- Wake Forest University, Molecular Medicine, Department Memberadd
Aging-related illnesses are increasing and effective strategies to prevent and/or treat them are lacking. This is because of a poor understanding of therapeutic targets. Low-grade inflammation is often higher in older adults and remains a... more
Aging-related illnesses are increasing and effective strategies to prevent and/or treat them are lacking. This is because of a poor understanding of therapeutic targets. Low-grade inflammation is often higher in older adults and remains a key risk factor of aging-related morbidities and mortalities. Emerging evidence indicates that abnormal (dysbiotic) gut microbiome and dysfunctional gut permeability (leaky gut) are linked with increased inflammation in older adults. However, currently available drugs do not treat aging-related microbiome dysbiosis and leaky gut, and little is known about the cellular and molecular processes that can be targeted to reduce leaky gut in older adults. Here, we demonstrated that metformin, a safe Food and Drug Administration-approved antidiabetic drug, decreased leaky gut and inflammation in high-fat diet-fed older obese mice, by beneficially modulating the gut microbiota. In addition, metformin increased goblet cell mass and mucin production in the ob...
Research Interests: Inflammation, Medicine, Metformin, Mucin, Clinical Sciences, and 2 moreMicrobiome and Gut Flora(Microbiome and Gut Flora)
(Microbiome and Gut Flora)
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The neonatal calf, which is born with little or no humoral immunity, is totally dependent upon absorption of colostrally derived immunoglobulins mainly IgG for its early disease resistance through the process of passive transfer. They... more
The neonatal calf, which is born with little or no humoral immunity, is totally dependent upon absorption of colostrally derived immunoglobulins mainly IgG for its early disease resistance through the process of passive transfer. They represent a family of proteins with a range of protective bioactivities and classified into several classes as IgM, IgA, IgG, IgE and IgD. IgG, IgA and IgM are the major immunoglobulin classes in mammary secretions. In general, colostrum produced in large volumes will have lower Ig concentration than colostrum produced in smaller volumes. Increased neonatal morbidity and mortality from neonatal enteric, systemic, and respiratory diseases are well-accepted consequences of Failure of passive transfer (FPT). The conservation and bioavailability of IgG at all stages of mammalian life can be attributed to Fc receptor (FcRn). The β2 m acts as an integral component of FcRn heterodimer for its cell surface expression and in its absence, FcRn is retained in end...
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Gut microbiota and its metabolites like short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are linked with pathology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD)- a debilitating public health problem in older adults. However, strategies to beneficially modulate gut... more
Gut microbiota and its metabolites like short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are linked with pathology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD)- a debilitating public health problem in older adults. However, strategies to beneficially modulate gut microbiota and its sensing signaling pathways remain largely unknown. Here, we screened, validated and established the agonists of free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2) signaling, which senses beneficial signals from SCFAs produced by microbiota in the gut. We demonstrated that inhibition of FFAR2 signaling increases amyloid-beta (Aβ) stimulated neuronal toxicity. Thus, we screened FFAR2 agonists, using in-silico library of more than 144,000 natural compounds, and 15 compounds were selected based on binding with FFAR2 agonist sites. Further, cell culture toxicity and FFAR2 stimulatory experiments demonstrated that Fenchol (a natural compound commonly present in basil) was potent FFAR2 agonist in neuronal cells. Interestingly, we also demonstrated that Fenchol ...
