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The plant (Benth.) Epling (family Lamiaceae) is endemic to Ecuador. In the present study, we report some major non-volatile secondary metabolites from the leaves and the chemistry of the essential oil distilled from the flowers. The main... more
The plant (Benth.) Epling (family Lamiaceae) is endemic to Ecuador. In the present study, we report some major non-volatile secondary metabolites from the leaves and the chemistry of the essential oil distilled from the flowers. The main identified compounds were carnosol, viridiflorol, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, chrysothol, and 5-hydroxy-4′,7-dimethoxy flavone. Their structures were determined by X-ray diffraction and NMR and MS techniques. The essential oil showed a chemical composition similar to that distilled from the leaves, but with some qualitative and quantitative differences regarding several minor compounds. The main constituents (>4%) were: δ-3-carene (24.23%), eudesm-7(11)-en-4-ol (13.02%), thujopsan-2-α-ol (11.90%), β-pinene (7.96%), valerianol (5.19%), and co-eluting limonene and β-phellandrene (4.47%). The volatile fraction was also submitted to enantioselective analysis on a β-cyclodextrin column, obtaining the separation and i...
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In urban wastewater treatment plants, bacteria lead the biological component of the depuration process, but the microbial community is also rich in fungi (mainly molds, yeasts and pseudo-yeasts), whose taxonomical diversity and relative... more
In urban wastewater treatment plants, bacteria lead the biological component of the depuration process, but the microbial community is also rich in fungi (mainly molds, yeasts and pseudo-yeasts), whose taxonomical diversity and relative frequency depend on several factors, e.g., quality of wastewater input, climate, seasonality, and depuration stage. By joining morphological and molecular identification, we investigated the fungal diversity in two different plants for the urban wastewater treatment in the suburbs of the two major cities in Lombardia, the core of industrial and commercial activities in Italy. This study presents a comparison of the fungal diversity across the depuration stages by applying the concepts of α-, β- and ζ-diversity. Eurotiales (mainly with Aspergillus and Penicillium), Trichosporonales (Trichosporon sensu lato), Saccharomycetales (mainly with Geotrichum) and Hypocreales (mainly with Fusarium and Trichoderma) are the most represented fungal orders and gene...
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The paper presents for the first time to the public some wooden fragments of an ancient Egyptian 'mummy cover', kept in the 'Egyptian Corner' of the University of Pavia Archaeology Museum (Italy). The fragments, belonging... more
The paper presents for the first time to the public some wooden fragments of an ancient Egyptian 'mummy cover', kept in the 'Egyptian Corner' of the University of Pavia Archaeology Museum (Italy). The fragments, belonging to an original ancient Egyptian artefact which dates back to the end of the New Kingdom, are here published after a restoration performed by Chiara Argentino in 2018. The restoration was aimed at better understanding the artefacts themselves and their role within the Egyptological collection of the University of Pavia. Fungal contamination of the fragments was assessed before the restoration with the support of the laboratory of mycology of Pavia University (DSTA).
Gammarids are one of the most successful invaders in freshwater ecosystems due to both their diet plasticity and high reproductive capacity. One such amphipod, Gammarus roeselii, has recently colonised the southern part of the... more
Gammarids are one of the most successful invaders in freshwater ecosystems due to both their diet plasticity and high reproductive capacity. One such amphipod, Gammarus roeselii, has recently colonised the southern part of the sub-lacustrine Ticino River basin (Northern Italy), where its ecological niche overlaps with the native species Echinogammarus stammeri. In the present paper the food preferences of G. roeselii have been investigated, testing the palatability of different food sources: three macrophytes and three different leaf debris. Moreover, an explorative mycological analysis on the three different leaf debris used in the experiment has been performed. Results of the short-term experiment suggest that aquatic plants are less palatable than allocthonous detritus, probably because they can contain secondary metabolites (i.e. tannins) and they have lower nutrient tissues with very high water content. On the contrary, G. roeselii showed a clear preference for the oak leaves, ...
