective and quantitative assessment of each method's performance. A selection of 12 synthetic and real-world case studies is used to examine each method's performance for PI construction. The comparison is performed on the basis of the quality of generated PIs, the repeatability of the results, the computational requirements and the PIs variability with regard to the data uncertainty. The obtained results in this paper indicate that: 1) the delta and Bayesian methods are the best in terms of quality and repeatability, and 2) the MVE and bootstrap methods are the best in terms of low computational load and the width variability of PIs. This paper also introduces the concept of combinations of PIs, and proposes a new method for generating combined PIs using the traditional PIs. Genetic algorithm is applied for adjusting the combiner parameters through minimization of a PI-based cost function subject to two sets of restrictions. It is shown that the quality of PIs produced by the combiners is dramatically better than the quality of PIs obtained from each individual method.

Cet article présente les résultats d'une étude sur la manière dont les enseignants de français conceptualisent les contenus didactiques en fonction des interactions en classe. La représentation qu'ont les enseignants de leur gestion des interactions a été rapportée au moyen de protocoles verbaux concomitants à une tâche de planification et au moyen de protocoles rétrospectifs immédiats. Pour répondre aux réactions des élèves, le fonctionnement fréquemment adopté par l'enseignant semble «improvisationnel». La planification de l'enseignement est fondée sur des connexions conceptuelles. Elle relie les contenus les uns aux autres selon une appréciation des besoins potentiels des apprenants.
Sur le plan cognitif, la planification est la résultante d'une accommodation entre
des éléments didactiques organisateurs et les apports potentiellement désorganisateurs
du contexte d'interaction. Ces résultats descriptifs corroborent ceux qui ont été obtenus
dans d'autres disciplines et acquièrent de ce fait une certaine généralisabilité.

The future of the Mekong Delta, specifically in relation to the contemporary challenges of climate change, must be grounded in an understanding of both its geology and its context-embedded cultural practices of agriculture, settlement, and floodwater management. This chapter will first briefly review the physical and socio-cultural formation of the Mekong Delta and then introduce the Asiatic concepts of “hydraulic civilization” and desakota in order to conceptually expand both past and possible futures of humankind’s organization and settlement of the territory. Finally, the chapter will focus on a plan that was co-produced by a team of international consultants (led by the authors) with the Southern Institute for Strategic Planning for the Ministry of Construction. The Mekong Delta Regional Plan 2030, Vision 2050, was envisioned to respond to warming waters, rising seas, and saline intrusion, and yet not fall back on tried-and-true, global models of adaptation and resilience. It sought to create a contemporary continuum to the region’s material and cultural practices; to update its “hydraulic civilization” and desakota settlement tendencies. The main impetus was to accentuate, intensify, and differentiate its regional assets and maintain its vital importance as a fertile, productive urban delta.

There is a long-standing tradition for the Editors of Bergey’s Manual to open their respective editions with the observation that the new edition is a departure from the earlier ones. As this volume goes to press, however, we recognize a need to deviate from this practice, by offering a separate preface to each volume within this edition.

El presente trabajo contiene La información obtenida durante la primera visita a la isla del Diablo partido de San pedro, convocada por la Dirección de Cultura y Deportes de San Pedro, como parte del relevamiento biológico de la zona de islas del Partido solicitado a Aves Argentinas/Asociación Ornitológica del Plata.
Se incluyen los cometarios sobre flora la flora, fauna y estado de conservación de los ambientes observados, que sugieren la conveniencia de resguardar esta muestra de la naturaleza de la región.