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Research Interests: Inflammation, Medicine, Metformin, Mucin, Clinical Sciences, and 2 moreMicrobiome and Gut Flora(Microbiome and Gut Flora)
(Microbiome and Gut Flora)
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BackgroundAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is progressive debilitating public health problem, with no successful preventive and therapeutic strategy. Emerging evidence indicate that the gut microbiome and its metabolites like short chain fatty... more
BackgroundAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is progressive debilitating public health problem, with no successful preventive and therapeutic strategy. Emerging evidence indicate that the gut microbiome and its metabolites like short chain fatty acids (SCFAs; such as acetate, propionate, butyrate) contribute in AD pathology. SCFAs function as gut microbiome sensors on distinct cell types including neurons through activating G‐couple protein receptors like free fatty acid receptor 2/3 (FFAR2/3). Therefore, targeting this signaling can be a novel strategy to ameliorate AD pathology.MethodUpon screening of >144,000 natural compounds library with human FFAR2 docking patterns, and selected 14 compounds were further studied for FFAR2 signaling agonism by measuring phosph‐ERK1/2, cAMP and calcium levels in SK‐N‐SH cells that express FFAR2. In addition, selected compound (Fenchol) investigated for its beneficial effects on life‐span, Aβ accumulation, neurodegeneration and cognitive functions in Caenorhabditis (C.) elegans and cells.ResultWe demonstrated that FFAR2 expressed in neuronal cells, and its inhibition aggravates Aβ‐induced neuronal cell death. We screened >144,000 natural compound library with human FFAR2 docking patterns, and selected 14 compounds, based on higher binding energy. Further, among them, Fenchol shows highest FFAR2 signaling activation in terms of phospho‐ERK1/2, inhibition in cAMP and increase in intracellular calcium in SK‐N‐SH cells. Interestingly, Fenchol enhanced longevity in wild‐type (N2), and human Aβ42 over‐expressing CL2600 Caenorhabditis (C.) elegans strains. Fenchol also reduced Aβ aggregates, neurodegeneration induced paralysis and cognitive memory (by chemotaxis assay) in C. elegans. In addition, Fenchol induced reduction in Aβ aggregates are linked with significantly increased proteolysis and reduced senescence (β‐galactosidase staining) in C. elegans and neuronal cells.ConclusionOverall, results demonstrate that Fenchol (a microbiome sensor through FFAR2 agonist) ameliorates Aβ aggregation in neuronal cells through activation of proteolysis and reduces senescence which ultimately can ameliorate AD pathology.
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Disclosure summaryDr. Yadav is Chief Scientific Officer and Co-Founder of Postbiotics Inc and has no conflict of interest with this work. All other authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.BackgroundMetformin is the only approved... more
Disclosure summaryDr. Yadav is Chief Scientific Officer and Co-Founder of Postbiotics Inc and has no conflict of interest with this work. All other authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.BackgroundMetformin is the only approved first-line oral glucose lowering agent for youth with type 2 diabetes mellitus (Y-T2DM) but often causes gastrointestinal (GI) side effects, which may contribute to reduced treatment adherence and efficacy. Prebiotic intake may reduce metformin’s side effects by shifting microbiota composition and activity.ObjectiveThe aims of this study were to determine the feasibility and tolerability of a prebiotic supplement to improve metformin-induced GI symptoms and explore the changes in glycemia and shifts in the microbiota diversity.MethodsIn a two-phase pilot clinical trial, we compared, stool frequency and stool form every 1-2 days, and composite lower GI symptoms (weekly) at initiation of daily metformin combined with either a daily prebiotic or a pla...
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Decade-old studies have demonstrated that microbes living in our gut (microbiota) contribute to both maintaining normal metabolic function and to the pathology of metabolic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes. Emerging evidence... more
Decade-old studies have demonstrated that microbes living in our gut (microbiota) contribute to both maintaining normal metabolic function and to the pathology of metabolic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes. Emerging evidence suggests that gut microbiota influences the personalized effects of diets and drugs and impact the gut–brain axis and leaky gut inflammation to control metabolic function/diseases. Gut microbiota can be an ideal source of prognostic markers and therapies for metabolic diseases. Here we discuss the emerging concepts in the area of microbiota and metabolic interactions in personalized nutrition, drug response, and disease prognosis.
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ABSTRACTIncreased chronic inflammation is one of the key risk factors of aging-related disorders although its precise etiology remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that aged, but not young, microbiota triggers inflammation by promoting... more
ABSTRACTIncreased chronic inflammation is one of the key risk factors of aging-related disorders although its precise etiology remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that aged, but not young, microbiota triggers inflammation by promoting gut permeability (leaky gut) via disruption of mucus barriers. Levels of the beneficial short-chain fatty acid, butyrate, are suppressed in the aged gut. Consistent with feedback regulation, the expression of butyrate-sensing receptors, free fatty acid receptor 2/3 (FFAR2/3), are also reduced in aged gut. Butyrate treatment of aged mice revereses the reduced mucin production, increased gut permeability and inflammation associated with low butyrate levels. In agreement, intestine-specific FFAR2/3 knockout mice manifest a compromised gut phenotype typically seen in aged mice,, such as increased gut permeability and inflammation with reduced mucin production. Taken together, our results demonstrate that an aged gut microbiota causally instigates inflamm...
