Queensland: Perbezaan antara semakan

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Queensland
Bendera Jata
Slogan atau nama samaran: Sunshine State, Smart State
Moto(s): "Audax at Fidelis" (Bold but Faithful)
Negeri dan wilayah Australia lain
Ibu negeri	Brisbane
Kerajaan	Perlembagaan persekutuan
Governor	Penelope Wensley
Premier	Anna Bligh (ALP)
Wakil persekutuan
- Kerusi Dewan	29
- Kerusi Senat	12
Keluaran Kasar State (2008-09)
- Produk ($m)	$224,187[1] (3rd)
- Produk per capita	$50,873 (ke-6)
Penduduk (Jun 2009)
- Populasi	4,406,800[2] (3rd)
- Kepadatan	2.55/km² (5th) 6.6 /sq mi
Kawasan
- Jumlah	1,852,642 km² (ke-2 terbesar) 715,309 sq mi
- Tanah	1,730,648 km² 668,207 sq mi
- Air	121,994 km² (6.58%) 47,102 sq mi
Ketinggian
- Tertinggi	Mount Bartle Frere +1,622 m (5,321 ft)
- Terendah
Zon waktu	AEST UTC+10 tidak memerhati DST
Singkatan
- Postal	QLD
- ISO 3166-2	AU-QLD
Lambang
- Faunal	Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus)
- Floral	Cooktown orchid (Dendrobium phalaenopsis)
- Bird	Brolga (Grus rubicunda)
- Aquatic	Barrier Reef Anemonefish (Amphiprion akindynos)
- Gem	Sapphire
- Colours	Maroon
Laman web	www.qld.gov.au

Koordinat: 23°0′S 143°0′E / 23.000°S 143.000°E / -23.000; 143.000 Queensland adalah sebuah negeri Australia yang menduduki bahagian barat laut benua tanah besar. Ia bersempadan Wilayah Utara di barat, Australia Selatan di barat daya dan New South Wales di selatan. Di timur, Queensland bersempadan dengan Coral Sea dan Pacific Ocean. Negeri ini adalah yang kedua terbesar di Australia mengikut kawasan, berikutnya Australia Barat, dan ketiga paling ramai selepas New South Wales dan Victoria.

Kawasan ini pertama diduduki oleh Orang Asli Australia dan Torres Strait Islanders, yang tiba di antara 40,000 dan 65,000 tahun yang lalu, menurut dengan pelbagai kaedah penarikhan.^[3] Kemudian, Queensland dijadikan sebuah Crown Colony British yang diasingkan dari New South Wales pada 6 Jun 1859, suatu tarikh kini dirayaikan tahunan sebagai Hari Queensland.

Kawasan yang kini membentuk Brisbane terdahulunya koloni tahanan Moreton Bay, ditujukan sebagai sebuah tempat untuk pada banduan recidivist yang telah membaut salah sementara melakukan hukuman mereka di New South Wales. Negeri ini kemudian mengalakkan perkampungan bebas, dan kini ekonomi Queensland didominasi oleh sektor pertanian, pelancong dan sumber semulajadi.

Penduduk negeri berpadat di Queensland Tenggara, yang termasuk ibu negeri Brisbane, Logan City, Redland City, Ipswich, Toowoomba, dan Gold Coast dan Sunshine Coast. Pusat serantau utama lain termasuk Cairns, Townsville, Mackay, Rockhampton, Bundaberg, Hervey Bay, Ingham dan Mount Isa.

Queensland sering dinamasamarankan Sunshine State, sejak ia menikmati cuaca panas dan bahagian agak banyak dari negeri berada di tropics.

Etimologi

Negeri ini dinamakan dengan mulianya Ratu Victoria,^[4] yang pada 6 Jun 1859 menandatangani suatu pengisytiharan mengasingkan negeri dari New South Wales. Pada waktu itu, Victoria telah menjadi sebuah raja masyhur yang umum, dan dia lebih suka sebuah nama eponymous untuk tanah jajahan baru ke atas Cooksland, yang telah dicadangkan oleh menteri Presbyterian tempatan yang berpengaruh John Dunmore Lang dengan mulianya pengendali Inggeris James Cook.^[5][6] Negeri Australia selatan Victoria juga dinamakan selepas beliau.