The Sundarban mangrove wetlands occupy the western part of the lower Ganga–Brahmaputra delta (GBD), Bangladesh and India. Formation of the Bengal basin, the cradle of the GBD, started in the Jurassic with initiation of rifting of the Pangaea and completed by the Miocene with docking of eastern India with the Burma platelet. Sedimentation of the basin started almost contemporaneous to rifting and occurred in the three geotectonic provinces of continental shelf, deeper basin areas, and Chittagong-Tripura Fold Belt. The GBD originated with the opening of the Rajmahal-Garo gap in the Plio-Pleistocene. It acquired its present form during the late Holocene after the sea level neared its present position. The Holocene history of the delta was characterised by fluctuations in monsoon-related sediment discharge, land- and seaward migrations of depocentres and at least five switching in the course of the Brahmaputra. Four Holocene sedimentary facies, up to the depth of ~90 m, can be distinguished in the delta proper. The coastal region of the delta is not older than 5~2.5 ka and was developed by formation of four overlapping and eastward-younging deltaic lobes. Accreted by biotidal processes and shaped by marine and atmospheric agencies, the intensity of which varies over space and time, the Sundarban is now fluvially abandoned. Landforms of the region can be classified into the broad morphotypes of beach, dune, estuary bank, swamps, and reclaimed plains apart from process- and feature-based subtypes. Although erosion of the estuary margins and seaface—up to 40 m/a—is continuing for many decades in Sundarban, interior channels, especially in the west, are getting silted up. These changes can be ascribed to sediment reworking in a flood-tide dominated environment that is greatly intervened by reclamation efforts, initiated in 1770. Research during the past two decades has brought out a number of physical trends that can be utilised to formulate a holistic plan that would address the key issues of the Sundarban. Estimates of relative mean sea level rise for the region range between 1.2 and 6.3 mm/a. However, rate of high water level rise, at 10–17 mm/a, is assessed to be much higher than this in some sections. On the other hand, in forested stretches of Sundarban, vertical accretion rate from tidal inundation is ~10 mm a–1, which can increase to 180 mm/a in sediment-starved reclaimed regions, if exposed to tidal spill. This opens up the possibility of elevation recovery in the reclaimed Sundarban through phased removal of embankments. Future planning for the region must accept the transformations that are brought into the system by the humans and strike a balance between the requirements of the nature and the needs of the people.

Creativity in adults is highly valued in our society. Personal creativity contributes to inventiveness, innovation, social and cultural change as well as political development and economic progression. The creator is an innovator, a problem solver, an entrepreneur, an artist. Creative people have rapid and effective responses that help them to achieve their life goals and allow them to enjoy the journey. Creativity is both a skill set and a unique and individual character structure that is developed throughout childhood and fine-tuned in adolescence and adulthood. Education has a key role to play in its development. Positive creativity inspiring experiences at every stage of the educational journey are needed. This is especially true in early childhood. Educators who rise to the creativity challenge will be well rewarded in rich teaching experiences and the joy of seeing children reach their creative potential in supportive and integrated learning communities.

In January 2019, the World Health Organization WHO declared a health emergency the appearance of a virus in Wuhan, China, which it later baptized as COVID-19. It is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. [i] [ii]

    The world was convulsed. The socio-economic effects of the pandemic left their mark. The tourism sector and airlines were seriously affected. Online commerce rebounded and telecommuting became an option. Hunger and extreme poverty increased in the world. Schools closed or had poor results. Many things will never be the same as before.

    Conspiracy theories were developed about the origin of the virus and later about the effects of vaccines. Opinions for and against were viralized on social networks.

    Discussions of politics and religion were the main cause of lawsuits at gatherings of friends and family. Coronavirus disease opened a new front, especially between vaccinated and unvaccinated. Many people lost their jobs and were socially and family marginalized for defending their positions. Two years after the virus appeared, it is time to reflect.

Brahma Kumaris Rajayoga's open eyed 'seed stage meditation' was studied in 52 experienced meditators. The meditation consists of different stages: concentration on the feeling of peace, realization of being a soul and communion of the individual soul with the Supreme Soul. Brain electric source localization in the frequency domain was used on multichannel EEG recordings to establish activation differences between meditation and open eyed, task-free resting. Meditation showed reduced activity in delta and increased activity in low alpha frequencies. The affected brain areas comprised the following networks during meditation: the central executive network, the mirroring network and both the task-positive and the task-negative network. The altered activations of these networks and other affected brain areas reflect the main cognitive-affective and behavioral specifics of seed stage meditation: attention modulation, self-related processing, experiencing the soul as a point of light between the eyes, endowing the soul with the properties (peacefulness) of the Supreme Soul. Future studies need to differentiate between the stages of the meditation.

Lingkungan Pengendapan adalah proses yang berlangsung selama proses pembentukan, transportasi dan pengendapan sedimen. Perbedaan fisik dapat berupa elemen statis ataupun dinamis. Sistem Sedimentasi merupakan bagian penting dalam proses sedimentasi yang dimana tempat untuk membentuk suatu batuan. Setiap lingkungan pengendapan mempunyai produk sedimentasi dengan karakteristik yang berbeda-beda.

En enero de 2019, la Organización Mundial de Salud OMS declaró emergencia sanitaria la aparición de un virus en Wuhan, China, que luego bautizó como COVID- 19. Es una enfermedad infecciosa causada por el SARS-CoV-2.   

