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The chemical constituents and antioxidant activity of the crude extracts of Mentha spicata were investigated. Phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of sugar, flavonoids and alkaloids in the crude extracts of Mentha spicata.... more
The chemical constituents and antioxidant activity of the crude extracts of Mentha spicata were investigated. Phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of sugar, flavonoids and alkaloids in the crude extracts of Mentha spicata. GC-TOFMS (Gas Chromatography Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry) analysis indicated the presence of fatty acid methyl esters (hexa decane, hepta decane, octa decane) terpenoids, terpenoid alcohol, caryophyllene and glycosides. Total phenolic components of the crude extracts was found to be 27.26±0.62 mg/g gallic acid equivalent which was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method. The DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity was found to increase with increasing concentrations and was found to be 54.84±0.57% with an IC50 value of 25.2µg/ml. The reported antioxidant activity may be due to the presence of flavonoids and fatty acid methyl esters which has the scavenging potential by reducing the free radicals.
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Natural products such as natural food are the richest bio-resource of bioorganic compounds for modern medicines, nutraceuticals, food supplements and pharmaceutical applications. The research and application on natural food started with... more
Natural products such as natural food are the richest bio-resource of bioorganic compounds for modern medicines, nutraceuticals, food supplements and pharmaceutical applications. The research and application on natural food started with the extraction techniques that play an important role to the extraction quantity (Yield), quality (extracted phytochemicals) and also to the subsequent analyses accomplished to evaluate the biological and chemicals activities. Various types of technologies with different principles of extraction of bioorganic compounds are available today. Based on the literature the conventional extraction methods show better recoveries of bioorganic substances of natural food. Also, conventional extraction methods facilitate the extraction of high concentration of bioorganic substances with the safe solvents system such as pure ethanol. Moreover, conventional extraction methods is still widely used due to its simplicity. However, the conventional extraction methods is not always suitable for industrial uses due to long extraction time and large consumption of harmful solvents systems such as methanol. Therefore, modern non-conventional extraction methods could be an alternative extraction method. Hence, in spite of good results achieved with the conventional extraction methods, modern non-conventional extraction methods was established to search for a faster and better extraction method consuming less solvent, especially those that are unattractive in food industry. This chapter is intended to provide insights on conventional and non-conventional extraction methods with their advantages and disadvantage or limitation.
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Research Interests: Genetics, Biology, Malaria, Virology, Medicine, and 15 moreHumans, Peptides, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Patients, High Pressure Liquid Chromatography, Molecular sciences, C reactive protein, Plasmodium falciparum, Biological markers, iTRAQ, Plasmodium Knowlesi, Immunoglobulins, Plasmodium Vivax, Cell Adhesion Molecules, and Down-Regulation
Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is a green material that has widespread applications in pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics, and other industries because of its biocompatibility, biodegradability, hydrophilicity, and acid-insolubility. In... more
Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is a green material that has widespread applications in pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics, and other industries because of its biocompatibility, biodegradability, hydrophilicity, and acid-insolubility. In this study, MCC was prepared from cotton waste via alkaline treatment and sulfuric acid hydrolysis. Further, the synthesized cotton-based MCC was characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopies. Based on these results, the major components were identified as carbon and oxygen. This finding was evidenced by the FTIR analysis, which displayed peak wavenumbers at 3446.9, 2891.1, 1649.5, 1380.1, 1061.2, and 1050 to 1150 cm-1. The surface morphology was also examined by field emission scanning electron microscopy and field emission transmission electron microscopy, which showed that the prepared MCC has a smooth surface and a consistent, rod-like shape. In addition, the MCC exhibited t...
