Coarse Grained Soil

We study the liquid structure and solvation forces of dense monovalent electrolytes (LiCl, NaCl, CsCl, and NaI) in a nanometer slab-confinement by explicit-water molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, implicit-water Monte Carlo (MC) simulations, and modified Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) theories. In order to consistently coarse-grain and to account for specific hydration effects in the implicit methods, realistic ion-ion and ion-surface pair potentials have been derived from infinite-dilution MD simulations. The electrolyte structure calculated from MC simulations is in good agreement with the corresponding MD simulations, thereby validating the coarse-graining approach. The agreement improves if a realistic, MD-derived dielectric constant is employed, which partially corrects for (water-mediated) many-body effects. Further analysis of the ionic structure and solvation pressure demonstrates that nonlocal extensions to PB (NPB) perform well for a wide parameter range when compared to MC simulations, whereas all local extensions mostly fail. A Barker-Henderson mapping of the ions onto a charged, asymmetric, and nonadditive binary hard-sphere mixture shows that the strength of structural correlations is strongly related to the magnitude and sign of the salt-specific nonadditivity. Furthermore, a grand canonical NPB analysis shows that the Donnan effect is dominated by steric correlations, whereas solvation forces and overcharging effects are mainly governed by ion-surface interactions. However, steric corrections to solvation forces are strongly repulsive for high concentrations and low surface charges, while overcharging can also be triggered by steric interactions in strongly correlated systems. Generally, we find that ion-surface and ion-ion correlations are strongly coupled and that coarse-grained methods should include both, the latter nonlocally and nonadditive (as given by our specific ionic diameters), when studying electrolytes in highly inhomogeneous situations.

This work examines experimentally how a viscous incompressible liquid modifies the behavior of a granular bulk in avalanche. A large and a small laboratory flume of identical length-to-width ratio have been constructed to initiate granular avalanche. Two types of monatomic spheres were used, preserving the ratio between the particle diameter and the flume width, with or without water to prepare

Today the most commonly used system architectures in data processing can be divided into three categories, general purpose processors, application specific architectures and reconfigurable architectures. Application specific architectures are efficient and give good performance, but are inflexible. Recently reconfigurable systems have drawn increasing attention due to their combination of flexibility and efficiency. Re-configurable architectures limit their flexibility to a particular algorithm. This paper introduces approaches to mapping point arithmetic. After presenting an optimal formulation using applications onto CGRAs supporting both integer and floating point unit.High-level design entry tools are essential for reconfigurable systems, especially coarse-grained reconfigurable architectures.Coarse-grained reconfigurable architectures have drawn increasing attention due to their performance and flexibility. However, their applications have been restricted to domains based on integer arithmetic since typical CGRAs support only integer arithmetic or logical operations. In this project we introduce an approach to map applications onto CGRAs supporting floating point addition. The increase in requirements for more flexibility and higher performance in embedded systems design, reconfigurable computing is becoming more and more popular. Keywords— High-level synthesis, CGRA, FPGA, Floating point unit , Reconfigurable architecture. I. INTRODUCTION Various coarse-grained reconfigurable architectures (CGRAs) have been proposed in recent years [1]–[3], with different target domains of applications and different tradeoffs between flexibility and performance. Typically, they consist is not easy to map an application onto the reconfigurable array host mostly reduced instruction set computing (RISC)] processor. The computation intensive kernels of the applications—typically loop—are mapped to the reconfigurable array while the remaining code is executed by the processor. However, it of a reconfigurable array of processing elements (PEs) and abecause of the high complexity of the problem that requires compiling the application on a dynamically reconfigurable parallel architecture, with additional complexity of dealing with complex routing resources. The problem of mapping an application onto a CGRA to minimize the number of resources giving best performance has been shown to be NP-complete [16].Few automatic mapping/compiling/synthesis tools have been developed to exploit the parallelism found in the applications and extensive computation resources of CGRAs. Some researchers [1], [4] have used structure-based or graphical user interface based design tools to manually generate a mapping, which would have a difficulty in handling big designs. Some researchers [5], [6] have only focused on instruction-level parallelism, failing to fully utilize the resources in CGRAs, which is possible by exploiting loop-level parallelism. Some researchers [7], [8], [17] have introduced a compiler to exploit the parallelism in the CGRA provided by the abundant resources. However, their approaches use shared registers to solve the mapping problem. While these shared registers explicitly during the mapping process. registers can be eliminated if routing resources are considered simplify the mapping process, theycan increase the critical path delay or latency. We show in this paper that the shared More recently, routing-aware mapping algorithms have been introduced [9]–[11]. However, they rely on step-by-step approaches, where scheduling, binding, and routing algorithms are performed sequentially. Thus, it tends to fall into a local integer type application domains, whereas ours extends the routing at the same time, thereby generating better optimized solutions. It also explicitly considers incorporating Steiner points for more efficient routing (some previous incorporate Steiner points although it is not clear whether they approaches use a kind of maze routing algorithm that can are actually incorporated). In [7], they have also presented a unified approach based on the simulated annealing algorithm. However, it takes too much time to get a solution. few minutes. Furthermore, all previous mapping/compiling/synthesis tools have been restricted to coverage to floating pointtype application domains.the approach in [7] takes hundreds of minutes whereas our optimum. Our unified approach considers scheduling and binding.

