Birds

Birdwatching is a specialized ecotourism activity where visitors observe and photograph birds. It can serve as an educational tool for the conservation of birds. The aim of this research is to identify the diversity of bird species and create an interpretive trail for birdwatching in the Angke Kapuk Protected Forest area. Avenza Maps was used to record encountered bird species. Data on bird species diversity were analyzed using the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, and encounter rates were calculated to determine the number of bird species observed within a specific time period. This data was then used to categorize the abundance of bird species. Data processing was done using QGIS 3.26.1 and Adobe Photoshop. The results of the Birdwatching Interpretive Trail Planning research identified a total of 30 bird species from 24 families. Three bird species were found to be protected under Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation No. 106 of 2008, and one species was classified as Vulnerable according to the IUCN Red List. Bird species were categorized as Abundant (10 species), Frequent (3 species), Uncommon (8 species), and Rare (9 species). The research area had three trails with distances of 120 meters, 266 meters, and 200 meters. Some issues observed regarding trail conditions included damage to supports causing interruptions in some parts of Trail 3 and litter found on Trails 1 and 2.

The growth of the population of cattle egrets (Bubulcus ibis) in the archipelago of Fernando de Noronha constitutes a threat to public health and biological diversity because of their competition with and predation on native species and the possibility of transmission of pathogens to human beings, livestock and native wildlife. The aim here was to search for, isolate and identify serovars of Salmonella in clinically healthy local cattle egrets. Cloacal swabs were obtained from 456 clinically healthy cattle egrets of both sexes and a variety of ages. The swabs were divided into 51 pools. Six of these (11.7%) presented four serovars of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica: Salmonella serovar Typhimurium; Salmonella serovar Newport; Salmonella serovar Duisburg; and Salmonella serovar Zega. One sample was identified as S. enterica subspecies enterica O16:y:-. Results in this study suggest that cattle egrets may be reservoirs of this agent on Fernando de Noronha and represent a risk t...

The RNA segment encoding the guanylyltransferase (VP3) from 12 group A rotavirus isolates has been sequenced following RT-PCR and molecular cloning of the full-length amplicons produced. Alignment of the derived amino acid sequences including those of the four VP3 sequences available from GenBank revealed two levels of sequence divergence. Virus isolates from humans showed greater than 94 % sequence identity, whereas those isolated from different mammalian species showed as low as 79 % sequence identity. The exceptions were avian virus isolates, which diverged ∼45 % from those of mammalian origin, and the human virus isolates DS1 and 69M, which showed much closer (over 90 %) identity to viruses of bovine origin, suggesting that these human isolates may have undergone recent reassortment events with a bovine virus. Analysis of the sequences for a putative enzymic active site has revealed that the KXTAMDXEXP and KXXGNNH motifs around amino acids 385 and 545, respectively, are conserve...

Background Since the end of 2009, H9N2 has emerged in Tunisia causing several epidemics in poultry industry resulting in major economic losses. To monitor variations of Influenza viruses during the outbreaks, Tunisian H9N2 virus isolates were identified and genetically characterized. Methods The genomic RNA segments of Tunisian H9N2 strains were subjected to RT-PCR amplifications followed by sequencing analysis. Results Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that A/Ck/TUN/12/10 and A/Migratory Bird/TUN/51/10 viruses represent multiple reassortant lineages, with genes coming from Middle East strains, and share the common ancestor Qa/HK/G1/97 isolate which has contributed internal genes of H5N1 virus circulating in Asia. Some of the internal genes seemed to have undergone broad reassortments with other influenza subtypes. Deduced amino acid sequences of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene showed the presence of additional glycosylation site and Leu at position 234 indicating to binding preference...

