Olframyo

Tungsten, ₇₄W
Tungsten
Pronunciation	/ˈtʌŋstən/ (TUNG-stən)
Alternative name	Wolfram, pronounced: /ˈwʊlfrəm/ (WUUL-frəm)
Allotropes	α-tungsteno (karaniwan), β-tungsteno
Appearance	Grayish white, lustrous
Standard atomic weight Ar°(W)
	183.84±0.01; 183.84±0.01 (pinaikli);
Tungsten in the periodic table
	tantalum ← tungsten → rhenium
Atomic number (Z)	74
Group	6
Period	6
Block	d-block
Electron configuration	[Xe] 4f14 5d4 6s2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 32, 12, 2
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solido
Melting point	3695 K (3422 °C, 6192 °F)
Boiling point	6203 K (5930 °C, 10706 °F)
Density (at 20° C)	19.254 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	17.6 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	52.31 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	774 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	24.27 J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	−4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (isang katamtamang asidikong oksido)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 2.36
Ionization energies	1st: 770 kJ/mol ; 2nd: 1700 kJ/mol ; ;
Atomic radius	empirical: 139 pm
Covalent radius	162±7 pm
	Mga linyang espektral ng tungsten
Other properties
Crystal structure	body-centered cubic (bcc) (cI2)
Lattice constant	a = 316.52 pm (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	4.42×10−6/K (at 20 °C)
Thermal conductivity	173 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity	52.8 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering	paramagnetic
Molar magnetic susceptibility	+59.0×10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)
Young's modulus	411 GPa
Shear modulus	161 GPa
Bulk modulus	310 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod	4620 m/s (at r.t.) (annealed)
Poisson ratio	0.28
Mohs hardness	7.5
Vickers hardness	3430–4600 MPa
Brinell hardness	2000–4000 MPa
CAS Number	7440-33-7
History
Discovery and first isolation	Juan José Elhuyar and Fausto Elhuyar (1783)
Named by	Torbern Bergman (1781)
Symbol	"W": mula sa Wolfram, orihinal mula sa Gitnang Mataas na Aleman na wolf-rahm 'bula ng lobo' na sinasalarawan ang mineral na wolpramita
Isotopes of tungsten t; b;
	Kategorya: Tungsten; tingnan; usapan; baguhin; \| references

Ang Tungsten /ˈtʌŋstən/ na kilala rin bilang wolfram /ˈwʊlfrəm/ (WUUL-frəm) ay isang kemikal na elemento na may kemikal na simbolong W at atomikong bilang na 74. Ang salitang Tungsten ay nagmula sa wikang Swedish na tung sten na direktang masasaling mabigat na bato.^[11]

Ang tungsten ay isang matigas at bihirang metal sa ilalim ng pamantayang mga kondisyon kung hindi isinama (uncombined). Ito ay natural na matatagpuan lamang sa mundo sa mga kemikal na compound. Ito ay natukoy bilang bagong elemento noong 1781 at unang naihiwalay bilang metal noong 1783. Ang mahalagang ore nito ay kinabibilangan ng wolframite at scheelite. Ang malayang elemento ay kahanga hanga sa pagiging matibay nito lalo na ang katotohanang ito ang may pinaka mataas na natutunaw na punto sa lahat ng mga hindi-alloy na metal at ikalawang pinakamataas sa lahat ng mga kemikal na elemento pagkatabos ng carbon. Kahanga hanga rin dito ang pagkakaroon nito ng mataas na densidad na 19.3 beses ng tubig at maikukumpara sa uranium at ginto at mas mataas (mga 1.7 beses) kesa sa tingga (lead)^[12] Tungsten with minor amounts of impurities is often brittle^[13] at katigasan na gumagawa ritong mahirap pagtrabahuhan. Gayunpaman, ang napaka purong tungsten bagaman matigas pa rin ay mas duktilo (ductile) at maaaring hiwain ng isang matigas na bakal na hacksaw.^[14]

Ang hindi alloyed na elemental na anyo nito ay pangunahing ginagamit sa mga elektrikal na aplikasyon. Ang maraming mga alloy ng tungles ay may maraming mga aplikasyon na ang pinakakilala rito ang inkandesenteng bombilyang filamento ng , tubo ng X-ray (bilang parehong filamento at inaasinta) at mga superalloy. Ang katigasan ng tungsten at mataas na densidad ay nagbibigay dito ng mga aplikasyong militar sa pagtagog ng mga prohektilo (projectile). Ang mga compound ng tungsten ay pinaka kalimitang ginagamit ng industriyal bilang mga katalista.