Well-exposed, ancient rocky shores are rare and the associated shelly faunas are normally strongly worn and fragmented due to erosion during both sea-level rise and fall. An early Campanian rocky shore with a rich fauna is preserved at Ivö Klack in the Kristianstad Basin, southern Sweden. Ivö Klack is situated on the small, hilly island of Ivö situated in lake Ivösjön with a lake level about 6 m above present-day sea level. The rocky shore was formed during a major late early Campanian transgression caused by a sea-level rise up to about 100 m above present sea level. An archipelago was formed along the northern basin margin during the transgression with numerous small islands and peninsulas. The steep palaeo-coast at Ivö Klack consists of gneiss overlain in the lower part by more than 30 m of kaolin in places containing large boulders of gneiss with a kaolinized outer crust. The kaolin wedges out upslope and is absent above 30–35 m above lake level. The kaolin is overlain by up to 5 m of muddy quartz sand with highly angular grains, representing a residue of the kaolin formed during transgressive wave and current reworking. The steep gneiss coast was rapidly transgressed by the sea in the latest early Campanian and at least 25 m of onlapping coarse-grained skeletal sand, gravel and whole fossils were deposited on the clean gneiss surface during the Belemnellocamax mammilatus belemnite biozone. Large boulders of gneiss are common in the carbonates and formed distinct boulder beds at some levels but these are now quarried away. The top 6 m of the preserved carbonate succession are free of boulders. The rocky surface is fairly even on a large scale, but highly irregular in detail with numerous metre-sized hummocks and boulders formed during terrestrial weathering and kaolinization. The lowest part of the shore is developed as a bench, topped by a sub-horizontal irregular platform, 20–30 m wide, with large hummocks and rounded boulders. The platform passes upwards into a steep boulder-strewn slope. A well-developed glauconitized hardground with Thalassinoides burrows and several incipient hardgrounds occur in the carbonates draping the bench and lower part of the platform. They dip gently outwards and probably represent a kind of beach rock. A highly diverse benthic fauna with more than 200 shell-bearing species lived between, below and on the hummocks and boulders. It comprises bivalves, brachiopods, polychaetes, gastropods, echinoids, asteroids, bryozoans and is dominated by large oysters and includes the northernmost Late Cretaceous rudists and hermatypic corals. The remaining benthic invertebrate groups are represented by only a few species each. The non-benthic invertebrate fauna comprises four belemnite species and one rare ammonite species. The lower Campanian carbonates of the small basin have yielded an unusually diverse vertebrate fauna totalling more than 60 species, including mosasaurs, plesiosaurs, crocodiles, turtles, birds, and as many as 44 species of sharks and rays. Ivö Klack thus provides information on virtually all trophic levels in the rocky shore ecosystem and represents the most diverse rocky shore fauna known from the geological record. This paper aims at providing the framework for a series of papers on the palaeoecology of the main benthic faunal groups.