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With advancements in bionanotechnology, the field of nanobiocatalysts has undergone rapid growth and revolutionized various nanomaterials as novel and fascinating nanocarriers for enzyme immobilization. Nanotubes, nanofibers, nanopores,... more
With advancements in bionanotechnology, the field of nanobiocatalysts has undergone rapid growth and revolutionized various nanomaterials as novel and fascinating nanocarriers for enzyme immobilization. Nanotubes, nanofibers, nanopores, nanoparticles, and nanocomposites have been successfully developed and used as nanocarriers. The construction of robust nanobiocatalysts by combining enzymes and nanocarriers using various enzyme immobilization techniques is gaining incredible attention because of their extraordinary catalytic performance, high stability, and ease of reusability under different physical and chemical conditions. Creating appropriate surface chemistry for nanomaterials promotes their downstream applications. This review discusses enzyme immobilization on nanocarriers and highlights the techniques, properties, preparations, and applications of nanoimmobilized enzymes.
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Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a glycoprotein, one of the common tumor biomarkers, found at low levels in body fluids. Generally, overexpression of CEA is found in various cancers, including ovarian, breast, lung, colorectal, gastric,... more
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a glycoprotein, one of the common tumor biomarkers, found at low levels in body fluids. Generally, overexpression of CEA is found in various cancers, including ovarian, breast, lung, colorectal, gastric, and pancreatic cancers. Since CEA is an important tumor biomarker, the quantification of CEA is helpful for diagnosing cancer, monitoring tumor progression, and the follow-up treatment. This research develops a highly sensitive sandwich aptasensor for CEA identification on an interdigitated electrode sensor. Carbon-based material was used to attach a higher anti-CEA capture aptamer onto the sensor surface through a chemical linker, and then, CEA was quantified by the aptamer. Furthermore, CEA-spiked serum was tested by using the immobilized aptamer, which was found to not affect the target validation. The limit of detection for CEA in PBS and serum is calculated from a linear regression graph to be 0.5 ng/mL with R2 values of 0.9593 and 0.9657, resp...
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The undergraduate dental degree in Malaysia is regulated by the Malaysian Dental Council (MDC) (Standard of Undergraduate Competencies), Code of Professional Conduct of the Malaysian Dental Council, the Malaysian Qualification Framework... more
The undergraduate dental degree in Malaysia is regulated by the Malaysian Dental Council (MDC) (Standard of Undergraduate Competencies), Code of Professional Conduct of the Malaysian Dental Council, the Malaysian Qualification Framework 2.0 and the Malaysian Quality Agency (MQA) quality assurance documents. These primary documents emphasize the importance of professional ethics and law in dentistry as will be further detailed and discussed later. This study reflects on the need to integrate ethics, professionalism and law with sufficient coverage in terms of content and emphasis in the dental undergraduate curriculum. Literature and benchmarking practices are reviewed for a deeper reflection of the current needs in a professional dental ethics and law education course. The present study is primarily focused on regulatory requirements, legal cases and comparative literature to serve as a reference on how professional ethics and law courses may be conducted. As an incidental measure, ...
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Research Interests: Traditional Medicine, Biology, Medicinal Plants, Mitochondria, Medicine, and 12 morePhytomedicine, Phytotherapy, Humans, Biogenesis, MITOCHONDRIAL BIOGENESIS, Organelle biogenesis, Public health systems and services research, Neoplasms, Mitophagy, Cell Proliferation, Intracellular, and Mitochondrion
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Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a prevalent type of head and neck cancer, ranked as the sixth most common cancer worldwide, accounting for approximately 300,000 new cases and 145,000 deaths annually. Early detection using... more
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a prevalent type of head and neck cancer, ranked as the sixth most common cancer worldwide, accounting for approximately 300,000 new cases and 145,000 deaths annually. Early detection using biomarkers significantly increases the 5-year survival rate of OSCC by up to 80–90%. Clusterin (CLU), also known as apolipoprotein J, is a sulfated chaperonic glycoprotein expressed in all tissues and human fluids and has been reported to be a potential biomarker of OSCC. CLU has been implicated as playing a vital role in many biological processes such as apoptosis, cell cycle, etc. Abnormal CLU expression has been linked with the development and progression of cancers. Despite the fact that there are many studies that have reported the involvement of CLU and its isoforms in OSCC, the exact roles of CLU and its isoforms in OSCC carcinogenesis have not been fully explored. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the current understanding of CLU...