Recombination between viral and cellular genes can give rise to new strains of retroviruses. For example, Rous-associated virus 61 (RAV-61) is a recombinant between the Bryan high-titer strain of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) and normal pheasant DNA. Nucleic acid hybridization techniques were used to study the genome of RAV-61 and another RAV with subgroup F specificity (RAV-F) obtained by passage of RSV-RAV-0 in cells from a ring-necked pheasant embryo. The nucleotide sequences acquired by these two independent isolates of RAV-F that were not shared with the parental virus comprised 20 to 25% of the RAV-F genomes and were indistinguishable by nucleic acid hybridization. (In addition, RAV-F genomes had another set of nucleotide sequences that were homologous to some pheasant nucleotide sequences and also were present in the parental viruses.) A specific complementary DNA, containing only nucleotide sequences complementary to those acquired by RAV-61 through recombination, was prepared. T...

This study was conducted in Nallihan Bird Paradise (Nallihan, Ankara), which displays seasonal wetland characteristics. Within the scope of this study, a 12 month field study between August 2000 and July 2001 was carried out in order to determine the avifauna of Nallihan Bird Paradise. One hundred and thirty bird species belonging to 14 orders and 41 families were recorded in the study area. It was concluded that this area was probably used by a total of 41 actual and/or possible bird species for breeding purposes.

To better determine the history of modern birds, we performed a genome-scale phylogenetic analysis of 48 species representing all orders of Neoaves using phylogenomic methods created to handle genome-scale data. We recovered a highly resolved tree that confirms previously controversial sister or close relationships. We identified the first divergence in Neoaves, two groups we named Passerea and Columbea, representing independent lineages of diverse and convergently evolved land and water bird species. Among Passerea, we infer the common ancestor of core landbirds to have been an apex predator and confirm independent gains of vocal learning. Among Columbea, we identify pigeons and flamingoes as belonging to sister clades. Even with whole genomes, some of the earliest branches in Neoaves proved challenging to resolve, which was best explained by massive protein-coding sequence convergence and high levels of incomplete lineage sorting that occurred during a rapid radiation after the Cr...

Conservation biology is increasingly concerned with preserving interactions among species such as mutualisms in landscapes facing anthropogenic change. We investigated how one kind of mutualism, mixed-species bird flocks, influences the way in which birds respond to different habitat types of varying land-use intensity. We use data from a well-replicated, large-scale study in Sri Lanka and the Western Ghats of India, in which flocks were observed inside forest reserves, in 'buffer zones' of degraded forest or timber plantations, and in areas of intensive agriculture. We find flocks affected the responses of birds in three ways: (i) species with high propensity to flock were more sensitive to land use; (ii) different flock types, dominated by different flock leaders, varied in their sensitivity to land use and because following species have distinct preferences for leaders, this can have a cascading effect on followers' habitat selection; and (iii) those forest-interior s...

We investigated the relation between environmental mercury exposure and corticosterone concentrations in free-living adult common loons (Gavia immer). We determined blood and feather mercury concentrations and compared them to testosterone, estradiol, and stress-induced plasma corticosterone concentrations. Although neither testosterone nor estradiol correlated with Hg levels, there was a robust positive relation between blood Hg and stress-induced corticosterone concentrations in males, but not in females. The lack of an effect in females may have been due to overall less contamination in females. There were no significant correlations between feather Hg and stress-induced corticosterone in either sex. To help determine whether Hg had a causal effect on corticosterone, we investigated the impact of experimental Hg intake on the corticosterone stress response in captive juvenile loons. Juveniles were subjected to three different feeding regimes: 0, 0.4 and 1.2μg Hg (as MeHgCL)/g wet...

Medycyna podrozy jest jedną z najdynamiczniej rozwijających sie specjalności medycznych, na co znaczący wplyw ma systematyczny wzrost liczby osob podrozujących do odmiennych stref klimatycznych. Jeszcze kilkadziesiąt lat temu przedstawiciele klimatu umiarkowanego kierowali sie do strefy miedzyzwrotnikowej glownie w celach zawodowych. Dzisiaj, dzieki rozwojowi pasazerskiego ruchu lotniczego, dziesiątki milionow turystow kazdego roku podrozuje do krajow i regionow Azji, Afryki i Ameryki Poludniowej, charakteryzujących sie uciązliwymi warunkami klimatycznymi i niskimi standardami sanitarnymi. Podroz do takich destynacji wymaga odpowiednich dzialan profilaktycznych przed wyjazdem, w trakcie pobytu i po powrocie, jak rowniez dzialan diagnostyczno-terapeutycznych w przypadku wystąpienia problemow zdrowotnych. Ryzyko zachorowan jest uzaleznione zarowno od ogolnego stanu zdrowia podrozujących (wystepowanie chorob przewleklych, prawidlowe funkcjonowanie ukladu immunologicznego i termoregulac...