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ObjectiveAmple evidence exists for the role of abnormal gut microbiota composition and increased gut permeability (‘leaky gut’) in chronic inflammation that commonly co-occurs in the gut in both obesity and diabetes, yet the detailed... more
ObjectiveAmple evidence exists for the role of abnormal gut microbiota composition and increased gut permeability (‘leaky gut’) in chronic inflammation that commonly co-occurs in the gut in both obesity and diabetes, yet the detailed mechanisms involved in this process have remained elusive.DesignIn this study, we substantiate the causal role of the gut microbiota by use of faecal conditioned media along with faecal microbiota transplantation. Using untargeted and comprehensive approaches, we discovered the mechanism by which the obese microbiota instigates gut permeability, inflammation and abnormalities in glucose metabolism.ResultsWe demonstrated that the reduced capacity of the microbiota from both obese mice and humans to metabolise ethanolamine results in ethanolamine accumulation in the gut, accounting for induction of intestinal permeability. Elevated ethanolamine increased the expression of microRNA-miR-101a-3pby enhancing ARID3a binding on the miR promoter. IncreasedmiR-10...
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Progress in the field of bioinformatics is useful to understand the global network of genes and their protein products. Genetic variants of the ATP1A3 gene have been suggested to be involved in the salt hypertension and feed intake, all... more
Progress in the field of bioinformatics is useful to understand the global network of genes and their protein products. Genetic variants of the ATP1A3 gene have been suggested to be involved in the salt hypertension and feed intake, all of which may evidently affect heat production, heat loss and water mineral balance. In the present study, comparative analysis of ATP1A3 (ATPase Na+/K+ Transporting Subunit Alpha 3) proteins of different livestock species were carried out using bioinformatics tools. The results of this study indicate that most of physico-chemical properties were almost same in pig and cat. The global network analysis of ATP1A3 gene by, STRING 10 tool speculated its interaction with several other proteins like - ATP1A1, ATP1A2, ATP1A4, ATP1B1, ATP1B3, FXYD2 in different livestock species having high confidence score. The strong interaction was seen between ATP1B1 and ATP1A3 with a high score in pig. Molecular docking between ATP1A3 and ATP1B1 of pig has been carried o...
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A genetic analysis was conducted on void scat samples of twenty two tigers in Nandankanan Zoological Park, Bhubaneswar, Odisha. The importance of the study was to isolate the DNA from void faecal sample and to amplify the MC1R gene, one... more
A genetic analysis was conducted on void scat samples of twenty two tigers in Nandankanan Zoological Park, Bhubaneswar, Odisha. The importance of the study was to isolate the DNA from void faecal sample and to amplify the MC1R gene, one of the major genes responsible for body coat colour. The faecal sample was collected from central mucosal region which is rich in epithelial cast cell. DNA was isolated by using QIAamp DNA stool mini kit (QIAGEN). The quality and purity of the isolated DNA from void faecal sample was examined in the spectrophotometer. The desired MC1R gene sequence was amplified by designed primer developed by OligoAnalyzer. Therefore, Void faecal samples can be considered as preferred sources of DNA as these can be obtained from wild population or environment especially.
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Milk is often regarded as “nature’s most perfect food” because it contains essential nutrients needed for growth and development of calf as well as humans. Milk protein is two types- casein and whey protein. The most abundant β casein... more
Milk is often regarded as “nature’s most perfect food” because it contains essential nutrients needed for growth and development of calf as well as humans. Milk protein is two types- casein and whey protein. The most abundant β casein protein exist in A1 and A2 form which is determined by the presence of histidine and proline amino acid respectively. A1 milk is reported to have a negative impact on human health due to BCM-7, hypothesized to be released during digestion and a risk factor for certain diseases like DM-1, IHD, SIDS, autism etc. Majority of exotic breeds produce A1 type of milk whereas Indigenous cattle breeds have a higher frequency of A2 type of allele in their milk. Thus the issue of A1/A2 milk has remained controversial so far and there is no conclusion and final scientific opinion that consumption of A1 type of milk possesses high risk for above-mentioned diseases
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The advancement in bioscience to produce transgenic animals by introducing the foreign DNA into the germ line of an animal has elevated the potential of biological research to an unprecedented level. There are four principal methods used... more
The advancement in bioscience to produce transgenic animals by introducing the foreign DNA into the germ line of an animal has elevated the potential of biological research to an unprecedented level. There are four principal methods used in the pursuit of producing transgenic animals and they are DNA microinjection, embryonic stem cell mediated gene transfer, retrovirus mediated gene transfer and nuclear transfer. The foreign DNA can be inserted physically into the nucleus of host cells with very small syringe or with minute particles fired from a gene gun. The success rate in terms of live birth of animals containing the transgene is extremely low. However, the Testis mediated gene transfer (TMGT) has resulted a success rate of >94% in mice which is very high. Transgenic animals are the crux of various pursuits that benefit human. These are mainly utilized as transpharmers, xenotransplanters, scientific models, diseases models and food sources.