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Carbon dots (CDs) are a new category of crystalline, quasi-spherical fluorescence, “zero-dimensional” carbon nanomaterials with a spatial size between 1 nm to 10 nm and have gained widespread attention in recent years. Green CDs are... more
Carbon dots (CDs) are a new category of crystalline, quasi-spherical fluorescence, “zero-dimensional” carbon nanomaterials with a spatial size between 1 nm to 10 nm and have gained widespread attention in recent years. Green CDs are carbon dots synthesised from renewable biomass such as agro-waste, plants or medicinal plants and other organic biomaterials. Plant-mediated synthesis of CDs is a green chemistry approach that connects nanotechnology with the green synthesis of CDs. Notably, CDs made with green technology are economical and far superior to those manufactured with physicochemical methods due to their exclusive benefits, such as being affordable, having high stability, having a simple protocol, and being safer and eco-benign. Green CDs can be synthesized by using ultrasonic strategy, chemical oxidation, carbonization, solvothermal and hydrothermal processes, and microwave irradiation using various plant-based organic resources. CDs made by green technology have diverse app...
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Specific, sensitive and rapid detection of human plasmodium knowlesi infection by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) in blood samples
Copyright © 2015 Aik-Aun Tan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is... more
Copyright © 2015 Aik-Aun Tan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Breast cancer is one of the major issues in the field of oncology, reported with a higher prevalence rate in women worldwide. In attempt to reveal the potential biomarkers for breast cancer, the findings of differentially glycosylated haptoglobin and osteonectin in previous study have drawn our attention towards glycoproteins of secretome from the MCF-7 cancer cell line. In the present study, further analyses were performed on the medium of MCF-7 cells by subjecting it to two-dimensional analyses followed by image analysis in contrast to the medium of human mammary epithelial cells (HMEpC) as a negative control. Carboxypeptidase A4 (CPA4), alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT), haptoglobin (HP), and HSC70 were detected in the medium of MCF-7, while...
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Breast cancer is the second most fatal cancer in American women. To increase the life expectancy of patients with breast cancer new diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and drug targets must be identified. A change in the glycosylation on... more
Breast cancer is the second most fatal cancer in American women. To increase the life expectancy of patients with breast cancer new diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and drug targets must be identified. A change in the glycosylation on a glycoprotein often causes a change in the function of that glycoprotein; such a phenomenon is correlated with cancerous transformation. Thus, glycoproteins in human breast cancer estrogen receptor positive (ER+) tissues and those in the more advanced stage of breast cancer, estrogen receptor negative (ER-) tissues, were compared. Glycoproteins showing differences in glycosylation were examined by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis with double staining (glyco- and total protein staining) and identified by reversed-phase nano-liquid chromatography coupled with a hybrid linear quadrupole ion trap/ Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer. Among the identified glycosylated proteins are alpha 1 acid glycoprotein, alpha-1-antitrypsin,...
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Cervical cancer is a life-threatening complication, appearing as the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the lining of the cervix. Every year, increasing numbers of cervical cancer cases are reported worldwide. Different... more
Cervical cancer is a life-threatening complication, appearing as the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the lining of the cervix. Every year, increasing numbers of cervical cancer cases are reported worldwide. Different identification strategies were proposed to detect cervical cancer at the earlier stages using various biomarkers. Squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC-Ag) is one of the potential biomarkers for this diagnosis. Nanomaterial-based detection systems were shown to be efficient with different clinical biomarkers. In this study, we have demonstrated strontium oxide-modified interdigitated electrode (IDE) fabrication by the sol-gel method and characterized by scanning electron microscopy and high-power microscopy. Analysis of the bare devices indicated the reproducibility with the fabrication, and further pH scouting on the device revealed that the reliability of the working pH ranges from 3 to 9. The sensing surface was tested to detect SCC-Ag against its specific an...