Predation risk is widely hypothesized as an important force structuring communities, but this potential force is rarely tested experimentally, particularly in terrestrial vertebrate communities. How animals respond to predation risk is generally considered predictable from species life-history and natural-history traits, but rigorous tests of these predictions remain scarce. We report on a large-scale playback experiment with a forest bird community that addresses two questions: (i) does perceived predation risk shape the richness and composition of a breeding bird community? And (ii) can species life-history and natural-history traits predict prey community responses to different types of predation risk? On 9 ha plots, we manipulated cues of three avian predators that preferentially prey on either adult birds or offspring, or both, throughout the breeding season. We found that increased perception of predation risk led to generally negative responses in the abundance, occurrence an...

Rondônia apresenta avifauna rica e diversificada, considerada uma das menos conhecidas e mais impactadas pela antropização. Deste modo, o presente estudo teve como objetivo realizar o levantamento da avifauna do Instituto Federal de Rondônia – IFRO, Campus Ariquemes, que tem uma área de aproximadamente 100 ha antropizados e 200 ha de floresta. A amostragem contou com 12 pontos de observação dispostos em 5 km de trilha, 14 pontos de coleta com redes de neblina, contabilizando respectivamente 180 h amostrais e 3.080 horas-rede. Foram encontradas 144 espécies pertencentes a 42 famílias, sendo 26 não passeriformes. Aproximadamente 48% da riqueza eram espécies com sensibilidade média e alta à antropização. Também foram amostradas espécies em risco de extinção: Amazona farinosa, classificada como quase ameaçada (NT), Ramphastos tucanus, Pyrrhura perlata, Pyrrhura snethlageae, classificadas como vulneráveis (VU) e Pteroglossus bitorquatus, classificada como em perigo (EN); de valor cinegético: Pauxi tuberosa, Penelope jacquacu, Cairina moschata, Gallinula galeata e Porphyrio martinicus; migratórias: Tringa solitaria, visitante sazonal do hemisfério norte; e endêmicas do interflúvio Madeira-Tapajós: Pyrrhura perlata e Lepidothrix nattereri. Considera-se que a área apresenta elevada riqueza considerando-se que sofreu e ainda sofre pressão antrópica. Esta riqueza pode ser reflexo da diversidade de habitat e oferta de recursos alimentares presentes na área.

Tarihin ilk devirlerinden itibaren farklı coğrafyalarda, inançlarda ve kültürlerde ağaca, çeşitli anlamlar yüklenmiştir. Yasak meyve ve onun ağacı ile ilgili ilk inanışın ardından ağaçla ilgili türeyiş, bolluk-bereket, tanrı ile irtibat kurma, cennete ulaşma, şifa, dilek vb. gibi düşünceler onun bir kült simgesi olarak kullanılmasına yol açmıştır. Bu durum özellikle taş ve ahşap işçiliğinde, çini dekorlarında, mimaride, dokumada, edebiyatta ve geleneksel sanatların çeşitli alanlarında yaygın simgesel anlatımlar olarak görülmektedir.
Bu bildiride, Ağacın seramik eserler üzerinden simgesel ve imgesel kullanımları incelenmiştir. Tüm kültürlerde, mitlerde ve inançlarda bir kült simgesi olarak kullanılmaya başlayan ağacın, zanaatçılar tarafından nasıl biçimlendirildiği geleneksel yaşantıda nasıl kullanıldığı ve ağaca yüklenen sembolik anlamlar araştırılmıştır. Çağdaş seramik sanatında ise ağaç temasının nasıl biçimlendirildiği, imgesel anlatımları ve ilettiği mesajlar araştırılmıştır.
Sonuç olarak, çeşitli kültürlerde farklı motif ve biçimlerle işlenen ağacın çoğunlukla geleneksel kültürde hayat ağacı simgesi olarak isimlendirildiği, mit ve kült sembolü olarak kullanıldığı görülmüştür. Çağdaş seramik eserler incelendiğinde ise, günümüzde organik ve doğal yaşama duyulan özlemle birlikte sanatçıların ağacı imgesel olarak tasarladıkları söylenebilir. Ağacın her mevsim değişen renk ve biçim özellikleri sanatçıları etkilemiş ve onlara estetik görünmüştür. Bu özelliğinden yararlanarak sanatçılar ağacı çeşitli şekillerde biçimlendirmişler ve yorumlamışlardır.