Sejarah

Sejarah Queensland menjangkau beribu-ribu tahun, merangkumi kehadiran indigenous yang berpanjangan, dan juga masa-masa berperistiwa selepas penubuhan Eropah. Dianggarkan telah diduduki oleh Orang Asli Australia lebih kurang 40,000 tahun yang lalu, rantau Australia barat laut telah dijelajahi oleh ahli pelayaran Belanda, Portugis dan Perancis sebelum ditemu oleh Kapten James Cook pada 1770. Jun 2009 menandakan ulang tahun 150 dari penciptaannya sebagai sebuah tanah jajahan terasing dari New South Wales.^[7] Negeri ini telah menyaksikan keadaan peperangan perbatasan di antara peneroka Eropah dan penduduk Asli, dan juga penggajian buruh murah Kanaka disumber dari South Pacific.

Geografi

Queensland disempadan di utara oleh Selat Torres dengan Pulau Boigu di tepi pantai New Guinea mewakili lampau utara keseluruhannya wilayah. The triangular Semenanjung Cape York, which points toward New Guinea is the northernmost part of the state's mainland. The western side of the peninsula is washed by the Gulf of Carpentaria, while its eastern side borders the Coral Sea, an arm of the Pacific Ocean. The eastern border is the Pacific Ocean. To the west, Queensland is bordered by the Northern Territory, at the 138°E longitude, and to the south-west by the north-eastern corner of South Australia.

In the south, there are three sections that comprise its border: the watershed from Point Danger to the Dumaresq River; the river section involving the Dumaresq, the MacIntyre and the Barwon; and 29°S latitude (including some minor historical encroachments below the 29th parallel) over to the South Australian border.

The state capital is Brisbane, located on the coast 100 kilometres (60 mi) by road north of the New South Wales border. The fifth-largest city by area in the world, Mount Isa, is located in Queensland. The city area is in excess of 40,000 square kilometres (15,400 sq mi). The state is divided into several officially recognised regions. Other smaller geographical regions of note include the Atherton Tablelands, the Granite Belt, and the Channel Country in the far south-west.

Queensland has many places of natural beauty, including: the Sunshine Coast and the Gold Coast having some of the state's most popular beaches; the Bunya Mountains and the Great Dividing Range with numerous lookouts, waterfalls and picnic areas; Carnarvon Gorge; Whitsunday Islands and Hinchinbrook Island.

The state contains five World Heritage listed preservation areas: Australian Fossil Mammal Sites at Riversleigh in the Gulf Country, Gondwana Rainforests of Australia, Fraser Island, Great Barrier Reef, and the Wet Tropics of Queensland.

Cuaca

Because of its size, there is significant variation in climate across the state. Low rainfall and hot summers are typical for the inland west, a monsoonal 'wet' season in the far north, and warm temperate conditions along the coastal strip. Inland and in southern ranges low minimum temperatures are experienced. The climate of the coastal strip is influenced by warm ocean waters, keeping the region free from extremes of temperature and providing moisture for rainfall.^[8]

There are five predominate climatic zones in Queensland^[9], based on temperature and humidity:

• hot humid summer (far north and coastal)
• warm humid summer (coastal elevated hinterlands and coastal south-east)
• hot dry summer, mild winter (central west)
• hot dry summer, cold winter (southern west)
• temperate - warm summer, cold winter (inland south-east, e.g. Granite Belt)

However, most of the Queensland populace experience two weather seasons: a "winter" period of rather warm temperatures and minimal rainfall and a sultry summer period of hot, sticky temperatures and higher levels of rainfall.

The annual mean statistics^[10] for some Queensland centres is shown below:

Bandar	Min. Temp	Max. Temp	No. Clear days	Rainfall
Brisbane	14 °C (57 °F)	26 °C (79 °F)	123	1061mm (42in)
Mackay	18 °C (64 °F)	27 °C (81 °F)	113	1667mm (66in)
Cairns	20 °C (68 °F)	29 °C (84 °F)	86	2223mm (88in)
Townsville	18 °C (64 °F)	29 °C (84 °F)	n/a	1144mm (45in)

The highest maximum temperature observed in the state is 49.5 °C (121 °F) at Birdsville on 24 December 1972 (The temperature of 53.1 °C (128 °F) at Cloncurry on 16 January 1889 is not considered official; the figure quoted from Birdsville is the next highest, so that record is considered as being official).

The lowest minimum temperature is −10.6 °C (13 °F) at Stanthorpe on 23 June 1961 and at The Hermitage on 12 July 1965. ^[11]

Demografi

Lihat juga: Demografi Australia

A smaller proportion of Queensland's population lives in the capital city than any other mainland state. As of June 2004 the capital city represented 45.7% of the population; for the whole country, capital cities represented 63.8% of the total population.

