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'{{wiktionary|reciprocity}} {{TOC right}} '''Reciprocity''' may refer to: ==Law and trade== * [[Reciprocity (Canadian politics)]], free trade with the United States of America ** [[Reciprocal trade agreement]], entered into in order to reduce (or eliminate) tariffs, quotas and other trade restrictions on items traded between the signatories * Interstate reciprocity, recognition of sibling federated states' laws: ** In the United States specifically: *** [[Full Faith and Credit Clause]], which provides for it ** [[Occupational licensing]], which in some jurisdictions provides for it * [[Traffic violations reciprocity]] where non-resident drivers are treated like residents * [[Quid pro quo#Common law|Quid pro quo]], a legal concept of the exchange of good or services, each having value ==Social sciences and humanities== * [[Norm of reciprocity]], social norm of in-kind responses to the behavior of others * [[Reciprocity (cultural anthropology)]], way of defining people's informal exchange of goods and labour * [[Reciprocity (evolution)]], mechanisms for the evolution of cooperation * [[Reciprocity (international relations)]], principle that favours, benefits, or penalties that are granted by one state to the citizens or legal entities of another, should be returned in kind ** Reciprocity being the foundation for many bonds of trust between people can be applied in various ways and within various topics.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Molm |first=Linda D. |date=2010-06 |title=The Structure of Reciprocity |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0190272510369079 |journal=Social Psychology Quarterly |language=en |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=119–131 |doi=10.1177/0190272510369079 |issn=0190-2725}}</ref> When thinking of reciprocity in relation to international relations, it is clear to see that exchanges play a big role. An example of international relations reciprocity would be trade agreements. Trade agreements make it easier for countries to trade with one another as even big and small countries can end up trading with one another, leading to it benefitting both countries. There is also room for negotiation with the trades being made, as the small counties, usually being at the disadvantage, can now have that power over the bigger countries that can offer more.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Park |first=Jee-Hyeong |date=2000-04-01 |title=International trade agreements between countries of asymmetric size |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022199699000069 |journal=Journal of International Economics |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=473–495 |doi=10.1016/S0022-1996(99)00006-9 |issn=0022-1996}}</ref> Security alliances can also be seen as an example of reciprocity within international relations as both countries are in agreement to help one another in a time of military need. NATO is one of those organizations where countries come together to come up with different policies that help the countries in it, with one of those being a type of security agreement where they will aid one another in a time of military conflict. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Olson |first=Peter M. |date=2015-04 |title=Agreement Between the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan on the Status of NATO Forces and NATO Personnel Conducting MutuallyAgreed NATO-led Activities in Afghanistan & Security and Defense Cooperation Agreement Between the United States of America and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-legal-materials/article/abs/agreement-between-the-north-atlantic-treaty-organization-and-the-islamic-republic-of-afghanistan-on-the-status-of-nato-forces-and-nato-personnel-conducting-mutuallyagreed-natoled-activities-in-afghanistan-security-and-defense-cooperation-agreement-between-the-united-states-of-america-and-the-islamic-republic-of-afghanistan/112ED61D2A5E767418CE21166510FBDA |journal=International Legal Materials |language=en |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=272–305 |doi=10.5305/intelegamate.54.2.0272 |issn=0020-7829}}</ref>Again, reciprocity can be used within many topics as gift giving is universal within all. * [[Reciprocity (social and political philosophy)]], concept of reciprocity as in-kind positive or negative responses for the actions of others * [[Reciprocity (social psychology)]], in-kind positively or negatively connoted responses of individuals towards the actions of others ** Reciprocity is a crucial aspect of how people interact and live in society but researchers who study these interactions have often overlooked its importance<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Molm |first=Linda D. |date=2010-04-16 |title=The Structure of Reciprocity |url=https://doi-org.libaccess.sjlibrary.org/10.1177/0190272510369079 |journal=Social