The Bible Christian Church was a Christian vegetarian sect founded by William Cowherd in Salford, North West England in 1809, as a spilt from the Swedenborgians. Members of the church were committed vegetarians and the church was foundational in the formation of the British and American vegetarian movements.
History
editSalford and Manchester Bible Christians
editWilliam Cowherd founded the Bible Christian Church following a split from the Swedenborgians. Their first chapel was known as Christ Church and located in King Street, Salford, Greater Manchester. The church later moved to new premises in Cross Lane. Further chapels were also established in Hulme and Every Street, Ancoats.[1]
To join the church, members had to sign a pledge that committed them to a vegetarian diet and abstention from alcohol.[2] Followers of Cowherd's ideas were commonly known as Bible Christians or "Cowherdites". Members of the church including Joseph Brotherton and James Simpson were involved in the founding of the Vegetarian Society in 1847.[3]
In 1816, Cowherd died and Joseph Brotherton was appointed his successor. Brotherton held the position for 40 years until his death in 1857.[4] He was succeeded by James Clark (1830–1905) in 1858, who served as pastor for nearly 50 years.[5]
By 1932, unable to attract enough vegetarian members, the English Bible Christians merged into the Pendleton Unitarians.[6]
Philadelphia Bible Christians
editThe church's message was later preached in the United States, as about 40 members under the leadership of the Reverend William Metcalfe and the Reverend James Clark[note 1] crossed the Atlantic in 1817 and formed the Philadelphia Bible Christian Church.[8] These members subsequently provided a nucleus for the American vegetarian movement and, later, the American Vegetarian Society.[9]
Beliefs
editBible Christians put great emphasis on independence of mind and freedom of belief, stating that they did not presume "to exercise any dominion over the faith or conscience of men." They believed in free will and had a Pelagian approach.[9] They argued that religion when properly understood reveals the same truth to all men. There was no emphasis on original sin or conversion. Man was not saved by faith alone but by his actions and the value of his life as a whole. Vegetarianism formed part of this belief.[9] Cowherd is said to have stated: "..If God had meant us to eat meat, then it would have come to us in edible form 'as is the ripened fruit'"[3]
Notes
edit- ^ Not to be confused with James Clark (1830–1905). Clark's surname was also spelled Clarke.[7]
References
edit- ^ "Roots of vegetarianism". International Vegetarian Union.
- ^ Margaret Puskar-Pasewicz (2010). Cultural Encyclopedia of Vegetarianism. ISBN 9780313375569.
- ^ a b "History of Vegetarianism - Early Ideas". The Vegetarian Society. Archived from the original on 2012-07-16. Retrieved 2008-07-08.; Gregory, James (2007) Of Victorians and Vegetarians. London: I. B. Tauris pp. 30–35.
- ^ "Joseph Brotherton, MP (1783 - 1857)". weasteheritagetrail.co.uk.
- ^ "History of Vegetarianism: The Bible Christian Church (1809-1930)". International Vegetarian Union. Retrieved 2024-07-08.
- ^ Antrobus, Derek (2001). "History of Vegetarianism: Roots of vegetarianism". International Vegetarian Union. Retrieved 2024-07-08.
- ^ Shprintzen, Adam D. (2013). "CHAPTER ONE Proto-vegetarianism". The Vegetarian Crusade: The Rise of an American Reform Movement, 1817-1921. University of North Carolina Press. doi:10.5149/9781469608921_shprintzen.5. ISBN 978-1-4696-0891-4.
- ^ "History of the Philadelphia Bible Christian Church" (PDF). International Vegetarian Union. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-11-26.
- ^ a b c Julia Twigg (1981). "The Bible Christian Church". International Vegetarian Union.
Further reading
edit- William E.A. Axon (1909) A History of the Bible Christian Church, Salford: From 1809 to 1909
- Philadelphia Bible Christian Church Maintenance Committee (1922) History of the Philadelphia Bible-Christian Church for the First Century of Its Existence: From 1817 to 1917
- Derek Antrobus (1997) A Guiltless Feast: The Salford Bible Christian Church and the rise of the modern vegetarian movement ISBN 0-901952-57-5
External links
editMedia related to Bible Christian Church at Wikimedia Commons
- Vegetarian roots: The extraordinary tale of William Cowherd by Karen Millington, BBC (17 December 2012)