Ang tungsten ang tanging metal mula sa ikatlong transisyong serye na alam na umiiral sa mga biomolekula kung saan ito ay ginagamit sa ilang mga espesye ng bacteria. Ito ang pinakamabigat ng elementong alam na gingamit ng anumang buhay na organismo. Gayunpaman, ang tungsten ay nanghihimasok sa metabolismo ng molybdenum at tanso at medyo nakalalason sa buhay ng mga hayop.^[15]^[16]

Mga sanggunian

↑ "Standard Atomic Weights: Tungsten" (sa wikang Ingles). CIAAW. 1991.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
↑ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry (sa wikang Ingles). doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
↑ Berger, Dan. "Why does Tungsten not 'Kick' up an electron from the s sublevel ?". Bluffton College, USA.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
↑ Lide, David R., pat. (2009). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (ika-90th (na) edisyon). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 6-134. ISBN 978-1-4200-9084-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
↑ Tolias P. (2017). "Analytical expressions for thermophysical properties of solid and liquid tungsten relevant for fusion applications". Nuclear Materials and Energy. 13: 42–57. arXiv:1703.06302. Bibcode:2017arXiv170306302T. doi:10.1016/j.nme.2017.08.002. S2CID 99610871.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
↑ Lide, D. R., pat. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds" (PDF). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (ika-86th (na) edisyon). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0486-6. Inarkibo mula sa ang orihinal (PDF) noong 2011-03-03.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
↑ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. p. E110. ISBN 978-0-8493-0464-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
↑ "Tungsten". Royal Society of Chemistry. Royal Society of Chemistry. Nakuha noong Mayo 2, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
↑ van der Krogt, Peter. "Wolframium Wolfram Tungsten" (sa wikang Ingles). Elementymology& Elements Multidict. Inarkibo mula sa ang orihinal noong 2010-01-23. Nakuha noong 2010-03-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
↑ "Tungsten". Oxford English Dictionary (sa wikang Ingles) (ika-3 (na) edisyon). Oxford University Press. Setyembre 2005.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
↑ Daintith, John (2005). Facts on File Dictionary of Chemistry (ika-4th (na) edisyon). New York: Checkmark Books. ISBN 0816056498.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
↑ Lassner, Erik (1999). "low temperature brittleness". Tungsten: properties, chemistry, technology of the element, alloys, and chemical compounds. Springer. p. 256. ISBN 9780306450532. {{cite book}}: More than one of |pages= at |page= specified (tulong); Unknown parameter |coauthor= ignored (|author= suggested) (tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
↑ Stwertka, Albert (2002). A Guide to the elements (ika-2nd (na) edisyon). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195150260.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
↑ McMaster, J. and Enemark, John H (1998). "The active sites of molybdenum- and tungsten-containing enzymes". Current Opinion in Chemical Biology. 2 (2): 201–207. doi:10.1016/S1367-5931(98)80061-6. PMID 9667924.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: mga may-akda (link)
↑ Hille, Russ (2002). "Molybdenum and tungsten in biology". Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 27 (7): 360–367. doi:10.1016/S0968-0004(02)02107-2. PMID 12114025.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[1] "Standard Atomic Weights: Tungsten" (sa wikang Ingles). CIAAW. 1991.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[CIAAW2021-2] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry (sa wikang Ingles). doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[3] Berger, Dan. "Why does Tungsten not 'Kick' up an electron from the s sublevel ?". Bluffton College, USA.

[Arblaster_2018-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[CRC90-5] Lide, David R., pat. (2009). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (ika-90th (na) edisyon). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 6-134. ISBN 978-1-4200-9084-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[Tolias-6] Tolias P. (2017). "Analytical expressions for thermophysical properties of solid and liquid tungsten relevant for fusion applications". Nuclear Materials and Energy. 13: 42–57. arXiv:1703.06302. Bibcode:2017arXiv170306302T. doi:10.1016/j.nme.2017.08.002. S2CID 99610871.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[7] Lide, D. R., pat. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds" (PDF). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (ika-86th (na) edisyon). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0486-6. Inarkibo mula sa ang orihinal (PDF) noong 2011-03-03.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[8] Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. p. E110. ISBN 978-0-8493-0464-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[9] "Tungsten". Royal Society of Chemistry. Royal Society of Chemistry. Nakuha noong Mayo 2, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[sweetums-10] van der Krogt, Peter. "Wolframium Wolfram Tungsten" (sa wikang Ingles). Elementymology& Elements Multidict. Inarkibo mula sa ang orihinal noong 2010-01-23. Nakuha noong 2010-03-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[11] "Tungsten". Oxford English Dictionary (sa wikang Ingles) (ika-3 (na) edisyon). Oxford University Press. Setyembre 2005.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[daintith-12] Daintith, John (2005). Facts on File Dictionary of Chemistry (ika-4th (na) edisyon). New York: Checkmark Books. ISBN 0816056498.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[13] Lassner, Erik (1999). "low temperature brittleness". Tungsten: properties, chemistry, technology of the element, alloys, and chemical compounds. Springer. p. 256. ISBN 9780306450532. {{cite book}}: More than one of |pages= at |page= specified (tulong); Unknown parameter |coauthor= ignored (|author= suggested) (tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[albert-14] Stwertka, Albert (2002). A Guide to the elements (ika-2nd (na) edisyon). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195150260.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[15] McMaster, J. and Enemark, John H (1998). "The active sites of molybdenum- and tungsten-containing enzymes". Current Opinion in Chemical Biology. 2 (2): 201–207. doi:10.1016/S1367-5931(98)80061-6. PMID 9667924.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: mga may-akda (link)

[16] Hille, Russ (2002). "Molybdenum and tungsten in biology". Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 27 (7): 360–367. doi:10.1016/S0968-0004(02)02107-2. PMID 12114025.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

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