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The Whole Genome Sequencing Project developed enormous amount of data about the genetic architecture of organisms. But mere structural characterization of genome will ultimately not be the concluding stage; a functional characterization... more
The Whole Genome Sequencing Project developed enormous amount of data about the genetic architecture of organisms. But mere structural characterization of genome will ultimately not be the concluding stage; a functional characterization is essentially required for the complete understanding of genome biology. The temporal and spatial regulation of gene expression though occurs at several levels of central dogma process but regulation at transcriptional level is most important in vertebrates. Identification of transcription factors controlling gene expressions is becoming utmost important for understanding the regulation of gene expression. The Chromatin Immunoprecipiation (ChIP) assay provides a powerful technique for identifying the in vivo association of transcription factors with regulatory elements of a gene. ChIP allows enrichment of genomic regions which are associated with specific transcription factors, histone modifications, and indeed any other epitopes which are present on chromatin. The original ChIP methods used site-specific PCR and Southern blotting to confirm which regions of the genome were enriched, on a candidate basis. The combination of ChIP with genomic tiling arrays (ChIP-chip) and next generation sequencing now allowed a more unbiased approach to map ChIP-enriched sites.
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The gut microbiome plays an important role in obesity and Type 2 diabetes (T2D); however, it remains unclear whether the gut microbiome could clarify the dietary versus genetic origin of these ailments. Moreover, studies examining the gut... more
The gut microbiome plays an important role in obesity and Type 2 diabetes (T2D); however, it remains unclear whether the gut microbiome could clarify the dietary versus genetic origin of these ailments. Moreover, studies examining the gut microbiome in diet- versus genetically induced obesity/T2D in the same experimental set-up are lacking. We herein characterized the gut microbiomes in three of the most widely used mouse models of obesity/T2D, i.e., genetically induced (leptin-deficient i.e., Lepob/ob; and leptin-receptor-deficient i.e., Lepdb/db) and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese (DIO)/T2D mice, with reference to their normal chow-fed (NC) and low-fat-diet-fed (LF) control counterparts. In terms of β-diversity, Lepob/ob and Lepdb/db mice showed similarity to NC mice, whereas DIO and LF mice appeared as distinct clusters. The phylum- and genus-level compositions were relatively similar in NC, Lepob/ob, and Lepdb/db mice, whereas DIO and LF mice demonstrated distinct composition...
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Poultry supplemented with ginger and garlic improved growth and feed conversion ratio and decreased mortality rate. Garlic supplementation also responsible for enhancing the activity of pancreatic enzymes and provides an environment for... more
Poultry supplemented with ginger and garlic improved growth and feed conversion ratio and decreased mortality rate. Garlic supplementation also responsible for enhancing the activity of pancreatic enzymes and provides an environment for better absorption of nutrients. Dietary fermented garlic supplementation in poultry ration can increase the intestinal villus height, villus area, cell area and cell mitosis in the intestine and results in better feed conversion efficiency. The inclusion of ginger root powder at levels 0.5% and 1% in the diet had no significant (P>0.05) effect on Hb, PCV, RBC, MCV, MCH and MCHC percentage. The combined effect of garlic and ginger mixtures has greater influence as an anti-hypercholesterolemic agent that successfully reduced the cholesterol in the serum and also been used to prevent high blood pressure, high cholesterol level and cholesterol oxidation which are the primary causes of atherosclerosis, the precursor of cardiovascular diseases in poultry. It has been confirmed that garlic supplementation enhances immune system in poultry chicken due to rich aromatic oils which enhance digestion of birds due to modulation of intestinal microbiota. So, Japanese quail feed supplemented with ginger and garlic has resulted better production performance in terms of feed conversion ratio, body weight gain, disease resistant with enhanced immunity for better consumption by human being and animals.