This paper represents the first attempt to study the microfungal flora contained in the digestive system of the most widespread aquatic invasive invertebrate in the world: Procambarus clarkii (Cambaridae, Decapoda). Understanding its... more
This paper represents the first attempt to study the microfungal flora contained in the digestive system of the most widespread aquatic invasive invertebrate in the world: Procambarus clarkii (Cambaridae, Decapoda). Understanding its bioinvasion, in terms of ecological risk and environmental impact, requires a multidisciplinary approach that considers consequences on all levels, from macroscopic to microscopic. In this study, we investigated both the population dynamics and the dietary habits of the red swamp crayfish captured within a natural biotope in Northern Italy. The diet was mainly based on plant detritus. The analysis of microfungal flora in the crayfish stomach revealed a fairly constant composition, unrelated to season and diet. Since most of the fungi were associated with detritus and some species were particularly frequent, we formulate the hypothesis that the fungi may be selected to decompose plant material in the digestive tract, thus providing a source of energy to ...
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Perenniporia fraxinea is a fungal pathogen causing wood decay in roots and bole of a wide variety of broadleaf tree species. Despite its ecological importance, little is know about the infection biology of this fungus and in particular of... more
Perenniporia fraxinea is a fungal pathogen causing wood decay in roots and bole of a wide variety of broadleaf tree species. Despite its ecological importance, little is know about the infection biology of this fungus and in particular of its ability to infect trees through the mycelia growth through root contacts. To clarify its spreading mechanisms, a genetic analysis of 20 P. fraxinea isolates obtained from basidiomata collected from closely located Robinia pseudoacacia and Quercus robur trees in the Vernavola Urban Park (Pavia, Italy) and in surrounding areas was performed. Random Amplified Microsatellites (RAMs) fingerprinting was conducted allowing to distinguish 19 different haplotypes. High intrapopulation diversity was confirmed by somatic incompatibility tests (SITs), which were performed by dual- culturing isolates in vitro in all possible combinations, resulting in detection of 16 compatibility groups. These results, together with Non-metric MultiDimensional Scaling (NMD...
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Although no mass mortality has been recorded so far, the precise demographic effect of white-nose syndrome (WNS) on European bats still remains to be ascertained. Following the first isolation of P. destructans in Italy, further surveys... more
Although no mass mortality has been recorded so far, the precise demographic effect of white-nose syndrome (WNS) on European bats still remains to be ascertained. Following the first isolation of P. destructans in Italy, further surveys were performed to assess the distribution of the fungus in NW Italy and its effects on bats. Data were collected from March 2019 to April 2020 at sites used for hibernation (six sites) and/or for reproduction (four sites) in Piedmont and Aosta Valley. A total of 138 bats, belonging to 10 species, were examined to identify clinical features possibly related to the fungal presence. Culture from swabs and the molecular identification of isolates confirmed the presence of P. destructans in bats from five sites, including two maternal roosts. Dermal fungal infiltration, the criterion to assess the presence of WNS, was observed in biopsies of bats belonging to Myotis blythii, M. daubentonii, M. emarginatus and M. myotis. This is the first report of the dis...
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Blast, caused by Pyricularia grisea, is one of the most widespread and serious diseases of rice. The fungus is highly variable with respect to its infectivity. In order to define the Italian P. grisea population with respect to this... more
Blast, caused by Pyricularia grisea, is one of the most widespread and serious diseases of rice. The fungus is highly variable with respect to its infectivity. In order to define the Italian P. grisea population with respect to this variability, 45 different strains were analysed using rep-PCR (repetitive-element-based polymerase chain reaction). Statistical analysis of the results allowed the identification of 9 different lineages. Symptoms of brown spot (caused by Bipolaris oryzae), another disease of worldwide occurrence, are frequently mistaken with those of blast infection. PCR-based methods to distinguish brown spot from rice blast disease were developed. Preventive spraying with fungicides against blast is widely practiced in Italy; the use of these molecular methods to distinguish between the two diseases could lead to a more rational use of chemicals. (Resume d'auteur)
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An assessment of biological risk in the workplace requires the measurement of airborne microorganisms. Although it is currently difficult to establish a dose-response relationship on the basis of existing epidemiological data, the number... more
An assessment of biological risk in the workplace requires the measurement of airborne microorganisms. Although it is currently difficult to establish a dose-response relationship on the basis of existing epidemiological data, the number and types of microorganisms present offer a useful index when evaluating air quality. We propose an assessment of contamination levels based on a Global Index of Microbial Contamination/m 3 (GIMC/m3). This index is calculated as the sum of the values of the total microbial count determined for mesophilic bacteria, psychrophilic bacteria and fungi in all sampled areas. Moreover we propose the determination of the Index of Mesophilic bacterial Contamination (IMC), obtained by calculating the ratio between the CFU/m 3 value measured for mesophilic and psychrophilic bacteria in the same sampling point. The measurement of the Amplification Index (AI), completes the evaluation and this is determined by calculating the ratio between the GICM/m 3 values mea...