    El mundo fue convulsionado. Los efectos socio económicos de la pandemia dejaron huella. El sector turismo y las líneas aéreas fueron afectados seriamente. El comercio en línea repuntó y el teletrabajo se convirtió en una opción. El hambre y la pobreza extrema aumentaron en el mundo. Las escuelas cerraron o tuvieron pobres resultados. Muchas cosas no volverán a ser igual que antes.

    Se desarrollaron teorías conspirativas por el origen del virus y posteriormente sobre los efectos de las vacunas. Opiniones a favor y en contra fueron viralizadas en las redes sociales.

    Las discusiones de política y religión eran la causa principal de pleitos en reuniones de amigos y familiares. El COVID-19 abrió un nuevo frente, especialmente entre vacunados y no vacunados. Muchas personas, perdieron su trabajo y fueron marginados socialmente y familiarmente por defender sus posiciones. Dos años después de la aparición del virus, es tiempo para reflexionar.

According to ancient literary tradition, Utica is considered to be one of the first three Phoenician foundations in the Western Mediterranean, supposedly founded in 1101 BC by Levantines from Tyre. In the Phoenician and Roman periods it was an important merchant coastal town, on a promontory facing the sea. Over the centuries Utica lost its access to the sea, and its ports silted up as a consequence of the activity of the wadi Medjerda, which flowed to the south of the city. Despite over a century of investigation by archaeologists and associated researchers, the location of the city’s harbour structures from the Phoenician and Roman periods remains unknown, buried under sediments resulting from the progradation of the Medjerda. Based on the study of sedimentary cores, the research presented here highlights the existence of a long maritime façade to the north of the Utica promontory in Phoenician and Roman times. A deep-water marine environment is attested in the former bay from the 6th mill. BC and the depth of the water column along the northern façade was still 2 m around the 4th – 3rd c. BC. Another core to the east of the Kalaat El Andalous promontory showed the possibility that this sector was a sheltered harbour during the Phoenician and Roman periods. This paper illustrates the contribution of geoarchaeology to address this archaeological problem and to understand the relations of this important port city with the sea.

This research deals with the surface dynamics and key factors –
hydrological regime, sediment load, and erodibility of floodplain
facies – of frequent channel shifting, intensive meandering, and
lateral instability of the Bhagirathi River in the western part of the
Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta (GBD). At present, the floodplain of
the Bhagirathi is categorized as a medium energy (specific stream
power of 10–300 W m−2), non-cohesive floodplain, which exhibits a
mixed-load and a meandering channel, an entrenchment ratio >2.2,
width–depth ratio >12, sinuosity >1.4, and channel slope <0.02. In
the study area, since 1975, four meander cutoffs have been shaped
at an average rate of one in every 9–10 years. In the active meander
belt and sand-silt dominated floodplains of GBD, frequent shifting
of the channel and meander migration escalate severe bank erosion
(e.g. 2.5 × 106 m3 of land lost between 1999 and 2004) throughout the
year. Remote sensing based spatio-temporal analysis and stratigraphic
analysis reveal that the impact of the Farakka barrage, completed in
1975, is not the sole factor of downstream channel oscillation; rather,
hydrogeomorphic instability induced by the Ajay–Mayurakshi fluvial
system and the erodibility of floodplain sediments control the channel
dynamics of the study area.

