Criteria

OBJECTIVE. Chronic snoring that does not adhere to the criteria for a diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome may be associated with learning and behavioral problems. We investigated the sleep structure of chronic snorers who had an apnea-hypopnea index of <1 event per hour and analyzed the cyclic alternating pattern. METHODS. Fifteen successively seen chronic snorers (9.8 ± 4 years) with an apnea-hypopnea index of <1 and 15 aged-matched control subjects (10.3 ± 5 years) underwent an investigation of their sleep with the determination of non–apneic-hypopneic breathing abnormalities polysomnographic scoring using current criteria and analysis of the cyclic alternating pattern. RESULTS. Chronic snorers have evidence of flow limitations and tachypnea during sleep even if they do not present with apneas, hypopneas, and decrease in oxygen saturations. They also present with abnormal cyclic alternating pattern rates and changes in phase A of cyclic alternating pattern compared...

The conditions for psychological and pedagogical development of additional children education organization pupils’ individual and creative abilities as well as pedagogical techniques for individual and creative abilities determination are described. The teaching methods promoting creative imagination and thinking formation are enumerated, psychological and pedagogical conditions for their effective development are singled out. Individual and creative abilities definition is given and the essence of this notion is characterized.
The topicality of individual and creative abilities development both for educational process benefits in additional education organization and psychological and pedagogical practice in general is presented in the introduction.
Pupils’ individual and creative abilities development level assessment criteria and indicators are specified. The determination has been performed according to criteria: cognition, motivation and needs, activity and emotions and willingness.
The hypothesis put forward that individual and creative abilities development in additional education organization pupils would be effective under the condition of meeting the list of psychological and pedagogical requirements has been experimentally proved.

Abstract: Hospital web sites need to operate as effective web resources of information and interactive communication mediums to address the multifaceted requirements of their main stakeholders, (i.e. patients, healthy citizens, healthcare professionals and local communities). In case of public hospitals, web sites should also be considered as a mean to provide governmental electronic services. The main objective of this study is to provide an evaluation framework for hospital web sites. The proposed framework focuses on three main criteria: information, communication and electronic services. A total of 53 Greek hospital web sites within the Public Sector were evaluated based on a 67-item scale. The main findings of the study were the following: (a) the majority of the web sites in the analysis failed to support necessary web-based transactions between the institutions and their stakeholders (b) web sites are lacking important features regarding provision of information and communica...

In order to achieve its goals, the higher education system in each country uses various elements, and university curricula is one of the most important elements and reflection of the success and failure, and even in most cases, guide to the higher education system. However, the inadequacy of the skills of university graduates from industrial universities and technical and engineering faculties in meeting the specialized needs of employers in industry due to incomplete training of students in these fields in Iran, the need to validate the curricula of technical and engineering fields in the country. It became more apparent. In this regard, this study aimed at reviewing and analyzing institutional mapping, criteria and processes for validating curricula in technical and engineering disciplines in countries around the world and using the comparative method of George Brady. The results determined that in the United States, Canada, the Netherlands, Italy, and Japan alone, 38.4 percent of all selected institutions and private institutions are responsible for accrediting technical and engineering curricula, and in Germany, Switzerland, Turkey, and the United Arab Emirates. The United Arab Emirates, Malaysia, Pakistan, Egypt, and South Africa are institutions and semi-governmental institutions that are accredited to validate this curricula (61/6%). Also, the analysis of the validation criteria of the curricula of technical and engineering fields of the studied countries indicated that; the highest number of accreditation criteria is related to the United Arab Emirates and Malaysia with ten criteria and the lowest number is related to Canada and Egypt with four accreditation criteria.

In this article, I make a case for how the conventional deductive writing style common in top impact mainstream journals affects what we can know, how we can learn, and the extent to which quali- tative methods are valued. Using case examples, I demonstrate how a deductive logic perpetuates a myth that is ethically and pedagogi- cally problematic, constrains theory building, and invites inappropri- ate benchmarks for quality. Further, articulating qualitative analysis methods in a formulaic manner can actually overshadow and dis- courage the artistic insight of grounded analyses. The article closes with a discussion of how communication scholars are well equipped to help transform publication conventions so that qualitative meth- ods may be presented in more flexible and expansive literary styles.

Plants are part and parcel of any urban landscape. Plants in urban areas serve many functions. They are preferred for climatic, environmental, visual, medicinal, functional and religious purposes. Planting design being a part of process of landscaping, it needs to be based on site conditions. Gulbarga poses limiting conditions for growth of plants in terms of hot dry climate, soil type and water quality and physical environment. Plant selection becomes a major task in landscape process. Analyses of effects of these limiting conditions on plants are necessary to make planting successful. Plant selection criteria are worked out based on the limiting factors and adaptability of the plants to make landscaping successful.

