Hande Yukseler

Up to date, sludge filterability has been characterized by the Ruth's classical filtration theory and quantified by the well-known parameter specific cake resistance (SCR). However, the complexity of the actual phenomenon is clearly underestimated by the classical filtration theory and SCR is often not satisfactory in describing filterability. Although many scientific studies were conducted for a better analysis and understanding of the filtration theory, still a practically applicable solution to replace the classical theory for a better description of filterability has not been proposed yet. In the present study, filtration laws proposed by Hermans and Bredée, dating back to 1936, which have been extensively used in the membrane literature for the analysis of fouling phenomenon has been adopted for the analysis of filterability of sludge systems. The results clearly show that this approach is superior to the classical approach in terms of characterizing the filterability of sludge systems and provides a slurry specific characterization parameter to replace the commonly used SCR.

Up to date, sludge filterability has been characterized by the Ruth's classical filtration theory and quantified by the well-known parameter specific cake resistance (SCR). However, the complexity of the actual phenomenon is clearly underestimated by the classical filtration theory and SCR is often not satisfactory in describing filterability. Although many scientific studies were conducted for a better analysis and understanding

ABSTRACT The European Union (EU)’s Nitrates Directive (ND) (91/676/EEC) aims to reduce water pollution caused or induced by nitrates from agricultural sources and to prevent further such pollution. Turkey being a candidate country to EU requires heavy cost investments in achieving approximation with EU Environmental Acquis. This study provides a description of the technical measures and investment cost assessment related to the implementation of the ND in Turkey. As Turkey has not yet designated nitrate vulnerable zones (NVZs) according to requirements of the EU’s ND, three scenarios were developed to estimate the capital investments needed for implementation of the ND. Based on the developed scenarios, the low-cost scenario designating eight provinces as NVZs and requiring a total investment of EUR 270 millions for the period 2007–2023 has been selected by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry within the EU Integrated Environmental Approximation Strategy for Turkey.