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Type 1-diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic beta (β)-cells. Genetic and environmental interactions play an important role in immune system malfunction by priming an aggressive... more
Type 1-diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic beta (β)-cells. Genetic and environmental interactions play an important role in immune system malfunction by priming an aggressive adaptive immune response against β-cells. The microbes inhabiting the human intestine closely interact with the enteric mucosal immune system. Gut microbiota colonization and immune system maturation occur in parallel during early years of life; hence, perturbations in the gut microbiota can impair the functions of immune cells and vice-versa. Abnormal gut microbiota perturbations (dysbiosis) are often detected in T1D subjects, particularly those diagnosed as multiple-autoantibody-positive as a result of an aggressive and adverse immunoresponse. The pathogenesis of T1D involves activation of self-reactive T-cells, resulting in the destruction of β-cells by CD8+ T-lymphocytes. It is also becoming clear that gut microbes interact closely with T-cells....
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The advancement in bioscience to produce transgenic animals by introducing the foreign DNA into the germ line of an animal has elevated the potential of biological research to an unprecedented level. There are four principal methods used... more
The advancement in bioscience to produce transgenic animals by introducing the foreign DNA into the germ line of an animal has elevated the potential of biological research to an unprecedented level. There are four principal methods used in the pursuit of producing transgenic animals and they are DNA microinjection, embryonic stem cell mediated gene transfer, retrovirus mediated gene transfer and nuclear transfer. The foreign DNA can be inserted physically into the nucleus of host cells with very small syringe or with minute particles fired from a gene gun. The success rate in terms of live birth of animals containing the transgene is extremely low. However, the Testis mediated gene transfer (TMGT) has resulted a success rate of >94% in mice which is very high. Transgenic animals are the crux of various pursuits that benefit human. These are mainly utilized as transpharmers, xenotransplanters, scientific models, diseases models and food sources.
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Animal geneticists’ unvarying endeavor to maximize profit from livestock can be achieved by improving the genetic potential using appropriate selection methods. Genetic selection is an important tool for gaining maximum benefit from... more
Animal geneticists’ unvarying endeavor to maximize profit from livestock can be achieved by improving the genetic potential using appropriate selection methods. Genetic selection is an important tool for gaining maximum benefit from livestock. The improved reproductive efficiency and increased fertility rate of animal will ultimately pave the way for economic benefit of farmers. However, improvement of reproductive traits through selection is usually difficult to accomplish due to low heritability of traits. Therefore, immense efforts are being made to search some of major genes that would influence fecundity of animal. In this present context we focus on various SNPs of prolific genes associated with prolificacy in goat.
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Biotechnology is a conventional method in several areas of diagnosis and its application in the field of veterinary practice has only happening to appear with the potential to transform the veterinary field for treatment of animals. The... more
Biotechnology is a conventional method in several areas of diagnosis and its application in the field of veterinary practice has only happening to appear with the potential to transform the veterinary field for treatment of animals. The new techniques include the production of more specific antigens by the use of recombination, expression vectors and synthetic peptides. Coupled with the use of monoclonal antibodies, the sensitivity and specificity of a number of traditional types of diagnostic assays have been significantly improved. The improved advanced biotechnological techniques developed for treatment of animal are based on biosensor, proteomics and nanotechnology. These biotechnological applications hold great promise for improving the speed and accuracy of diagnostics for veterinary pathogens after establishing a good method of treatment in humans. However, much developmental work will be required to realise the potential with wellcharacterized, validated assay systems that p...
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The present study reviewed the development of different selection method ranging from traditional phenotypic procedure to recent advanced genomic selection technique for improvement of animals from February, 2017 to November, 2017. The... more
The present study reviewed the development of different selection method ranging from traditional phenotypic procedure to recent advanced genomic selection technique for improvement of animals from February, 2017 to November, 2017. The different optimal selection procedure focused to combine genetic gain and conserved genetic diversity to reform the selection and breeding procedure for the genetic improvement. Different theorems like natural selection, response to selection based on fitness, multilevel selection, selection method, neutral theory of selection and genomic selection were discussed to explain how the animal has adopted them to evolve better genetic merit. These theorems established to evidence higher accuracy in selection process thereby increasing the chances of success of the breeding programs. However, in future the models for estimation of breeding values and genetic values will be based entirely on DNA markers obtained from genotyping the animal or inferred from ot...