Despite being characterized by some of the most threatened forest ecosystems of Mesoamerica, the Nicoya Peninsula is among the least known regions of neotropical Costa Rica in terms of its birdlife. Within this region, in the framework of an ongoing international cooperation program between Italy and Costa Rica, we had the opportunity to investigate the Karen Mogensen Reserve, a protected area distinguished by the presence of a variety of habitats, including tropical dry forest and moist forest. Species richness in the Reserve was relatively high compared with similar areas in northwestern Costa Rica. A series of surveys carried out over a 20-year period documented an avian community consisting of 207 species, of which 115 were breeding in the zone and another 14 were potentially breeding. We recorded five IUCN globally Vulnerable or Near-Threatened species, along with six species reported for the first time from the Nicoya Peninsula, each representing range extension of more than 1...

Rhythm pervades nature manifesting in various forms across the Eco system. Sound is one of the main components
of earth which penetrate in the world in the form of Pancha bhootham. Almost all the movements of the earth are
guided by rhythm. Rhythm is a fundamental element of music providing its pulse and structure. Rhythm is the
basic element that connects music and movements through which it creates a dynamic and expressive Art form
Dance. Rhythm can be perceived through everything in the universe with some kind of motion in a regular or
periodical patterns. The movement of universe can be explained through the laws of mathematics. Rhythm is a
combination of several factors, meters, sentence length, diction, musicality, alliteration, consonance and pacing in
linguistic rhythm. Rhythmic patterns are prevalent in environmental system of earth including seasonal cycles,
tides, weather patterns and climate oscillations. Nature itself is made up of many things from Sun, moon, earth,
planets which follow the rhythm of their own. Our body also follows rhythm according to our biological clock. The
Auditory and motor system of brain distribute electrical signals which creates harmonized rhythm. As part of
communication all the animals, birds, insects show systematic movements or sounds of rhythm.

El comercio de aves silvestres es una actividad que se practica desde tiempos prehispánicos y que persiste en la actualidad. Se ha sugerido que esta actividad es causa de disminución de poblaciones locales de algunas especies. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar las especies de aves silvestres que son comercializadas, y valorar la importancia de ellas dentro del comercio local, en mercados de la ciudad. Se realizaron observaciones directas en seis mercados, se aplicaron entrevistas a cinco comerciantes de aves y se aplicaron 125 cuestionarios a personas que acudieron a los mercados para adquirir aves. Se registraron 32 especies de aves pertenecientes a 13 familias y seis órdenes taxonómi- cos. Siete especies se encuentran en alguna categoría de riesgo de acuerdo con la Norma Mexicana. Las especies más abundantes son Spinus psaltria, Sporophila torqueola y Tiaris olivaceus. El cardenal (Cardinalis cardinalis) presentó el mayor IVU con 0.032 y el segundo valor más elevado de U...

