Franz Konstantin Fuss

... Design and mechanics of belay devices and rope brakes. ... The panic function sets in if the force applied to the lever is too high and causes the brake to block rope slippage again. New design classification to be used throughout this review. ...

100 right and 100 left upper limbs were prepared. In 83% a normal A. brachialis was found, whereas in 17% there existed an A. brachialis superficialis, which in 6% was an A. brachialis superficialis superior, in 1.5% an A. brachialis superficialis media and in 9.5% an A. brachialis superficialis inferior. The relation of those 3 main types of A. brachialis superficialis to the arteries of the forearm was examined and the percentage of each possible type of relation is indicated.

A right and a left A. ulnaris superficialis were found, which had a high origin. This variety has to be seen from the view of the A. brachialis superficialis inferior which continues into the A. ulnaris superficialis, however, the A. brachialis superficialis inferior did not cross over the N. medianus as usual. This atypical behaviour can be explained by a proximal development of the A. ulnaris superficialis (up to 5 cm proximal of the Hueter's line) in absence of continuation of the A. brachialis superficialis inferior into the A. radialis.

In 158 brachial plexuses the origin of the fibers of the ulnar nerve-whether only from the medial or also from the lateral fascicle-was investigated. A lateral root was found in 56%. This lateral root may either be accompanied by fibers of the median nerve (type 1) or may run separately (type 2). Where this root crosses the medial root of the median nerve, either a small minority of fibers of the latter nerve may run behind the ulnar fibers (type a), or all median fibers are in front of them (type b). Considering the relation 56:44% between ulnar nerves with and without a lateral root both possibilities have to be considered as normal variations, none as a variety. In analogy to the term 'median loop' the term 'ulnaris loop' is suggested for specimens with a lateral root.

The surgical anatomy of interest in the pronator teres syndrome was studied to shed light on the ramifying pattern of the median nerve, the number of its muscular branches and their branching levels and to pinpoint the location of the fibrous bands which may cause median nerve entrapment. The fibrous arch of the pronator teres muscle (pronator arch) was found to lie 3 cm to 7.5 cm below Hueter's line, that of the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle (superficialis arch), which is distal to the pronator arch, was found to lie 6.5 cm below Hueter's line in its most proximal position. Symptom patterns in terms of muscle weakness caused by median nerve entrapment at different levels were also evaluated.

In order to analyze the complicated movements of the mandible as the open-closing movement and the protrusio are, it is useful to evaluate the basic kinematic principles and reduce them to simple technical constructions. Both the open-closing movement and the protrusio could be reduced to 4-bar links, which were used to simulate the movements with help of a computer. Besides, the polodes and the curves of points in the muscular attachments could be constructed. The 2 entirely different 4-bar links have 3 things in common: The resting system - cranium, the moving system - mandibula, and 1 of the 2 arms connecting these 2 systems - the ligamentum laterale. As this ligament is taut during movements it can be considered a "guiding ligament" representing 1 of the 3 determining components of the mandibular movements. The other of the 2 arms has no anatomical equivalent; this arm, however, is "replaced" by the 2 other determining components of the mandibular movements: the joint and the muscles. The curves, which the Caput mandibulae describes, are practically identical for the open-closing movement and the protrusio despite of the different 4-bar links and these curves exactly correspond to the Discus articularis, taut by the upper part of the M. pterygoideus lateralis. The muscles do not only just move the mandibula, but they are also the component, which can choose between the different mandibular movements. By means of the curves, which points in the muscular attachments describe, the function of the masticatory muscles could be analyzed exactly.

The bicipital arteries (Rami bicipitales) were classified according to the part of the muscle they supply, to the artery from which they originate and to their relative position to the median, musculocutaneous and ulnar nerves. The maximal density of bicipital arteries can be found in the middle of the upper arm and slightly distal to the greater tubercle.

As the flying fox (Pteropus rufus) knee does not exhibit any sign of allowing rotation, the aim of this study was to evaluate the factors preventing rotation. Menisci are not present. Yet, the femoral and tibial articular surfaces are not anatomically congruent as the kinematic mechanism of the knee is not based on a pure hinge but on a "four-bar linkage" construction, which consists of femur, tibia and the guiding bundles of the cruciates. Therefore, the cruciate ligaments have the same function as in man, i.e., they contain extension and flexion restricting fibers, fibers taut in intermediate positions and a guiding bundle which is constantly taut. Also in the collateral ligaments these fiber groups can be identified and hence parts of them are taut throughout the entire range of motion (5 degrees hyperextension, 170 degrees flexion). These parts prevent rotation together with the femoral and tibial articular surfaces, the latter of which are concave.

A case of bilateral ureteral duplication with asymmetric orifices is reported. This case served as an example for the evaluation of the arrangement of the trigone musculature in such patients. The muscle fibers radiating from the craniomedial of the 2 orifices constitute the upper portion of the trigonum musculature (Mercier's bar), while the fibers radiating from the caudolateral orifice constitute the lower portions (Bell's muscles). Never did a "muscle fiber fan" of 1 orifice contribute to the upper and lower areas. The farther from the median an orifice is situated, the longer and, possibly, the weaker are its related muscle fibers.

The segment V1 of the arteria vertebralis (pathway from its origin from the a. subclavia to the entry into the respective foramen processus transversi) has a special significance in vascular surgery. Contrary to indications in the literature, we found 47.15% of the specimens to have a contorted course in this segment. The tortuosities carried by the respective vessels were found to be horizontal in 42.5%, in a sagittal direction in 30% and in the frontal plane in 27% of the cases. However, no significant difference was found between vessels carrying a tortuosity and those without, regarding the average lengths of the arteries concerned in the segment V1.

A bone canal was found in the apical part of a Pars petrosa, connecting the Sinus petrosus superior and the "Foramen petrobasilare", which is a Foramen emissarium of the Sinus petrosus inferior. This canal was interpreted as a Canalis emissarius of the Sinus petrosus superior.

"active, living, passionate beings like ourselves", "working out" their "own salvation upon original and individual lines". Nyhart's morphologists may have sought salvation, but they were obliged to find jobs in the German universities. In this much amplified version of her 1986 PhD ...

Bowling, a typical skill sport, requires exact motion timing and control of finger forces and moments. The latter, the moments applied by the three fingers to the ball, were measured with an instrumented bowling ball in bowlers of different performance levels and in different shots. The results showed, that, in better bowlers, the magnitude of the moment vectors are higher than in beginners and average bowlers. Moment vectors and their 3D vector diagrams are an important tool for performance diagnostics and allow a clear differentiation between straight, hook, and spin shots.