Africa: Difference between revisions

===Antiquity (3600 BC – 500 AD)===

{{See also|Ancient Africa|History of Africa#Antiquity (3600 BC – 500 AD)}}

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====North-east Africa====

From 3500 BC, [[nome (Egypt)|nomes]] ruled by [[nomarch]]s coalesced to form the kingdoms of [[Lower Egypt|Lower]] and [[Upper Egypt]] in northeast Africa. [[Ancient Egypt]] was unified by the [[1st Dynasty of Egypt|1st dynasty]] c. 3100 BC when Upper Egypt conquered Lower Egypt, with the process of consolidation and assimilation completed by the time of the [[3rd Dynasty of Egypt|3rd dynasty]] who formed the [[Old Kingdom of Egypt]] in 2686 BC.<ref>{{cite book |last=Abu Bakr |first=Abdel |title=General History of Africa: Volume 2 |chapter=Pharoanic Egypt |year=1981 |publisher=UNESCO Publishing |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000134375}}</ref>{{rp|pages=62–63}} The [[Kerma culture|Kingdom of Kerma]] emerged around this time to become the dominant force in [[Nubia]], controlling territory as large as Egypt between the 1st and 4th [[cataracts of the Nile]].<ref>{{cite book |year=2012 |publisher= The Encyclopedia of Ancient History |first= J. R. |last= Anderson |doi= 10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah15224 |title = The Encyclopedia of Ancient History|isbn = 9781444338386|chapter = Kerma}} She states, "To date, Kerma-culture has been found from the region of the First Cataract to upstream of the Fourth Cataract."</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=anthpubs |title= Nubian identity in the Bronze Age. Patterns of cultural and biological variation|year=2011|first= Michele |last= Buzon |access-date= 30 March 2017}}</ref> The [[4th Dynasty of Egypt|4th dynasty]], oversaw the height of the Old Kingdom, and constructed many [[Egyptian pyramids|great pyramids]], however under the [[6th Dynasty of Egypt|6th dynasty]] power gradually decentralised to the nomarchs, culminating in the disintegration of the kingdom, exacerbated by drought and famine, and the beginning of the [[First Intermediate Period]] in 2200 BC. This fracturing would last until 2055 BC when the [[11th Dynasty of Egypt|11th dynasty]], based in [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]], conquered the others to form the [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt]], with the [[12th Dynasty of Egypt|12th dynasty]] expanding into [[Lower Nubia]] at the expense of Kerma.<ref>{{cite book |last=Abu Bakr |first=Abdel |title=General History of Africa: Volume 2 |chapter=Pharoanic Egypt |year=1981 |publisher=UNESCO Publishing |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000134375}}</ref>{{rp|pages=68–71}} In 1700 BC, the Middle Kingdom fractured in two, ushering in the [[Second Intermediate Period]], with the [[Hyksos]], a militaristic people from [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], invading and conquering Lower Egypt, whilst Kerma coordinated invasions deep into Egypt to reach its greatest extent.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_29-7-2003_pg9_1 |title= Tomb Reveals Ancient Egypt's Humiliating Secrets |date= 29 July 2003 |work= [[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105214410/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_29-7-2003_pg9_1 |archive-date= 5 November 2013 }}</ref> In 1550 BC, the [[18th Dynasty of Egypt|18th dynasty]] eventually expelled the Hyksos, establishing the [[New Kingdom of Egypt]]. Using the advanced military technology the Hyksos brought, the New Kingdom conquered the [[Levant]] from the [[Canaanites]], [[Mittani]], [[Amorites]], and [[Hittites]], and extinguished Kerma, incorporating [[Nubia]] into the empire, sending Egypt into its golden age.<ref>{{cite book |last=Abu Bakr |first=Abdel |title=General History of Africa: Volume 2 |chapter=Pharoanic Egypt |year=1981 |publisher=UNESCO Publishing |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000134375}}</ref>{{rp|pages=73}} Internal struggles, drought and famine, and invasions by a [[Sea peoples|confederation of seafaring peoples]] contributed to the New Kingdom's collapse in 1069 BC, commencing the [[Third Intermediate Period]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Abu Bakr |first=Abdel |title=General History of Africa: Volume 2 |chapter=Pharoanic Egypt |year=1981 |publisher=UNESCO Publishing |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000134375}}</ref>{{rp|pages=76–77}}