Bird song represents a powerful model system for many of the important problems in behavioral neurobiology, offering both easily measured sensory and motor patterns and a discrete neural effector system. Methods were developed to record the discharge of neurons in singing birds to examine the functions of nuclei in the song control pathway previously implicated anatomically. In several cases, lesions and other techniques were employed to test predictions derived from electrode recordings. Four major findings emerge from these studies. Single-unit recordings from telencephalic nucleus hyperstriatum ventrale, pars caudale (HVc) show several classes of neurons with apparently specialized roles in song production and/or sensorimotor interaction. The nucleus interfacialis (Nlf; Nottebohm, 1980), which provides an input to HVc and is anatomically the “highest” nucleus in the descending motor pathway, is uniquely placed among vocal control nuclei to be a generator of timing cues for song. ...

Discrete telencephalic nuclei HVc (hyperstriatum ventrale, pars caudale) and RA (nucleus robustus archistriatalis) have been implicated by lesion studies in the control of vocalization in songbirds. We demonstrate directly the role of HVc in vocalization by presenting neuronal recordings taken from HVc of singing birds. Intracellular recordings from anesthetized birds have shown that many neurons in HVc respond to auditory stimuli. We confirm this result in the extracellular recordings from awake-behaving birds and further demonstrate responses of HVc neurons to playback of the bird's own song. The functional significance of these responses is not yet clear, but behavioral studies show that auditory feedback plays a crucial role in the development of normal song. We show that the song-correlated temporal pattern of neural activity persists even in the deaf bird. Furthermore, we show that in the normal bird, the activity pattern correlated with production of certain song elements...

Invertebrates are dominant species in primary tropical rainforests, where their abundance and diversity contributes to the functioning and resilience of these globally important ecosystems. However, more than one-third of tropical forests have been logged, with dramatic impacts on rainforest biodiversity that may disrupt key ecosystem processes. We find that the contribution of invertebrates to three ecosystem processes operating at three trophic levels (litter decomposition, seed predation and removal, and invertebrate predation) is reduced by up to one-half following logging. These changes are associated with decreased abundance of key functional groups of termites, ants, beetles and earthworms, and an increase in the abundance of small mammals, amphibians and insectivorous birds in logged relative to primary forest. Our results suggest that ecosystem processes themselves have considerable resilience to logging, but the consistent decline of invertebrate functional importance is i...

O presente trabalho teve como objectivo investigar e desenvolver estratégias eficazes de maneio para pintos da raça Boscheveld no galinheiro do ITAK no município da Bibala na Comuna do Kapangombe e na província do Namibe. O período de colecta de dados compreendeu de Dezembro á Abril de 2024, fornecendo resultados de pintos com maneio razoável para o desenvolvimento das mesmas, para o maneio foram analisadas: comedouros, bebedouros, a instalação, higiene, a alimentação, a qualidade da ração das aves, com uma população de 362 pintos. Após o processamento dos dados, obteve-se os seguintes resultados: Falta de equipamentos necessários para realizar o maneio correcto do galinheiro: Adaptação climática; condições alimentares e equipamentos insuficientes têm sido uma das causas das mortes no galinheiro do ITAK; A implementação das práticas de maneio influenciou positivamente no funcionamento do galinheiro e na garantia do bem-estar das aves; Quanto ao maneio sanitário do galinheiro, incluindo vacinação, higiene, isolamento de aves, maneio de cama, procedência dos pintos, todas essas medidas visam reduzir os riscos de doenças;



Palavras-Chaves: Aves, maneio dos pintos e instalação, ração, mortalidade, Kapangombe

The Sarus crane, Grus antigone is a monogamous, non-migratory and world's tallest flying bird. This is the only resident breeding crane of Indian subcontinent, prefers open habitat like marsh areas, abundantly irrigated paddy fields, grass land and wetland. Its population is gradually decreasing and now globally threatened due to the shrinkage of natural habitats and enhanced human activities. On the contrary, a remarkable increase in the population of Sarus cranes was observed during a survey exercised from January to December 2021 in and around the Alwara Lake of district Kaushambi (Uttar Pradesh), India. This systematic survey was conducted to estimate the demographic variations in the population of Sarus cranes from 2013-2021.