ObjectiveTo compare the accuracy of existing classification criteria for the diagnosis of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and to construct new criteria from observed data.To compare the accuracy of existing classification criteria for the diagnosis of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and to construct new criteria from observed data.MethodsData were collected prospectively from consecutive clinic attendees with PsA and other inflammatory arthropathies. Subjects were classified by each of 7 criteria. Sensitivity and specificity were compared using conditional logistic regression analysis. Latent class analysis was used to calculate criteria accuracy in order to confirm the validity of clinical diagnosis as the gold standard definition of “case”-ness. Classification and Regression Trees methodology and logistic regression were used to identify items for new criteria, which were then constructed using a receiver operating characteristic curve.Data were collected prospectively from consecutive clinic attendees with PsA and other inflammatory arthropathies. Subjects were classified by each of 7 criteria. Sensitivity and specificity were compared using conditional logistic regression analysis. Latent class analysis was used to calculate criteria accuracy in order to confirm the validity of clinical diagnosis as the gold standard definition of “case”-ness. Classification and Regression Trees methodology and logistic regression were used to identify items for new criteria, which were then constructed using a receiver operating characteristic curve.ResultsData were collected on 588 cases and 536 controls with rheumatoid arthritis (n = 384), ankylosing spondylitis (n = 72), undifferentiated arthritis (n = 38), connective tissue disorders (n = 14), and other diseases (n = 28). The specificity of each set of criteria was high. The sensitivity of the Vasey and Espinoza method (0.97) was similar to that of the method of McGonagle et al (0.98) and greater than that of the methods of Bennett (0.44), Moll and Wright (0.91), the European Spondylarthropathy Study Group (0.74), and Gladman et al (0.91). The CASPAR (ClASsification criteria for Psoriatic ARthritis) criteria consisted of established inflammatory articular disease with at least 3 points from the following features: current psoriasis (assigned a score of 2; all other features were assigned a score of 1), a history of psoriasis (unless current psoriasis was present), a family history of psoriasis (unless current psoriasis was present or there was a history of psoriasis), dactylitis, juxtaarticular new bone formation, rheumatoid factor negativity, and nail dystrophy. These criteria were more specific (0.987 versus 0.960) but less sensitive (0.914 versus 0.972) than those of Vasey and Espinoza.Data were collected on 588 cases and 536 controls with rheumatoid arthritis (n = 384), ankylosing spondylitis (n = 72), undifferentiated arthritis (n = 38), connective tissue disorders (n = 14), and other diseases (n = 28). The specificity of each set of criteria was high. The sensitivity of the Vasey and Espinoza method (0.97) was similar to that of the method of McGonagle et al (0.98) and greater than that of the methods of Bennett (0.44), Moll and Wright (0.91), the European Spondylarthropathy Study Group (0.74), and Gladman et al (0.91). The CASPAR (ClASsification criteria for Psoriatic ARthritis) criteria consisted of established inflammatory articular disease with at least 3 points from the following features: current psoriasis (assigned a score of 2; all other features were assigned a score of 1), a history of psoriasis (unless current psoriasis was present), a family history of psoriasis (unless current psoriasis was present or there was a history of psoriasis), dactylitis, juxtaarticular new bone formation, rheumatoid factor negativity, and nail dystrophy. These criteria were more specific (0.987 versus 0.960) but less sensitive (0.914 versus 0.972) than those of Vasey and Espinoza.ConclusionThe CASPAR criteria are simple and highly specific but less sensitive than the Vasey and Espinoza criteria.The CASPAR criteria are simple and highly specific but less sensitive than the Vasey and Espinoza criteria.

This is a qualitative research with two objectives, namely; 1) to study the criteria for the Five Precepts in the Buddhist scriptures and the operating standard for the Five Precepts Villages project, 2) to develop and present the norm of the criteria for the Five Precepts for the promotion of peace of the person and society.
The findings show that the Five Precepts have implications in various suttas. But it has the same content is to restrain from five bad actions, taking one’s life for instance. The direct meaning according to the Buddhist scriptures as Five Precepts itself (pañca sīla), and in the other forms as pañca sikkhāpada, the Five dhammas, and ariya dhamma respectively. The criteria for the Five Precepts in the Buddhist scriptures are 1) a criterion for diagnosis the status of the Five Precepts, and 2) a criterion for diagnosis the penalty of violated Precepts. Whilst the standard for the Five Precepts Villages project strictly invigilating villagers in observance the Precepts. The two case studies characterize each village. The Five Precepts village project of Wat Kao Lat Wanaram, Saraburi Province outstanding in the using of wisdom in managing the information technologies, while the Five Precepts village project of Ban Hui Tom, Lam Poon Province shows outstanding community identity. As an important institute in driving the project, Buddhist Research Institute of MCU presented an integrated criterion which integrated together the principles of morality and ethics. In holistic view of the process of carrying out the Five Precepts Villages project, an operating criterion comprising of forty indicators was used in order to supervise and control the operation of the project. The development of criteria for the Five Precepts is carried out by analyzed and modified the original texts and vocabularies that appeared in the primary source of commentaries. As a result, they are 1) a developed criterion for diagnosis the status of the Five Precepts, and 2) a developed criterion for diagnosis the penalty of violated Precepts. Lastly, the norm of the criteria for the Five Precepts for the promotion of individual and social peace are developed based on the world peace arising from the individual scale. It is an insurance of fivefold peace; peace of life, asset, couple, data and information, and wisdom respectively.

