Africa: Difference between revisions

 

====Horn of Africa====

In the [[Horn of Africa]] there was the [[Land of Punt]], a kingdom on the [[Red Sea]], likely located in modern-day [[Eritrea]] or northern [[Somaliland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg25634170-800-we-have-finally-found-the-land-of-punt-where-pharaohs-got-their-gifts/|title=We have finally found the land of Punt, where pharaohs got their gifts|date=2022-12-14|access-date=2023-10-28|website=New Scientist}}</ref> The Ancient Egyptians initially traded via middle-men with Punt until in 2350 BC when they established direct relations. They would become close trading partners for over a millennium. Towards the end of the ancient period, northern [[Ethiopia]] and [[Eritrea]] bore the Kingdom of [[D'mt]] beginning in 980 BC. In modern-day [[Somalia]] and [[Djibouti]] there was the [[Macrobians|Macrobian Kingdom]], with archaeological discoveries indicating the possibility of other unknown sophisticated civilisations at this time.<ref name="Nthos">{{cite book|last=Njoku|first=Raphael Chijioke|title=The History of Somalia|year=2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0313378577|pages=29–31|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C}}</ref><ref name="Titthtw">{{cite book|last=Dalal|first=Roshen|title=The Illustrated Timeline of the History of the World|year=2011|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-1448847976|page=131|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RO4kS1IR71sC}}</ref> After D'mt's fall in the 5th century BC the [[Ethiopian Highlands|Ethiopian Plateau]] came to be ruled by numerous smaller unknown kingdoms who experienced strong [[Sabaeans|south Arabian influence]], until the growth and expansion of [[Kingdom of Aksum|Aksum]] in the 1st century BC.<ref>Pankhurst, Richard K.P. ''Addis Tribune'', "[https://web.archive.org/web/20060109162335/http://www.addistribune.com/Archives/2003/01/17-01-03/Let.htm Let's Look Across the Red Sea I]", January 17, 2003 (archive.org mirror copy)</ref> Along the Horn's coast there were many [[ancient Somali city-states]] which thrived off of the [[Maritime history of Somalia|wider Red Sea trade]] and transported their cargo via [[beden]], exporting [[myrrh]], [[frankincense]], [[spice]]s, [[Natural gum|gum]], [[incense]], and [[ivory]], with freedom from Roman interference causing Indians to give the cities a lucrative monopoly on [[cinnamon]] from [[History of India#Iron Age (c. 1800 – 200 BCE)|ancient India]].<ref>Eric Herbert Warmington, ''The Commerce Between the Roman Empire and India'', p. 187.</ref>