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Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) was performed at room temperature using Aloe vera plant extract in the presence of ammoniacal silver nitrate as a metal salt precursor. The formation of AgNP was monitored by UV-visible... more
Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) was performed at room temperature using Aloe vera plant extract in the presence of ammoniacal silver nitrate as a metal salt precursor. The formation of AgNP was monitored by UV-visible spectroscopy at different time intervals. The shape and size of the synthesized particle were visualized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations. These results were confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses and further supported by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy/Raman scattering (SERS) study. UV-visible spectrum has shown a sharp peak at 420 nm and further evidenced by FTIR peak profile (at 1587.6, 1386.4, and 1076 cm−1 with corresponding compounds). The main band position with SERS was noticed at 1594 cm−1 (C–C stretching vibration). When samples were heated under microwave radiation, AgNP with octahedron shapes with 5–50 nm were f...
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Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is a green material that has widespread applications in pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics, and other industries owing to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, hydrophilicity, and acid-insolubility.... more
Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is a green material that has widespread applications in pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics, and other industries owing to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, hydrophilicity, and acid-insolubility. Therefore, this study presented a simple, fast, and cost-effective approach for preparing MCC from laboratory cotton via alkaline treatment and sulfuric acid hydrolysis. Further, the synthesized cotton-based MCC was characterized using FTIR, XPS, and EDX. Based on these results, the major components were identified as carbon and oxygen. This finding was evidenced by the FTIR analysis, which displayed peak wavelength at 3446.94 cm− 1, 2891.11 cm− 1, 1649.50 cm− 1, 1380.1 cm− 1, 1061.19 cm− 1, and 1050–1150 cm− 1. The surface morphology was also examined by FESEM and FETEM, which showed that the prepared MCC has a smooth surface and a consistent, rod-like shape. In addition, the MCC exhibited the typical diffraction peaks of a crystalline structure of cellu...
Apoptosis is a process of a programmed cell death in all mammalian cells. Gaining understanding into the modern methods for detection of apoptotic cells will let the development of therapeutic agents with the properties to induced... more
Apoptosis is a process of a programmed cell death in all mammalian cells. Gaining understanding into the modern methods for detection of apoptotic cells will let the development of therapeutic agents with the properties to induced apoptotic cells death in cancer therapy. In this context, modern methods for detection of apoptotic cells play an important role to characterize the dying cells. In the present review, we outline the modern methods that are based on morphological analysis, flow cytometry analysis, cell quantification and mitochondrial membrane potential (∆ψm) for detection of apoptotic cells death. We also present the basic principle of apoptotic cells death and related latest information in this review.
Medicinal plants are sources of antioxidant compounds that have been reported to protect the human body from the adverse effects of free radicals. Therefore, the present study was intended to identify the DPPH (2,... more
Medicinal plants are sources of antioxidant compounds that have been reported to protect the human body from the adverse effects of free radicals. Therefore, the present study was intended to identify the DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free-radical scavenging constituent from the methanol extract of Polyalthia longifolia leaf using bioassay-guided fractionation. On the basis of DPPH radical scavenging assay-guided isolation, the leaf extract of P. longifolia was separated by employing a solvent partition of methanol leaf extract followed by Medium Pressure Liquid Chromatography (MPLC) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) fractionation. The ethyl acetate fraction (EtOAc) revealed a strong antioxidant activity, compared to other fractions through in vitro DPPH radical-scavenging assay. The repeated fractionation of active EtOAc by MPLC separation and elution procedure yielded a sub-fraction EtOAc_F007 with strong antioxidant potential. The results indicated that th...