• Kristian: 70.9%:
  • Katolik Rom: 24.9%
  • Anglican: 22.3%
  • Uniting Church: 8.4%
  • Lutheran: 2.1%
  • Lain: 13.2%
• Bukan-Kristian: 2.3%
  • Agama Buddha: 1.1%
  • Islam: 0.4%
  • Agama Hindu: 0.3%
  • Agama Yahudi: 0.1%
  • Lain: 0.4%
• Tiada agama: 14.8%
• Tidak dinyatakan: 12.0%

Pada 9 Disember 2005, the population of Queensland officially reached 4 million. Queensland is the fastest growing state in Australia, with over 1,500 people moving to the state per week; 1,000 in the southern part of the state alone. Predictions show that Queensland will become Australia's second most populous state by the late 2020s. ^[12] According to Queensland's Office of Economic and Statistical Research the estimated population of the state at the end of 2007 was 4,228,290 which is almost 20% of Australia's total.

In 2007, Queensland recorded a TFR of 2.1, the highest since 1977.^[13]

Ekonomi

Queensland's economy has enjoyed a boom in the tourism and mining industries over the past 20 years. A sizeable influx of interstate and overseas migrants, large amounts of federal government investment, increased mining of vast mineral deposits and an expanding aerospace sector have contributed to the state's economic growth. The 2008-09 saw the expansion slow to just 0.8% the state's worst performance in 18 years.^[14]

Between 1992 and 2002, the growth in the Gross State Product of Queensland outperformed that of all the other states and territories. In that period Queensland's GSP grew 5.0% each year, while growth in Australia's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) rose on average 3.9% each year. Queensland's contribution to the Australian GDP increased by 10.4% in that period, one of only three states to do so.^[15]

In 2003 Brisbane had the lowest cost of living of all Australia's capital cities. In late 2005 Brisbane was the third most expensive capital for housing after Sydney and Canberra and just ahead of Melbourne by $15,000. By 2008, Queensland had the least affordable housing of any state or territory.^[16]

Primary industries include: bananas, pineapples, peanuts, a wide variety of other tropical and temperate fruit and vegetables, grain crops, wineries, cattle raising, cotton, sugar cane, wool and a mining industry including bauxite, coal, silver, lead, zinc, gold, and copper. Secondary industries are mostly further processing of the above-mentioned primary produce. For example, bauxite is shipped by sea from Weipa and converted to alumina at Gladstone.^[17] There is also copper refining and the refining of sugar cane to sugar at a number of mills along the eastern coastline. Major tertiary industries are the retail trade and tourism.

Pelancongan

Fail:DSCN1033.JPG

Tourism is Queensland's leading tertiary industry with millions of interstate and overseas visitors flocking to the Sunshine State each year. The industry generates $4.0 billion annually, accounting for 4.5% of Queensland's GSP.^[18] Queensland is a state of many landscapes that range from sunny tropical coastal areas, lush rainforests to dry inland areas.

The main tourist destinations of Queensland include, Brisbane, Far North Queensland including Cairns, Port Douglas and the Daintree Rainforest, Gold Coast, the Great Barrier Reef, Hervey Bay and nearby Fraser Island, North Queensland including Townsville and Magnetic Island, North Stradbroke Island and South Stradbroke Island, the Sunshine Coast and the Whitsundays known for Airlie Beach, Whitehaven Beach, Hamilton Island and Daydream Island.

The Gold Coast of Queensland is also sometimes referred to as "Australia's Theme Park Capital", with five major amusement parks. These are Dreamworld, Movie World, Sea World, Wet 'n' Wild and WhiteWater World.

There are also wildlife parks in Queensland, including:

Gold Coast

• Currumbin Wildlife Sanctuary at Currumbin
• David Fleay Wildlife Park at Burleigh Heads

Sunshine Coast

• UnderWater World at Mooloolaba
• Australia Zoo near Beerwah/Glass House Mountains, home of Steve Irwin until his death in 2006.

Brisbane

• Lone Pine Koala Sanctuary at Fig Tree Pocket
• Brisbane Forest Park at The Gap

North of Brisbane

• Alma Park Zoo at Dakabin
• Kumbartcho Wildlife Sanctuary (originally Bunya Park Wildlife Sanctuary)

Accommodation in Queensland caters for nearly 22% of the total expenditure, followed by restaurants/meals (15%), airfares (11%), fuel (11%) and shopping/gifts (11%).^[19]

Lihat juga: Tourism in Brisbane

Angkutan

Lihat juga: Angkutan di Australia

Queensland is served by a number of National Highways and, particularly in South East Queensland, high quality motorways such as the M1.