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PhD Scholar, Dept. of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, West Bengal, India. Assistant Professor, Professor and Head, Dept. of Animal Breeding and... more
PhD Scholar, Dept. of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, West Bengal, India. Assistant Professor, Professor and Head, Dept. of Animal Breeding and Genetics, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha., India. MVSc Scholar, Department of Microbiology, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha., India. Professor and Head, Dept. of Preventive Medicine, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha., India. Veterinary Assistance Surgeon, Nandankanan Zoological Park, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. *Corresponding author. e mail: sidpramishra44@gmail.com ABSTRACT: A study was carried out on the captive tigers of Nandankanan zoo, Odisha, India, to conclude any deleterious effect of inbreeding on mortality. A pedigree path analysis of 342 tigers was done to estimate the inbreedi...
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Crossbreeding in India was started during colonial era by East India Company and European missionaries. Military Farms were the first to start systematic crossbreeding work in India. After independence, ICAR has launched several... more
Crossbreeding in India was started during colonial era by East India Company and European missionaries. Military Farms were the first to start systematic crossbreeding work in India. After independence, ICAR has launched several crossbreeding programmes in cattle, sheep and goats with the aim to meet out ever growing demand of livestock products. Every state has its own cross breeding policy which is agro climatic and breed specific. Crossbreeding of non-descript animals with exotic germplasm has although resulted in increase in production and reproduction potential, but, indiscriminate crossbreeding resulted in breed dilution of valuable indigenous livestock in their native breeding tract. Along with these, crossbreds are poor to adapt harsh climate, susceptible to tropical diseases and require constant input of good managemental conditions compared to our indigenous livestock genetic resources which are far superior in these aspects. So, even though crossbreeding had initial succe...
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Division of Livestock production management, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India. 2 Department of Livestock Production and Management, College of Veterinary Science and A.H., Odisha University of Agriculture and... more
Division of Livestock production management, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India. 2 Department of Livestock Production and Management, College of Veterinary Science and A.H., Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India. Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37 K.B. Sarani, Kolkata700 037, India. Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science and A.H., Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India. Department of Livestock Production and Management, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37 K.B. Sarani, Kolkata700 037, India. Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37 K.B. Sarani, Kolkata700 037, India. Corresponding author. e-mail: kul.pani42@gmail.com ABSTRACT: One hundred fifty day-old sexed Vanaraja chicks (75 male + 75 female) were taken as experimental birds. Dis...
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The present study was conducted in collaboration with Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, OUAT and WBUAFS to review on new class of advanced molecular marker techniques derived from combination of earlier basic molecular marker... more
The present study was conducted in collaboration with Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, OUAT and WBUAFS to review on new class of advanced molecular marker techniques derived from combination of earlier basic molecular marker for the genetic improvement of livestock from December, 2016 to June, 2017. In the protein coding region of mtDNA, the cytochrome oxidase I gene has recently gained more attention in developing DNA barcodes for species identification and biodiversity analysis. Among, nuclear marker techniques, RAPD and AFLP are being applied to cDNA based templates to study patterns of gene expression through advanced technique like ESTs and SSCP. While RFPL and microsatellites techniques are used for detecting marker-QTL linkages that accomplished by the use of MAS, genetic fingerprinting and mixture models based on segregation analysis principle. The present study objective was to review the utility of advanced molecular marker technology for selection and genetic i...
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Principal component analysis (PCA) is a multivariate technique that analyzes a data table in which observations are described by several inter-correlated quantitative dependent variables. Its goal is to extract the important information... more
Principal component analysis (PCA) is a multivariate technique that analyzes a data table in which observations are described by several inter-correlated quantitative dependent variables. Its goal is to extract the important information from the statistical data to represent it as a set of new orthogonal variables called principal components, and to display the pattern of similarity between the observations and of the variables as points in spot maps. Mathematically, PCA depends upon the eigen-decomposition of positive semi-definite matrices and upon the singular value decomposition (SVD) of rectangular matrices. It is determined by eigenvectors and eigenvalues. Eigenvectors and eigenvalues are numbers and vectors associated to square matrices. Together they provide the eigen-decomposition of a matrix, which analyzes the structure of this matrix. Even though the eigen-decomposition does not exist for all square matrices, it has a particularly simple expression for matrices such as c...