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Background Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has increased in incidence from 1990 to 2017, especially in South and Southeast Asia. It is often diagnosed at an advanced stage with a poor prognosis. Therefore, early detection of OSCC is... more
Background Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has increased in incidence from 1990 to 2017, especially in South and Southeast Asia. It is often diagnosed at an advanced stage with a poor prognosis. Therefore, early detection of OSCC is essential to improve the prognosis of OSCC. This study aims to identify the differentially expressed serum proteins as potential biomarkers for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Methods Comparative proteomics profiling of serum samples from OSCC patients, oral potentially malignant disorder (OPMD) patients, and healthy individuals were performed using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) (n = 60) and bioinformatics analysis. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (n = 120) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) (n = 70) were used to confirm our findings. Results The 2-DE analysis revealed that 20 differentially expressed proteins were detected in OPMD and OSCC (p
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Highly sensitive and easy detection method for Alzheimer's disease (AD) with a suitable biomarker is mandatory for preventing the factors resulting from AD. This research reports a modified ELISA with graphene for the detection of AD... more
Highly sensitive and easy detection method for Alzheimer's disease (AD) with a suitable biomarker is mandatory for preventing the factors resulting from AD. This research reports a modified ELISA with graphene for the detection of AD biomarker amyloid beta (Aβ) oligomer. Gold nanoparticle (AuNP) conjugated aptamer was used as the capture probe and attached on ELISA-graphene oxide surface through the amine linker. Antibody was used as the detection molecule to reach the maximum detection of Aβ oligomer. Suitable level of APTMS (2%), size of AuNP (30 nm) and aptamer concentration (2 μM) were optimized. This sandwich pattern of aptamer-Aβ oligomer-antibody helps to reach the detection at 50 pM on the optimized ELISA surface and the control experiments in the absence of Aβ oligomer or anti-Aβ oligomer antibody did not show the significant optical detection at 492 nm, indicting the specific detection. Further, Aβ oligomer spiked artificial cerebrospinal fluid did not interfere the detection of Aβ oligomer, confirming the selective detection. This new and modified ELISA surface helps to reach the lower detection of Aβ oligomer and diagnose AD.
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17β‐Estradiol‐E2 (17β‐E2) is a steroid hormone that plays a major role in the reproductive endocrine system and is involved in various processes, such as pregnancy, fertility, and menopause. In this study, the performance of an... more
17β‐Estradiol‐E2 (17β‐E2) is a steroid hormone that plays a major role in the reproductive endocrine system and is involved in various processes, such as pregnancy, fertility, and menopause. In this study, the performance of an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for 17β‐E2 quantification was enhanced by using a gold nanoparticle (GNP)‐conjugated aptamer. An anti‐17β‐E2–aptamer–GNP antibody was immobilized on an amine‐modified ELISA surface. Then, 17β‐E2 was allowed to interact with and be sandwiched by antibodies. Aptamer–GNP conjugation was confirmed by colorimetric assays via the naked eye and UV–visible light spectroscopy. The detection limit based on a signal‐to‐noise ratio (S/N) of 3 was estimated to be 1.5 nM (400 pg/mL), and the linear range was 1.5–50 nM. Control experiments (without 17β‐E2/with a complementary aptamer sequence/with a nonimmune antibody) confirmed the specific detection of 17β‐E2. Moreover, 17β‐E2 spiking of human serum did not interrupt the interaction between 17β‐E2 and its antibody and aptamer. Thus, the developed ELISA can be used as an alternate assay for quantification of 17β‐E2 and assessment of endocrine‐related gynecological problems.