The Black Swan Succession is a bimodal association of dacitic and komatiitic volcanic rocks located about 50 km NNE of Kalgoorlie, within the 2.7-Ga Eastern Goldfields greenstone province of the Yilgarn Craton. The komatiite stratigraphy comprises a steep dipping, east facing package about 700 m in maximum thickness and about 2.5 km in strike length (Fig. 1), which hosts a number of economically exploitable Ni sulphide orebodies including the Silver Swan massive ore shoot (approximately half a million tonnes at about 10.5% Ni). The sequence can be subdivided into a Lower Felsic Unit, comprising coherent and autobrecciated facies of multiple dacite lava flows; an upper Eastern and lower Western Ultramafic Unit, each showing marked lateral facies variation, and an Upper Felsic Unit coeval with the Eastern Ultramafic Unit. The komatiite sequence has been metamorphosed at sub-greenschist facies in the presence of high proportions of CO2-rich fluid, giving rise to pervasive talc–carbonate and talc–carbonate–quartz assemblages, with extensive preservation of pseudomorphed igneous textures. Cores of lizardite serpentinite are present in the thickest parts of the ultramafic succession. The degree of penetrative deformation is generally very low, and original stratigraphic relationships are largely intact in much of the sequence. The Eastern Ultramafic Unit and Western Ultramafic Unit are interpreted as components of a single large komatiite flow field, representing overlapping stages in the emplacement of a series of distributory lava pathways and flanking sheet flows. The Western Ultramafic Unit which hosts the bulk of the high-grade massive and disseminated ores is a sequence dominated by coarse-grained olivine cumulates, 2 km wide and up to 500 m thick, with major magma pathways represented by thick, homogenous olivine mesocumulate piles at its northern and southern ends: respectively 400 and 200 m thick. The sequence between the two major pathways consists of olivine orthocumulates (oOC) with minor spinifex-textured intervals. The Unit is capped by a persistent spinifex-textured crust less than 1 m thick, and is locally vesicular. The Eastern Ultramafic Unit contains the Black Swan Cumulate Zone, a 500-m thick sequence of very coarse-grained hopper-textured, locally vesicular oOC containing disseminated sulphides in its lower 200 m. The zone is flanked to the north and south by complexly interdigitated sequence of highly irregular, spinifex-capped, olivine cumulate-rich flow lobes between 1 and 100 m thick, and dacitic lavas and tuffs. The complexity of the 3-D spatial relationship of these units suggests a combination of simultaneous eruption of dacite and komatiite, combined with thermal or thermomechanical erosion. The Eastern and Western Units are interpreted as the result of more or less continuous prolonged eruption of olivine charged komatiite lava, which developed localised thermo-mechanical erosion channels in the dacitic substrate. Komatiite and dacite eruption was synchronous, giving rise to complex interdigitation and extensive contamination and hybridisation.

The mechanical behaviour of partially saturated soils can be very different from that of fully saturated soils. It has long been established that for such soils, changes in suction do not have the same effect as changes in the applied stresses, and consequently the effective stress principle is not applicable. A procedure was proposed to define the soil water characteristic curve. Then this relation is converted to relation correlating the void ratio and matric suction. The slope of the latter relation can be used to define the H-modulus function. This procedure is utilized in the finite element analysis of a footing on unsaturated coarse grained soil to investigate its bearing capacity. The finite element results demonstrated that there is a significant increase in the bearing capacity of the footing due to the contribution of matric suction in the range 0 to 6 kPa for the tested compacted, coarse-grained soil. The ultimate pressure increases from about 120 kPa when the soil is ful...

The creep response at 600 °C of a P91 (9Cr–1Mo–NbV) steel welded joint was investigated by testing small samples from different weld locations. The microstructure of the weld was analysed by light and transmission electron microscopy. The heat-affected zone material exhibiting a fine-grained structure showed the highest minimum creep-rate values, i.e. the lowest creep strength. The coarse-grained weld metal generally had the greatest creep strength, whereas the parent metal exhibited an intermediate behaviour. The minimum creep-rate dependence on applied stress for weld metal, fine-grained heat-affected zone, and base material was described by means of the conventional power-law equation with a stress exponent close to 15. The experimental results, both in the form of strain vs. time creep curve and of minimum creep rate, were successfully used to simulate the creep response of cross-weld samples.

This study integrates newly acquired stratigraphic data, geologic mapping, and paleocurrent data to constrain the stratigraphic evolution of the oldest channel–lobe complex in the Upper Cretaceous Cerro Toro Formation in the Silla Syncline area of the Magallanes Basin, termed the Pehoe member. The Pehoe member ranges in thickness from 60 m in the north to at least 410 m farther down system and comprises three separate divisions (A, B, and C). A lower conglomerate unit and an upper one, termed Pehoe A and C divisions respectively, represent the fill of major incised submarine channels or channel complexes. These are separated by stratified sandstone of the Pehoe B division, representing a weakly confined lobe complex, either transient or terminal.The integration of new data with observations from previous studies reveal that the three main coarse-grained conglomerate and sandstone members in the Cerro Toro Formation in the Silla Syncline include at least seven distinct submarine channels or channel complexes and two major lobe complexes. The thinning and disappearance of these units along the eastern limb of the syncline reflect confinement of the flows to a narrow trough or mini-basin bounded to the east by a topographic high. This confinement resulted in unidirectional paleocurrents to the south and southeast in all deposits. Changes in depositional geometries are interpreted as reflecting changes in sediment supply and relative confinement. Submarine channels were from 700 m to 3.5 km wide and occupied a fairway that was 4–5 km wide. Flows moving south and southeast in this mini-basin probably crossed the eastern topographic high south of the present exposures and joined those moving southward along the axis of the foreland basin at least 16 km to the east.