Bangladesh has come a long way since its independence. ICDDR, B helped the improvement of social indicators and the wellbeing of people. ICDDR, B’s philosophy is simple: In identifying opportunities, it has targeted those sectors which the country needs most in order to progress and improve living standards. In the course of its growth, it has enhanced research capabilities that will serve for generations to come. Recruiting efficient and potential people, planning to develop human resources, exploring public health development opportunities, and information management had strengthened the effectiveness and image of ICDDR, B. In this report, we had elaborated all the above-mentioned processes.

This paper describes the level of adoption of biosecurity practices performed on Australian commercial chicken meat and layer farms and farmer-perceived importance of these practices. On-farm interviews were conducted on 25 free range layer farms, nine cage layer farms, nine barn layer farms, six free range meat chicken farms and 15 barn meat chicken farms in the Sydney basin bioregion and South East Queensland. There was a high level of treatment of drinking water across all farm types; town water was the most common source. In general, meat chicken farms had a higher level of adoption of biosecurity practices than layer farms. Cage layer farms had the shortest median distance between sheds (7.75m) and between sheds and waterbodies (30m). Equipment sharing between sheds was performed on 43% of free range meat chicken farms compared to 92% of free range layer farms. There was little disinfection of this shared equipment across all farm types. Footbaths and visitor recording books we...

The manner in which terrestrial ecosystems are regulated is controversial. The “top-down” school holds that predators limit herbivores and thereby prevent them from overexploiting vegetation. “Bottom-up” proponents stress the role of plant chemical defenses in limiting plant depredation by herbivores. A set of predator-free islands created by a hydroelectric impoundment in Venezuela allows a test of these competing world views. Limited area restricts the fauna of small (0.25 to 0.9 hectare) islands to predators of invertebrates (birds, lizards, anurans, and spiders), seed predators (rodents), and herbivores (howler monkeys, iguanas, and leaf-cutter ants). Predators of vertebrates are absent, and densities of rodents, howler monkeys, iguanas, and leaf-cutter ants are 10 to 100 times greater than on the nearby mainland, suggesting that predators normally limit their populations. The densities of seedlings and saplings of canopy trees are severely reduced on herbivore-affected islands,...

espanolMediante una revision de la literatura cientifica publicada entre los anos 1960 y 2010 referente a las aves silvestres del archipielago de Chiloe, se encontraron 70 articulos publicados desde los cuales se genero una sintesis informativa actualizada sobre el estado y desarrollo de la ornitologia en este archipielago. Durante la decada 1971-1980 las investigaciones ornitologicas en Chiloe estuvieron enfocadas hacia estudios sobre la abundancia y distribucion de las aves, dando comienzo (1981-1990) a investigaciones sobre interacciones interespecificas entre las aves y el bosque nativo, alcanzando su mayor desarrollo durante la decada 1991-2000. Entre dichos anos, aumento tanto el numero de articulos publicados como la diversidad de lineas de investigacion desarrolladas. En la decada 2001-2010, estudios sobre biologia reproductiva (aves marinas y terrestres) y relacionados a la biologia de la conservacion dominaron el universo de articulos encontrados. Los sitios de estudio don...

Understanding how pathogens and parasites diversify through time and space is fundamental to predicting emerging infectious diseases. Here, we use biogeographic, coevolutionary and phylogenetic analyses to describe the origin, diversity, and distribution of avian malaria parasites in the most diverse avifauna on Earth. We first performed phylogenetic analyses using the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b) gene to determine relationships among parasite lineages. Then, we estimated divergence times and reconstructed ancestral areas to uncover how landscape evolution has shaped the diversification of Parahaemoproteus and Plasmodium in Amazonia. Finally, we assessed the coevolutionary patterns of diversification in this host–parasite system to determine how coevolution may have influenced the contemporary diversity of avian malaria parasites and their distribution among Amazonian birds.Biogeographic analysis of 324 haemosporidian parasite lineages recovered from 4178 individual birds prov...