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Background: Polyalthia longifolia is a popular medicinal plant and have been widely used as traditional remedy for centuries in curing of various ailments. The purpose of this study was conducted to determine the in situ antimicrobial... more
Background: Polyalthia longifolia is a popular medicinal plant and have been widely used as traditional remedy for centuries in curing of various ailments. The purpose of this study was conducted to determine the in situ antimicrobial synergistic effects between Polyalthia longifolia leaf ethyl acetate fraction (PLEAF) and ampicillin against MRSA local isolate by using modern microscopy technique. Methods: Hence, the evaluation of synergistic activity of PLEAF and ampicillin against MRSA local isolate was conducted with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: The combinational effect of PLEAF fraction and ampicillin exhibited a significant antibacterial activity against MRSA. Bacterial cells observations showed invagination, impaired cell division, extensive wrinkles, cell shrinkage, appearance of rougher cell with fibrous matrix and clustered cells which confirmed synergistic effect of PLEAF and ampicillin against MRSA local isolate by SEM. Conclusion: Conclusively, the in sit...
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Cervical, ovarian, and endometrial cancers are common in the female reproductive system. Cervical cancer starts from the cervix, while ovarian cancer develops when abnormal cells grow in the ovary. Endometrial or uterine cancer starts... more
Cervical, ovarian, and endometrial cancers are common in the female reproductive system. Cervical cancer starts from the cervix, while ovarian cancer develops when abnormal cells grow in the ovary. Endometrial or uterine cancer starts from the lining of the womb in the endometrium. Approximately 12,000 women are affected every year by cervical cancer in the United States. Squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC-Ag) is a well-established biomarker in serum for diagnosing gynecological cancers, and its levels were observed to be elevated in cervical, ovarian, and endometrial cancer patients. Moreover, SCC-Ag was used to identify the tumor size and progression stages. Various biosensing systems have been proposed to identify SCC-Ag; herein, enhanced interdigitated electrode sensing is presented with the use of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) to conjugate an antigen/antibody. It was proved that the limit of detection is 62.5 fM in the case of antibody-GNP, which is 2-fold higher than that by SCC...
Abstract Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is the vascular disease forming when aorta in the abdomen swells. AAA with the size of 5.5 and above has possibility to rupture and leads a death. Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF1) is the... more
Abstract Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is the vascular disease forming when aorta in the abdomen swells. AAA with the size of 5.5 and above has possibility to rupture and leads a death. Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF1) is the circulating biomarker for AAA diagnosis, in this study IGF1 was detected by the improved Enzyme linked Immunoassay (ELISA). The conventional ELISA necessitates the improvement due to the lesser sensitivity than modern sensors. Higher biomolecular immobilization is one of the wise ways to enhance the sensitivity. This study was aimed to capture a higher number of IGF1 on ELISA surface through the aminated silica (SiO2) nanoparticle with the size measured to be 80−100 nm. On the amine-SiO2 modified surface, Glutaraldehyde (GLU) complexed IGF1 was chemically bonded. It was found that 400 pM of IGF1 detected on amine-SiO2 modified ELISA, whereas the conventional ELISA without nanoparticle mediation shows the limit of detection as 12.5 nM with ∼30 times lower detection. The selectivity experiment was carried out with the mixture of IGF1 and relevant proteins (IGF2 and IGFBP3), and it was noticed that anti-IGF1 selectively detected IGF1. This nanoparticle-mediated surface immobilization captured a higher rate of antigen on a larger surface created for high-performance detection.
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Gestational hypertension is one of the complicated disorders during pregnancy; it causes the significant risks, such as placental abruption, neonatal deaths, and maternal deaths. Hypertension is also responsible for the metabolic and... more
Gestational hypertension is one of the complicated disorders during pregnancy; it causes the significant risks, such as placental abruption, neonatal deaths, and maternal deaths. Hypertension is also responsible for the metabolic and cardiovascular issues to the mother after the years of pregnancy. Identifying and treating gestational hypertension during pregnancy by a suitable biomarker is mandatory for the healthy mother and foetus development. Cortisol has been found as a steroid hormone that is secreted by the adrenal gland and plays a pivotal role in gestational hypertension. A normal circulating level of cortisol is involved in the regulation of blood pressure, and it is necessary to monitor the changes in the level of cortisol during pregnancy. In this work, aptamer-based colorimetric assay is demonstrated as a model with gold nanorod to quantify the level of cortisol using the coordinated aggregation (at 500 mM of NaCl) and dispersion (with 10 μM of aptamer), evidenced by th...