A new category of large-scale volcanism, here termed Snake River (SR)-type volcanism, is defined with reference to a distinctive volcanic facies association displayed by Miocene rocks in the central Snake River Plain area of southern Idaho and northern Nevada, USA. The facies association contrasts with those typical of silicic volcanism elsewhere and records unusual, voluminous and particularly environmentally devastating styles of eruption that remain poorly understood. It includes: (1) large-volume, lithic-poor rhyolitic ignimbrites with scarce pumice lapilli; (2) extensive, parallel-laminated, medium to coarse-grained ashfall deposits with large cuspate shards, crystals and a paucity of pumice lapilli; many are fused to black vitrophyre; (3) unusually extensive, large-volume rhyolite lavas; (4) unusually intense welding, rheomorphism, and widespread development of lava-like facies in the ignimbrites; (5) extensive, fines-rich ash deposits with abundant ash aggregates (pellets and accretionary lapilli); (6) the ashfall layers and ignimbrites contain abundant clasts of dense obsidian and vitrophyre; (7) a bimodal association between the rhyolitic rocks and numerous, coalescing low-profile basalt lava shields; and (8) widespread evidence of emplacement in lacustrine-alluvial environments, as revealed by intercalated lake sediments, ignimbrite peperites, rhyolitic and basaltic hyaloclastites, basalt pillow-lava deltas, rhyolitic and basaltic phreatomagmatic tuffs, alluvial sands and palaeosols. Many rhyolitic eruptions were high mass-flux, large volume and explosive (VEI 6–8), and involved H2O-poor, low-δ18O, metaluminous rhyolite magmas with unusually low viscosities, partly due to high magmatic temperatures (900–1,050°C). SR-type volcanism contrasts with silicic volcanism at many other volcanic fields, where the fall deposits are typically Plinian with pumice lapilli, the ignimbrites are low to medium grade (non-welded to eutaxitic) with abundant pumice lapilli or fiamme, and the rhyolite extrusions are small volume silicic domes and coulées. SR-type volcanism seems to have occurred at numerous times in Earth history, because elements of the facies association occur within some other volcanic fields, including Trans-Pecos Texas, Etendeka-Paraná, Lebombo, the English Lake District, the Proterozoic Keewanawan volcanics of Minnesota and the Yardea Dacite of Australia.

The present study has been carried out to investigate the coarse-grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) microstructure and crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) toughness of grade StE 355 Ti-microalloyed offshore steels. Three parent plates (40-mm thick) were studied, two of which had Ti microalloying with either Nb + V or Nb also present. As a third steel, conventional StE 355 steel without Ti addition was welded for comparison purposes. Multipass tandem submerged arc weld (SAW) and manual metal arc weld (SMAW) welds were produced. Different heat-affected zone (HAZ) microstructures were simulated to ascertain the detrimental effect of welding on toughness. All HAZ microstructures were examined using optical and electron microscopy. It can be concluded that Ti addition with appropriate steel processing, which disperses fine TiN precipitates uniformly, with a fine balance of other microalloying elements and with a Ti/N weight ratio of about 2.2, is beneficial for HAZ properties of StE 355 grade steel.

We propose distinct element method modeling of carbon nanotube systems. The atomic-level description of an individual nanotube is coarse-grained into a chain of spherical elements that interact by parallel bonds located at their contacts. The spherical elements can lump multiple translational unit cells of the carbon nanotube and have both translational and rotational degrees of freedom. The discrete long ranged interaction between nanotubes is included in a van der Waals contact of nonmechanical nature that acts simultaneously with the parallel bonds. The created mesoscopic model is put into service by simulating a realistic carbon nanotube ring. The ring morphology arises from the energy balance stored in both parallel and van der Waals bonds.