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Laricifomes officinalis is a wood-decay fungus that is closely associated with old individuals of Larix decidua . In the twentieth century, L. officinalis was over-harvested because of its medicinal properties; consequently, it has become... more
Laricifomes officinalis is a wood-decay fungus that is closely associated with old individuals of Larix decidua . In the twentieth century, L. officinalis was over-harvested because of its medicinal properties; consequently, it has become very rare or almost extinct in the Alps. In this study, we investigated the population of L. officinalis in the Alpe Veglia–Alpe Devero Natural Park (Val d’Ossola, Italy) to assess a preliminary conservation strategy. Population consistency was estimated using field mapping, and spatial analysis was performed on host trees based on topographical and environmental variables. Mycelia were isolated from harvested basidiomata, and strain identity confirmed by molecular analysis of the ITS region. All isolated strains were tested for growth in Petri dishes containing different standard media to determine which strains had the highest growth rates; the fastest growing strains may be selected for future studies and applications. Compared to the control st...
One of the main aims of the University of Pavia mycology laboratory was to collect wood decay fungal (WDF) strains in order to deepen taxonomic studies, species distribution, officinal properties or to investigate potential applications... more
One of the main aims of the University of Pavia mycology laboratory was to collect wood decay fungal (WDF) strains in order to deepen taxonomic studies, species distribution, officinal properties or to investigate potential applications such as biocomposite material production based on fungi. The Italian Alps, Apennines and wood plains were investigated to collect Basidiomycota basidiomata from living or dead trees. The purpose of this study was to investigate the wood decay strains of the Mediterranean area, selecting sampling sites in North and Central Italy, including forests near the Ligurian and Adriatic seas, or near the Lombardy lakes. The isolation of mycelia in pure culture was performed according to the current methodology and the identity of the strains was confirmed by molecular analyses. The strains are maintained in the Research Culture Collection MicUNIPV of Pavia University (Italy). Among the 500 WDF strains in the collection, the most interesting isolates from the M...
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A broad literature concerns the genus Hericium, mainly regarding the medicinal properties of H. erinaceus. Congeneric species of H. erinaceus have been poorly investigated. We collected basidiomata of H. alpestre, H. coralloides and H.... more
A broad literature concerns the genus Hericium, mainly regarding the medicinal properties of H. erinaceus. Congeneric species of H. erinaceus have been poorly investigated. We collected basidiomata of H. alpestre, H. coralloides and H. erinaceus in Italy and isolated the corresponding mycelia in pure culture. Analysis of the respective internal transcribed spacer regions confirmed the morphological identification of the strains. Internal transcribed spacer sequences from the Italian strains were phylogenetically compared along with 64 other sequences available from Gen-Bank, the CBS Strain Database, and the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) for the same Hericium . Geographic origin and host plant species were cross-checked using the above data banks. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis produced a phylogram that permitted good discrimination among Hericium species. It provides an updated phylogeny within the genus Hericium and a better understanding of affinity among the species analyzed. The main Hericium clade includes the following: the H. erinaceus group and the H. alpestre/H. coralloides group, where the two species cluster separately. This study also allowed us to differentiate the H. erinaceus group on a biogeographical basis. The phylogenetic comparison further confirms the importance of a joint morphological-molecular approach to avoid misidentification and to guarantee the quality of strains for further chemical and medicinal characterization.
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Hericium erinaceus is a medicinal mushroom that contains many molecules promising a plethora of therapeutic properties. In this study, the strain H.e.2 (MicUNIPV, University of Pavia, Italy) was isolated from a sporophore collected in... more
Hericium erinaceus is a medicinal mushroom that contains many molecules promising a plethora of therapeutic properties. In this study, the strain H.e.2 (MicUNIPV, University of Pavia, Italy) was isolated from a sporophore collected in Tuscany (Italy). Mycelium, primordium, and wild type and cultivated sporophores were analyzed by HPLC-UV-ESI/MS. Erinacine A in the mycelium and hericenones C and D in the sporophores were quantified by comparison with their standard molecules. For the first time, H. erinaceus primordium was also investigated for the presence of these molecules. Comparing with the literature data, hericenes, molecules structurally similar to hericenones, were present in all our samples. The highest contents of hericenones C and D were detected in cultivated sporophores, compared to the wild type. The comparison of these data with those of another Italian H. erinaceus strain (H.e.1 MicUNIPV) was discussed. The results led us to select H. erinaceus strains more suitable ...