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Background: Polyalthia longifolia which originates from India is rich with various useful phytochemicals which are valuable for human health. Accordingly, the current study was conducted to evaluate the combinational antimicrobial... more
Background: Polyalthia longifolia which originates from India is rich with various useful phytochemicals which are valuable for human health. Accordingly, the current study was conducted to evaluate the combinational antimicrobial activity of P. longifolia ethyl acetate fraction (PLEAF) with ampicillin, antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities. Methods: The evaluation of synergistic activity of PLEAF fraction and ampicillin against MRSA local isolate was conducted with various antimicrobial assays. Results: The MIC values of PLEAF fraction (62.5 µg/mL) and ampicillin (5000 µg/mL) were found to decreased to 15.63 µg/mL for PLEAF and 2500 µg/mL for ampicillin respectively in the FIC assay against the MRSA bacteria. The 2,2-diphenyl1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and nitric oxide free radical scavenging activities showed that PLEAF fraction possessed high antioxidant activity and the combinational of PLEAF fraction and ampicillin exhibited moderate antioxidant activity. The total phenolic conte...
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Aptamers are single-stranded nucleic acids or peptides identified from a randomized combinatorial library through specific interaction with the target of interest. Targets can be of any size, from small molecules to whole cells, attesting... more
Aptamers are single-stranded nucleic acids or peptides identified from a randomized combinatorial library through specific interaction with the target of interest. Targets can be of any size, from small molecules to whole cells, attesting to the versatility of aptamers for binding a wide range of targets. Aptamers show drug properties that are analogous to antibodies, with high specificity and affinity to their target molecules. Aptamers can penetrate disease-causing microbial and mammalian cells. Generated aptamers that target surface biomarkers act as cell-targeting agents and intracellular delivery vehicles. Within this context, the "cell-internalizing aptamers" are widely investigated via the process of cell uptake with selective binding during in vivo systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) or by cell-internalization SELEX, which targets cell surface antigens to be receptors. These internalizing aptamers are highly preferable for the localiza...
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Biosensing technology represents a superior way of identifying a wide range of biomolecules that exist in the human body, food, water, and other environmental sources. In this regard, human health issues are a growing global concern, and... more
Biosensing technology represents a superior way of identifying a wide range of biomolecules that exist in the human body, food, water, and other environmental sources. In this regard, human health issues are a growing global concern, and the development of effective methods for the detection and differentiation of biomolecules during diagnosis and/or treatment of diseases is essential. However, achieving adequate levels of sensitivity and specificity will be fundamental for the successful clinical application of biosensing technology. Notably, sensitivity and specificity are highly dependent on non-fouling (specificity) of biomolecules on the sensing surfaces, particularly with regard to nanoparticle-tagged biomolecules. Here, the authors have evaluated bio-fouling (i.e., biological non-specificity) by analysing four distinct sensing substrates (gold, silicon, silica and platinum) using anti-mouse immunoglobulin-conjugated gold nanoparticles. As evidenced by scanning electron microscopy and ultraviolet–visible–near-infrared recording spectrophotometry, silica (SiO2) lacked bio-fouling, whereas gold (Au) showed high bio-fouling potential. Indeed, Raman spectroscopic analysis further confirmed these results. Thus, the present findings indicate that SiO2 is an optimal substrate for biosensor development.
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Keratinases are proteolytic enzymes predominantly active when keratin substrates are available that attack disulfide bridges in the keratin to convert them from complex to simplified forms. Keratinases are essential in preparation of... more
Keratinases are proteolytic enzymes predominantly active when keratin substrates are available that attack disulfide bridges in the keratin to convert them from complex to simplified forms. Keratinases are essential in preparation of animal nutrients, protein supplements, leather manufacture, textile processing, detergent formulation, feather meal processing for feed and fertilizer, the pharmaceutical and biomedical industries, and waste management. Accordingly, it is necessary to develop a method for continuous production of keratinase from reliable sources that can be easily managed. Microbial keratinase is less expensive than conventionally produced keratinase and can be obtained from fungi, bacteria, and actinomycetes. In this overview, the expansion of information about microbial keratinases and important considerations in keratinase production are discussed.