Delta ve lagünler, içlerinde birçok biyosfer elemanını barındırdıkları gibi insanlar içinde hayati öneme sahip alanlardandır. Delta ve lagünler, kıyı ekolojisi ve zengin biyolojik ortamlara sahip olmaları bakımından dikkate değerdir. Ayrıca bu sahalar su kalitesini koruyan ve iyileştiren, oksijen üreten, erozyonu kontrol eden, organik maddelerin suda çözünmesini sağlayan, fırtınalara karşı kıyıları koruyan, tuzlu suyun yer altı suyuna karışmasını önleyen, çevresindeki mikroklima alanını sınırlandıran, zehirli atıkları arıtan, çevresindeki insanlar için geçim kaynağı olan ve rekreasyonel faaliyetlere konu olan bu bakımlardan doğal ve kültürel zenginlik sağlayan ekosistemlerdir. Deltalar verimli tarım sahaları olarak dikkat çekerken, lagünler içme suyu olarak kullanımdan, balıkçılığa, yüzme, sörf, kayak gibi rekreasyonel faaliyetlere kadar bir dizi hayati, kültürel ve ekonomik amaçlı kullanım habitatlarıdır.
Bu olumlu katkılarına rağmen çok hassas ekosistemlerden olan delta ve lagünler başta antropojenik olmak üzere çevresel faktörlerin etkilerine bağlı olarak hızla fiziksel, kimyasal ve biyolojik değişimlere uğrayabilmektedir. Günümüzde bu süreçler delta ve lagün sistemlerini giderek artan oranlarda negatif olarak etkilemektedir. Böylece balık popülasyonları ve av verimleri düşmekte, tür çeşitliliği azalmakta, kirlilik artmakta, siltasyon, kurutma, boşalma, ötrofikasyon süreçleri hız kazanmakta ve geri dönüşü imkânsız tahribatlar yaşanmaktadır. Kıyılarda ticari amaçlı yapılan birçok mekânsal faaliyet kıyı sistemlerinin fiziksel ve kimyasal dokusunda birçok değişikliğe veya ekolojik soruna neden olmaktadır. Kıyısal ekosistemler içerisinde yer alan bu sahalar balıkçılık, tarımda sulama, gübreleme, turizm, balıkçı teknelerine barınak olma vs. gibi faaliyetler sonucu insanlar tarafından kullanılmış, tahrip edilmiş ve böylece birçok delta da başta kirlilik, lagün sahalarında ise sığlaşma ve alansal olarak daralma nedenleriyle ekolojik olarak yapıları bozulmuştur.
Başta kıyılarımıza sahip 1/25000 ölçekli 507 topografya paftası ve ortofotolar üzerinden tüm delta ve lagünler haritalanmıştır. Bu delta ve lagünlere ait medya okumaları gerçekleştirilmiş isimleri en fazla geçenleri üzerinde arazi çalışmaları gerçekleştirilmiş ve detaylı incelemeleri yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmada ise elde edilen bulgular ve değerlendirmeler ana çizgileri ile ortaya konulacaktır.

Today, half of the Netherlands is situated below sea level. Because of this, water-management is of key importance when it comes to maintaining present-day habitation of the Dutch low-lands. In prehistory, however, large parts of the Dutch landscape were highly dynamic due to ongoing fluvial sedimentation. Vast deltaic areas with ceaseless river activity formed the backdrop against which prehistoric occupation took place. Although such landscapes may seem inhospitable, the often excellently preserved archaeological evidence indicates that people lived in these lowlands throughout prehistory.

This book describes why Bronze Age farmers were keen to settle here and how these prehistoric communities structured the landscape around their house-sites at various scales. Using a vast body of evidence from several large-scale excavations in the Dutch river area, the author, reconstructs the changes in the cultural landscape over time. Starting from the Middle Neolithic, changing preferences for settlement site locations and changes in domestic architecture are traced in detail to the Iron Age. However, for proper understanding of the cultural landscape, not only settlements but also graves and patterns of object deposition – and their landscape characteristics – are discussed.

By using evidence of over 50 major excavations, yielding over 300 house plans, this book contains by far the richest data-set on Dutch Bronze Age settlements. Most of these results were not before published in English, making this book of over 500 pages a true academic treasure for an international audience.

The in-depth presentation of Bronze Age settlement sites, as well as the critical discussion of models and premises current in later prehistoric settlement archaeology, have an important relevance stretching beyond the Dutch lowland areas on which it is based. The wealth of high-quality Dutch data is presented as a synthesized (yet well-annotated) narrative, that rises above mere site interpretation, even more so due to its landscape-scale focus. Therefore this book is a must-have for those interested in later prehistoric cultural landscapes and settlement archaeology.

Los indígenas Warao del delta de Orinoco, forman una cultura de grandes navegantes, pescadores, recolectores y horticultores incipientes, sin cerámica, habitantes de marismas y riberas de caños y ríos. Muchos de ellos, sin embargo, han salido de allí para congregarse en asentamientos urbanos “criollos” (no indígenas), formando verdaderos “barrios” e integrándose en la estructura socioeconómica de aquéllos según ciertas características particulares. Exponemos aquí una interpretación de este fenómeno, basada en la observación de uno de ellos: la población de La Horqueta, en la intersección de los caños Cocuina y Pedernales.

The Dutch delta is a reclamation landscape. It has undergone several transformations since the Middle Ages to become an inhabitable, beautiful and unique cultural landscape. Many factors that determine the spatial quality of the future urban landscape are directly connected with the formal properties of the polder landscape of the Dutch lowlands. The form of a landscape is no accidental or random phenomenon, but the result of a transformational process that can also be called a formal process when seen in terms of form. Knowledge and understanding of the basic forms are instrumental in the design of the new landscape.