Project success is strongly linked to communication and cooperation between stakeholders. This research explores the relationship between trust and communication and tests the influence of these factors upon project success and success criteria for international development projects financed by multilateral institutions in sub-Saharan Africa. The research analyses the coordinators’ perceptions of project success, communication climate and interpersonal relationship between himself

Statements of problem: The presence of people in urban areas with the aim of "being in space" is one of the components contributing to vitality of urban spaces, which leads to the promotion of social relationships, the increase of natural security, the sense of belonging to the place by increasing the possibility of occurrence of individual and collective memories and reducing the crime rate in the city. Finding the right solution to find the basis for the design of spaces is a problem that has been particularly striking urban architects and designers in recent years and refers to the necessity of this research. The lack of non-mental methods that can be used to study and analyze behaviors in space, both in architecture and in urban planning, is quite tangible.
Goal: The purpose of the present research is to explain the forms of occurrence and behavioral patterns in urban spaces. By studying one of the important urban spaces of Tehran, Tajrish Square, we try to provide a comprehensive analysis based on the recognition of behavioral patterns in this urban space. The main question of this research is about the relation of various dimensions of urban space with the formation of behavioral patterns. Other questions are also raised, including: What are the different dimensions, criteria, and indicators of urban space affecting behavioral patterns? What is the impact of different dimensions, criteria, and indicators mentioned on occurrence of different behaviors of citizens in the urban space, and in particular in Tajrish square?
Research method: For the analysis of urban spaces, Tajrish Square has been selected as an urban space with high level of actions and diverse activities. Qualitative analysis and observation using behavioral mapping techniques, interviews, and photo analysis were conducted to assess the status and to answer the research questions.
Conclusion: In this research it is proved that various behavioral patterns including walking, standing and sitting is under the influence of three main components of functional-activity (including indicators of variability of land use, type of activity, public activity and type of Urban sidewall), environmental-physical (including indicators of passages and access roads, flexibility, facilities and services, valuable perspectives and visual qualities) and cultural-social (including indicators of social presence features and social interactions). Behavioral patterns are heavily influenced by land use and presenting amenities in urban spaces that encourage citizens to develop different behavioral patterns. The visual qualities are one of the important criteria for making communication between strangers in the urban space and the indicator of selective activities in inspecting the criteria of social interactions is strengthened or weakened by environmental conditions.

This article introduces the concept of relevance as viewed and applied in the context of IR evaluation, by presenting an overview of the multidimensional and dynamic nature of the concept. The literature on relevance reveals how the relevance concept, especially in regard to the multidimensionality of relevance, is many faceted, and does not just refer to the various relevance criteria users may apply in the process of judging relevance of retrieved information objects. From our point of view, the multidimensionality of relevance explains why some will argue that no consensus has been reached on the relevance concept. Thus, the objective of this article is to present an overview of the many different views and ways by which the concept of relevance is used—leading to a consistent and compatible understanding of the concept. In addition, special attention is paid to the type of situational relevance. Many researchers perceive situational relevance as the most realistic type of user relevance, and therefore situational relevance is discussed with reference to its potential dynamic nature, and as a requirement for interactive information retrieval (IIR) evaluation.

The management of benign papilloma (BP) without atypia identified on breast core needle biopsy (CNB) is controversial. In this study, we determined the upgrade rate to malignancy for BPs without atypia diagnosed on CNB and whether there are factors associated with upgrade. Through our pathology database search, we studied 80 BPs without atypia identified on CNB from 80 patients from 1997 to 2010, including 30 lesions that had undergone excision and 50 lesions that had undergone ≥ 2 years of radiologic follow-up. Associations between surgery or upgrade to malignancy and clinical, radiologic, and pathologic features were analyzed. Mass lesions, lesions sampled by ultrasound-guided CNB, and palpable lesions were associated with surgical excision. All 3 upgraded cases were mass lesions sampled by ultrasound-guided CNB. None of the lesions with radiologic follow-up only were upgraded to malignancy. The overall upgrade rate was 3.8%. None of the clinical, radiologic, or histologic feature...

This criterion study examined the impact of the cultural dimensions of individualism and collectivism on actual plagiarism in working business students. Given globalization of business and recent business scandals, furthering our understanding of international ethics remains critical. Business students are the potential employees, managers and leaders of organizations in the future. In this study we focus on one form of unethical conduct by business students, i.e. actual plagiarism, and seek to determine the link between this behavior and cultural values of individualism/collectivism and associated stereotypes of Asian/Caucasian students. Our findings suggest that individualists plagiarize more than collectivists, and that no significant differences in plagiarism exist between Asian and Caucasian students, contrary to popular beliefs. The implications of these findings for scholars and managers are discussed.