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The ZrO2/Zircaloy-4 systems before and after Zr+ bombardment at low temperature have been studied by use of Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It is shown that 100-keV Zr+ bombardment of... more
The ZrO2/Zircaloy-4 systems before and after Zr+ bombardment at low temperature have been studied by use of Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It is shown that 100-keV Zr+ bombardment of ZrO2/Zr-4 system at low temperature leads to significant changes of compositional distribution in depth, and meanwhile, results in the alteration of oxide film thickness. Such results
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Influenza viruses, which are RNA viruses belonging to the family Orthomyxoviridae, cause respiratory diseases in birds and mammals. With seasonal epidemics, influenza spreads all over the world, resulting in pandemics that cause millions... more
Influenza viruses, which are RNA viruses belonging to the family Orthomyxoviridae, cause respiratory diseases in birds and mammals. With seasonal epidemics, influenza spreads all over the world, resulting in pandemics that cause millions of deaths. Emergence of various types and subtypes of influenza, such as H1N1 and H7N9, requires effective surveillance to prevent their spread and to develop appropriate anti-influenza vaccines. Diagnostic probes such as glycans, aptamers, and antibodies now allow discrimination among the influenza strains, including new subtypes. Several sensors have been developed based on these probes, efforts made to augment influenza detection. Herein, we review the currently available sensing strategies to detect influenza viruses.
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Research Interests: Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry, Medicine, Herbal Medicine, and 15 moreMethanol, Candida albicans, Liquid Chromatography / Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry, Molecules, Phenols, Plant extracts, Seeds, Fractionation, Antifungal Agents, Bioactive Compounds, Quntitative Thin Layer Chromatography, Cassia, Biological Assay, Thin Layer Chromatography, and Solid Liquid Extraction Natural Products(Methanol, Candida albicans, Liquid Chromatography / Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry, Molecules, Phenols, Plant extracts, Seeds, Fractionation, Antifungal Agents, Bioactive Compounds, Quntitative Thin Layer Chromatography, Cassia, Biological Assay, Thin Layer Chromatography, and Solid Liquid Extraction Natural Products)
(Methanol, Candida albicans, Liquid Chromatography / Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry, Molecules, Phenols, Plant extracts, Seeds, Fractionation, Antifungal Agents, Bioactive Compounds, Quntitative Thin Layer Chromatography, Cassia, Biological Assay, Thin Layer Chromatography, and Solid Liquid Extraction Natural Products)
Background The general enhanced expression of α1-antichymotrypsin (ACT), clusterin (CLU), α1-antitrypsin (AAT), haptoglobin β-chain (HAP), and leucine rich glycoprotein (LRG) in the sera of patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma... more
Background The general enhanced expression of α1-antichymotrypsin (ACT), clusterin (CLU), α1-antitrypsin (AAT), haptoglobin β-chain (HAP), and leucine rich glycoprotein (LRG) in the sera of patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOCa) was recently reported. In the present study, we compared the expression of the serum acute-phase proteins (APPs) in the patients according to their stages of cancer. Results Different altered stage correlative expression of the high abundance serum APPs was demonstrated in sera of the patients studied. While the expression of ACT, HAP and AAT appeared to demonstrate positive correlation with the three initial stages of the cancer, inverse correlation was apparently detected in the expression of LRG and CLU. For patients who were diagnosed with stage IV of the cancer, expression of the serum APPs did not conform to the altered progression changes. Conclusion Our results highlight the potential prognostic significance of selective high abundance ser...