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Xiongnu
Chanyu (Hanzi: 單于; Hanzi: 单于; Pinyin: Chányú; singkatan dari Chengli Gutu Chanyu (Hanzi: 撐犁孤塗單于; Pinyin: Chēnglí Gūtu Chányú)) adalah gelar yang dipakai oleh penguasa konfederasi suku nomaden Xiongnu, khususnya oleh klan Luandi pada masa Dinasti Qin (221-206 SM) dan Han (206 SM–220 M).
- ^ Hirth F. Sinologische Beitrage zur Geschichte der Turk-Volker. Die Ahnentafel Attila's nach Johannes von Thurocz. Bull. Imhlm. AcM, series V, vol. XIII, 1900, No 2, hlm. 221–261.
- ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, hlm. 46
- ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, hlm. 59
- ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, hlm. 86
- ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, hlm. 86
- ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, hlm. 86
- ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, hlm. 86
- ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, hlm. 87
- ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, hlm. 87
- ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, hlm. 87
- ^ R. de Crespigny, "Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire", Australian National University Faculty of Asian Studies Monographs, New Series No.4, Canberra 1984, "Archived copy". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-01-01. Diakses tanggal 2010-12-17.
- ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", vol. 1, Sankt Petersburg, 1851, hlm. 105–107
- ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, hlm. 108–109
- ^ R. de Crespigny, "Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire", 1984
- ^ R. de Crespigny, "Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire", 1984
- ^ R. de Crespigny, "Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire", 1984
- ^ R. de Crespigny, "Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire", 1984
- ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, hlm. 130–134
- ^ R. de Crespigny, "Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire", 1984
- ^ R. de Crespigny, "Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire", 1984
- ^ R. de Crespigny, "Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire", 1984
- ^ R. de Crespigny, "Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire", 1984
- ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, hlm. 144
- ^ R. de Crespigny, Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire, 1984
- ^ Bichurin N.Ya., Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times, 1851, vol. 1, hlm. 145 (True name unknown; the Chinese moniker has negative connotation; confirmed by Chinese Court as Chanyu in 172 M)
- ^ Bichurin N.Ya., Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times, 1851, vol. 1, hlm. 145
- ^ R. de Crespigny, Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire, 1984