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Reducing the use of non-renewable resources is a key strategy of a circular economy. Mycelium-based foams and sandwich composites are an emerging category of biocomposites relying on the valorization of lignocellulosic wastes and the... more
Reducing the use of non-renewable resources is a key strategy of a circular economy. Mycelium-based foams and sandwich composites are an emerging category of biocomposites relying on the valorization of lignocellulosic wastes and the natural growth of the living fungal organism. While growing, the fungus cements the substrate, which is partially replaced by the tenacious biomass of the fungus itself. The final product can be shaped to produce insulating panels, packaging materials, bricks or new-design objects. Only a few pioneer companies in the world retain a significant know-how, as well as the ability to provide the material characterization. Moreover, several technical details are not revealed due to industrial secrecy. According to the available literature, mycelium-based biocomposites show low density and good insulation properties, both related to acoustic and thermal aspects. Mechanical properties are apparently inferior in comparison to expanded polystyrene (EPS), which is...
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The aim of this work was to evaluate the fungal populations of some environments dedicated to the fermentation, storage, and bottling of wine. Air samples of six wineries, three family-run and three industrial, located in Oltrepo Pavese... more
The aim of this work was to evaluate the fungal populations of some environments dedicated to the fermentation, storage, and bottling of wine. Air samples of six wineries, three family-run and three industrial, located in Oltrepo Pavese (northern Italy) and Sottoceneri (Switzerland), were collected on a monthly basis for nine months. In addition to total fungal counts, the fungal taxa of air, walls, and barrel samples were determined. The indoor air fungal contamination was, in general, greater than that of outdoor samples, and fungal count fluctuations depended upon type of monitored environment. The highest fungal counts were observed in the bottling areas of industrial producers and the fermentation areas of family-run wineries. A total of 43 taxa, representing 19 genera and 36 species, were isolated from the indoor environments. Some potential wine contaminant species (Aspergillus niger, A. ochraceus, A. terreus, Penicillium chrysogenum, P. citreonigrum, P. crustosum, and P. viridicatum) and some potential allergenic species for winery workers (principally Cladosporium cladosporioides, Alternaria alternata, and A. niger) were detected. The information obtained from quantitative and qualitative analyses of fungi can be a useful tool for controlling indoor air quality. The constant presence of some fungal taxa may be hazardous to human health and may potentially contaminate wines.
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Periglacial areas are one of the least studied habitats on Earth, especially in terms of their fungal communities. In this work, both molecular and culture-dependent methods have been used to analyse the microfungi in soils sampled on the... more
Periglacial areas are one of the least studied habitats on Earth, especially in terms of their fungal communities. In this work, both molecular and culture-dependent methods have been used to analyse the microfungi in soils sampled on the front of the East Dosdè Glacier (Valtellina, Northern Italy). Although this survey revealed a community that was rich in fungal species, a distinct group of psychrophilic microfungi has not been detected. Most of the isolated microfungi were mesophiles, which are well adapted to the sensitive climatic changes that occur in this alpine environment. A discrepancy in the results that were obtained by means of the two diagnostic approaches suggests that the used molecular methods cannot entirely replace traditional culture-dependent methods, and vice versa.
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ABSTRACT
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In the last years marine-derived fungi demonstrated to be of a great interest in biotechnological research and applications. In fact, these organisms can grow in stressful habitats, characterized by high salinity and pH, low water... more
In the last years marine-derived fungi demonstrated to be of a great interest in biotechnological research and applications. In fact, these organisms can grow in stressful habitats, characterized by high salinity and pH, low water activity, high concentration of sodium ions and high pressure. In response to these stimuli they produce a wide range of different and structurally complex products. Marine-derived fungi are nowadays considered potential candidates to study and characterize novel enzymes, biosurfactants, polysaccharides, polyunsaturated fatty acids and other secondary metabolites. Marine-derived fungi have been widely studied for their bioactive metabolites and they have proven to be a rich and promising source of novel anticancer, antibacterial, antiplasmodial, anti-inflammatory and antiviral agents. Another interesting application field for marine-derived fungi is bioremediation. As an example, marine-derived fungi have been recently used in the treatment of paper and pu...