Principal rail services are provided by Queensland Rail and Pacific National, predominantly along the coamajor ports including the Port of Brisbane and subsidiary ports at Gladstone and Townsville.

Jet Vehicle services are Provided by Greenhouse Energy, Queensland Transport, Department of Main Roads, Defence Force Reserve of Queensland, Brisbane Jet Taxi and Australian Jetlines, Predominatly along the Airports, including the Brisbane Airport, Gold Coast Airport and Cairns Airport.

Brisbane Airport is the main international and domestic gateway serving the state. Gold Coast Airport and Cairns International Airport are the two next most prominent airports, both with scheduled international flights. Other regional airports, with scheduled domestic flights, include Great Barrier Reef Airport, Hervey Bay Airport, Mackay Airport, Mount Isa Airport, Proserpine / Whitsunday Coast Airport, Rockhampton Airport, Sunshine Coast Airport and Townsville Airport.

South East Queensland is governed by an integrated public transport system, TransLink, which provides bus, rail and ferry services. Regional bus andlong-distance rail services are also provided throughout the State. Local bus services are also available in most regional centres.

Kerajaan

Executive authority is vested in the Governor, who represents and is appointed by Queen Elizabeth II on the advice of the Premier. The current governor is Ms. Penelope Wensley, AO. The head of government is the Premier, who is appointed by the Governor but must have the support of the Legislative Assembly. The current Premier is Anna Bligh, of the Australian Labor Party. Other ministers, forming the Executive Council, are appointed by the governor from among the members of the Legislative Assembly on the Premier's recommendation.

The Queensland Parliament or the Legislative Assembly, is unicameral. It is the only Australian state with a unicameral legislature. A bicameral system existed until 1922, when the Legislative Council was abolished by the Labor members' "suicide squad," so called because they were appointed for the purpose of voting to abolish their own offices.

The judicial system of Queensland consists of the Supreme Court and the District Court, established by the Queensland Constitution, and various other courts and tribunals established by ordinary Acts of the Queensland Parliament.

In 2001 Queensland adopted a new codified constitution, repealing most of the assorted Acts of Parliament that had previously made up the constitution. The new constitution took effect on 6 June 2002, the anniversary of the formation of the colony of Queensland by the signing of Letters Patent by Queen Victoria in 1859.

Universiti

• Australian Catholic University (Brisbane campus)
• Bond University
• Central Queensland University
• Griffith University
• James Cook University
• Queensland University of Technology
• University of Queensland
• University of Southern Queensland
• University of the Sunshine Coast

Sukan

The state of Queensland is represented in all of Australia's national sporting competitions and is also host to a number of domestic and international sporting events. The most popular summer and winter team sports are cricket and rugby league, respectively. The annual rugby league State of Origin series is a major event in the Queensland sporting calendar.

Swimming is also a popular sport in Queensland, with a majority of Australian team members and international medalists hailing from the state. At the 2008 Summer Olympics, Queensland swimmers won all six of Australia's gold medals, all swimmers on Australia's three female (finals) relays teams were from Queensland, two of which won gold. This on top of Queensland's State of Origin dominance in which they won the third of four Origin series in succession.

Pasukan profesional utama termasuk:

• Australian Football: Brisbane Lions
• Basketball: Townsville Crocodiles, Cairns Taipans and the Gold Coast Blaze
• Cricket: Queensland Bulls
• Football (soccer): Brisbane Roar, North Queensland Fury and Gold Coast United
• Netball: Queensland Firebirds
• Rugby League:
  • Representative: Queensland Maroons
  • Clubs: Brisbane Broncos, Gold Coast Titans and the North Queensland Cowboys
• Rugby Union: Queensland Reds

Peristiwa termasuk:

• Gold Coast Indy 300
• State of Origin
• Queensland 400
• Quicksilver Pro and Roxy Pro

Lihat juga

• Queensland Council of Unions
• Queensland Day
• Queensland Expatriate Awards
• Queensland Police
• Sport in Queensland
• Queensland State Archives

Senarai:

• Governors of Queensland
• Local Government Areas of Queensland
• List of highways in Queensland
• List of Queenslanders
• List of schools in Queensland
• Premiers of Queensland
• Protected areas of Queensland
• Regions of Queensland

Rujukan

Pautan luar

Wikimedia Commons mempunyai media berkaitan: Queensland.

• Government of Queensland
• Queensland Government skilled and business migration site
• Governor of Queensland
• Parliament of Queensland
• Premier of Queensland
• Official State Tourism Organisation
• Queensland Art Gallery
• Translink - Public Transport in Queensland- Bus Train Ferry
• Queensland State Archives

Templat:Queensland