Psychology Quarterly |language=en |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=119–131 |doi=10.1177/0190272510369079 |issn=0190-2725}}</ref> (Molm, 2010). Reciprocity, as a fundamental principle in social psychology, revolves around the concept that individuals tend to respond to the actions of others in a manner that mirrors the positive or negative nature of those actions. It involves a mutual exchange of behaviors and reactions, where individuals reciprocate the same type of behavior they have received from others<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Molm |first=Linda D. |last2=Collett |first2=Jessica L. |last3=Schaefer |first3=David R. |date=2007 |title=Building Solidarity through Generalized Exchange: A Theory of Reciprocity |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/517900 |journal=American Journal of Sociology |language=en |volume=113 |issue=1 |pages=205–242 |doi=10.1086/517900 |issn=0002-9602}}</ref> (Molm et al., 2007).People's choices in how they behave are mostly based on what they can gain from others in return, while feelings of trust, liking, and togetherness are strongly influenced by the idea of giving and receiving equally<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Molm |first=Linda D. |last2=Schaefer |first2=David R. |last3=Collett |first3=Jessica L. |date=2007 |title=The Value of Reciprocity |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/019027250707000208 |journal=Social Psychology Quarterly |language=en |volume=70 |issue=2 |pages=199–217 |doi=10.1177/019027250707000208 |issn=0190-2725}}</ref> * Ethic of reciprocity (the [[Golden Rule]]), that one should treat others as one would like others to treat oneself * [[Serial reciprocity]], in which the benefactor of a gift or service will in turn provide benefits to a third party ==Physical sciences and engineering== * [[Reciprocity (engineering)]], used in the analysis of structures and to resolve complex load conditions * [[Reciprocity (electromagnetism)]], theorems relating sources and the resulting fields in classical electromagnetism * [[Reciprocity (electrical networks)]], reciprocity theorem as it relates to current and voltage in electrical networks * [[Reciprocity (network science)]], measures the tendency of vertex pairs to form mutual connections between each other * [[Reciprocity (optoelectronic)]], a diode under illumination to the photon emission of the same diode under applied voltage * [[Reciprocity (photography)]], the relationship between the intensity of the light and duration of the exposure that result in identical exposure * [[Screw theory#Reciprocity of twist and wrench|Reciprocity of twist and wrench]], in screw theory * [[Reciprocity theorem (disambiguation)]], several unrelated results * Reciprocity of [[Antenna (radio)#Reciprocity|antenna]] transmitting and receiving characteristics * [[Helmholtz reciprocity]], linear propagation. ==Mathematics== * [[Reciprocity law]] (law of reciprocity) in mathematics, including ** [[Quadratic reciprocity]], a fundamental result in number theory ** [[Cubic reciprocity]], theorems that state conditions under which the congruence {{nowrap|''x''³ ≡ ''p'' (mod ''q'')}} is solvable ** [[Quartic reciprocity]], a collection of theorems in elementary and algebraic number theory that state conditions under which the congruence {{nowrap|''x''⁴ ≡ ''p'' (mod ''q'')}} is solvable ** [[Artin reciprocity law]], a general theorem in number theory that provided a partial solution to Hilbert's ninth problem ** [[Reciprocity relation]] or ''exact differential'', a mathematical differential of the form ''dQ'', for some differentiable function ''Q'' * [[Weil reciprocity law]] * [[Mathematics of CRC#Reciprocal polynomials|Reciprocal polynomials]], the coefficients of the remainder polynomial are the bits of the CRC * [[Reciprocal square root#Iterative methods for reciprocal square roots|Reciprocal square root]] * [[Reciprocity (projective geometry)]], a collineation from a projective space onto its dual space, taking points to hyperplanes (and vice versa) and preserving incidence * [[Frobenius reciprocity]], from group representation theory * Reciprocity law for [[Dedekind sums]] * [[Stanley's reciprocity theorem]], states that a certain functional equation is satisfied by the generating function of any rational cone and the generating function of the cone's interior * [[Hermite reciprocity]] for invariants of binary forms. ==Other== * [[Reciprocity (Fringe)|Reciprocity (''Fringe'')]], a 2011 episode of the television series ''Fringe'' * [[Rural Municipality of Reciprocity No. 32]], Saskatchewan, Canada ==See also== * [[Reciprocal (disambiguation)]] * [[Reciprocation (disambiguation)]] * [[Reciprocity Treaty (disambiguation)]] * [[Reciprocal altruism]] between individuals of different species * [[Meeting of the minds]] in contract law, sometimes called reciprocity * [[Tit for tat]] {{Mathematical disambiguation}}'