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Northern Italy is the most important area (219.987 ha) for rice production in Europe. Severa! diseases caused by fungi affect this crop. Among these, species belonging to the genus Pusarium are the agents of many different plant and seed... more
Northern Italy is the most important area (219.987 ha) for rice production in Europe. Severa! diseases caused by fungi affect this crop. Among these, species belonging to the genus Pusarium are the agents of many different plant and seed diseases, such as "bakanae" caused by Fusarium /u;i"/euroi, "Fusarium sheatb rot" by Fusarium proliferatum, "scab" by F. graminearum, and "grain 'discoloration". There is considerable interest on the biodiversity of Fusaria, since they are worldwide pathogens of important cere-a! crops, including rice, so that the taxonomy of the species most frequent1y present on rice bas recent1y been revised. These fungi . produce a broad range of toxic compounds that affect buman and anima! health. Some of mese toxins, such as deoxynivalenol and fumonisins, bave been shown to possess pbytotoxic activity and cause disease symptoms OD tbe plants during me infection processo Seventy-tbree strains of Pusarium were iso...
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Research Interests: Forest()
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A multicentre clinical trial with tolciclate was carried out in Italy on 1083 patients suffering from skin mycoses (tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea pedis, tinea manuum and pityriasis versicolor). Both preparations (1% cream and... more
A multicentre clinical trial with tolciclate was carried out in Italy on 1083 patients suffering from skin mycoses (tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea pedis, tinea manuum and pityriasis versicolor). Both preparations (1% cream and lotion) showed a good activity evaluated weekly by clinical examinations and mycological assessments, i.e. culture for tineas and microscopy for pityriasis versicolor. Favourable clinical results ranged from 83% to 97% according to diagnoses. Cultural or microscopic conversions obtained in a mean time of about 2 weeks varied from 70% to 91%. Mycological relapses a month after the end of treatment were seen in 6.5% of cases examined. Adverse reactions were observed in 5.6% of patients but the treatment was discontinued only in 2.6%.
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The authors intend to propose a methodology for biological risk assessment based on an integrated approach (data collection about workplaces, work tasks and adopted work's procedure, PPE , etc.; use of an algorithm for risk assessment... more
The authors intend to propose a methodology for biological risk assessment based on an integrated approach (data collection about workplaces, work tasks and adopted work's procedure, PPE , etc.; use of an algorithm for risk assessment and enrivonmental monitoring of microrganism for the analysis of indoor healthiness; analysis of perception of risks by personnel), validated for INAIL Practices activities.
Herbaceous plants endemic to native Kenyan grassland on the Marula Estate were assessed for their phylloplane fungal occurrence using leaf cultures on tap water agar. From 26 sampled plants, 261 fungal isolates representative of 58 genera... more
Herbaceous plants endemic to native Kenyan grassland on the Marula Estate were assessed for their phylloplane fungal occurrence using leaf cultures on tap water agar. From 26 sampled plants, 261 fungal isolates representative of 58 genera and 92 taxa were identified. The principal filamentous fungi were of the genera: Alternaria, Bipolaris, Curvularia, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Nigrospora, Periconia, Phoma and Pithomyces. The
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The antifungal properties of saponin mixtures from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) tops and roots, the corresponding mixtures of prosapogenins from tops, and purified saponins and sapogenins against the causal agent of rice blast Pyricularia... more
The antifungal properties of saponin mixtures from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) tops and roots, the corresponding mixtures of prosapogenins from tops, and purified saponins and sapogenins against the causal agent of rice blast Pyricularia oryzae isolates are presented. In vitro experiments highlighted a range of activities, depending upon the assayed metabolite. The antifungal effects of the most promising prosapogenin mixture from alfalfa tops were confirmed by means of in planta tests using three different Italian cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica), known to possess high, medium, and low blast resistance. The evidenced antifungal properties of the tested metabolites allowed some considerations on their structure-activity relationship. Results indicate that prosapogenins are active compounds to prevent the fungal attack of P. oryzae on different rice cultivars. Therefore, if properly formulated, these substances could represent a promising and environmentally friendly treatment to control rice blast.
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Qualitative and quantitative analysis of fungalair spores in a rice field located around Pavia(North Italy) were made from 10th June to7th October 1996. Quantitative data wereanalyzed for the two rice pathogensPyricularia grisea (Cooke)... more
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of fungalair spores in a rice field located around Pavia(North Italy) were made from 10th June to7th October 1996. Quantitative data wereanalyzed for the two rice pathogensPyricularia grisea (Cooke) Sacc. andBipolaris oryzae Shoem., causal organisms ofblast and brown spot. Results showed thatB. oryzae was detected at the end of June,reaching its peak in July. Brown spot symptomsin-field were detected six-seven days after theaforementioned peak. Pyricularia griseawas monitored later than Bipolaris as itwas detected for the first time on July21st, reaching its peaks on July 27thand August 6–7th. Field evaluation of thedisease showed the presence of blast startingfrom the first week of July.
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St. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze) is used for lawns in southern Italy because it is much more resistant to biotic and abiotic adversities than other turfgrass species. Because few seeds are viable, this species... more
St. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze) is used for lawns in southern Italy because it is much more resistant to biotic and abiotic adversities than other turfgrass species. Because few seeds are viable, this species is established by vegetative propagation. A new disease was noticed during the spring of 2002 and 2003 on cuttings of St. Augustinegrass growing in three greenhouses in eastern Sicily. The disease affected leaves and culms and caused a progressive drying of the plants. The infection was first seen on leaves as gray, necrotic spots that enlarged in high-humidity conditions to form oval, and later, spindle-shaped lesions. In association with the lesions, it was possible to observe fungal spore development and sunken areas with blue-gray centers and slightly irregular, brown margins with yellow halos. Spots were concentrated without specific arrangement along longitudinal veins and the midrib and at the base, tip, and margins of the leaf blade. Symptoms...
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... RESURRECTION PLANT SPOROBOLUS STAPFIANUS*t CARLA MURELLI, VITTOR10 ADAMO, PAOLA VITA FINZI, FRANCA MARINONE ALBINI,: ADRIANA BOCHICCHIO and ... leaves of S. stapfianus were excised from wellwatered plants, grown in a glasshouse at... more
... RESURRECTION PLANT SPOROBOLUS STAPFIANUS*t CARLA MURELLI, VITTOR10 ADAMO, PAOLA VITA FINZI, FRANCA MARINONE ALBINI,: ADRIANA BOCHICCHIO and ... leaves of S. stapfianus were excised from wellwatered plants, grown in a glasshouse at Capan nori ...
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Research Interests: Plant Biology, Adolescent, Italy, Humans, Child, and 7 moreFemale, Male, Aged, Middle Aged, Adult, Microsporum, and Trichophyton
Assessment of genetic diversity in Italian rice germplasm ... Plant height and grain type measured in the source collection were fitted to the phylogenetic tree, along with ... microsatellite loci (Supplementary Table 1) were chosen with... more
Assessment of genetic diversity in Italian rice germplasm ... Plant height and grain type measured in the source collection were fitted to the phylogenetic tree, along with ... microsatellite loci (Supplementary Table 1) were chosen with two markers on each of the 12 rice chromosomes. ...
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Research Interests: Microbiology, Microbial Ecology, Biology, Ecology, Medicine, and 15 moreChemical Communication, Negative Affect, Temperature, Solid Phase Microextraction, Antifungal Activity, Relative Humidity, Sesquiterpenes, Penicillium, Environmental Conditions, Humidity, Antifungal Agents, Indoor Environment, Environment, Volatile organic compound, and Mycelium
The aim of our study was to investigate indoor air quality (IAQ) by comparing pyrogen concentration and microbiological contamination in offices in public buildings. Air samples were collected during cold and warm seasons in 39 offices in... more
The aim of our study was to investigate indoor air quality (IAQ) by comparing pyrogen concentration and microbiological contamination in offices in public buildings. Air samples were collected during cold and warm seasons in 39 offices in four European cities. Pyrogens were measured by the in vitro pyrogen test (IPT), moulds and bacteria by classical microbiology. In 92% of the investigated offices, pyrogen and microbial contaminations were below 150 EEU m(-3) and 10(3) CFU m(-3), respectively, whilst in 75%, moulds did not exceed 10(2) CFU m(-3). The IPT is a rapid, reliable tool for measuring pyrogens that could be used as an 'early warning' indicator of IAQ. This is the first study on pyrogenic compound detection in offices using IPT, which could serve for developing future indoor air guidelines.