The 640s decade ran from January 1, 640, to December 31, 649.
Events
640
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AD 640.
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Emperor Taizong's campaign against the Western Regions states
- A surge in atmospheric lead in ice core drilled in the Colle Gnifetti Glacier in the Swiss Alps signals an increase in silver mining because of economic recovery, after natural disasters in 530s and 540s.[6]
641
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AD 641.
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- February 11 – Emperor Heraclius, age 65, dies of dropsy at Constantinople after a 31-year reign. He reorganized the imperial administration, but lost Armenia, parts of Egypt, Palestine, Syria and much of Mesopotamia to the Muslim Arabs. Heraclius is succeeded by his sons Constantine III and Heraklonas.
- The Muslim conquest of Egypt continues, with the siege of Alexandria.
- May – Constantine III, age 29, dies of tuberculosis after a four-month reign, leaving his half-brother Heraklonas sole emperor. Rumors spread that Constantine has been poisoned by Heraclius's second wife (and niece) Martina.
- September – The Byzantine Senate turns against Martina and her son Heraklonas, who are both mutilated, and exiled to Rhodes. Supported by general Valentinus, Constantine's son Constans II, age 10, succeeds to the throne.
- Constans II establishes a new civil-military defensive organisation, based upon geographical military districts. Byzantine forces maintain the frontier, along the line of the Taurus Mountains (Southern Turkey).
642
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AD 642.
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643
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AD 643.
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- Chinese prefectural government officials travel to the capital of Chang'an, to give the annual report of the affairs in their districts. Emperor Taizong discovers that many have no proper quarters to rest in, and are renting rooms with merchants. Therefore, Taizong orders the government agencies in charge of municipal construction to build every visiting official his own private mansion in the capital.
- A Chinese embassy is sent to the North Indian Empire. They are invited by Emperor Harsha, who holds a Buddhist convocation at the capital Kannauj, which is attended by 20 kings and thousands of pilgrims.[10]
- Taizong commissions artist Yan Liben to paint the life-size portraits of 24 government officials in the Lingyan Pavilion, to commemorate their service and contributions to the founding of the Tang dynasty.
644
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AD 644.
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- Valentinus, Byzantine general, attempts to usurp the throne of his son-in-law Constans II. He appears at the gates of Constantinople with a contingent of Byzantine troops, and demands to be crowned emperor. His claim is rejected, and Valentinus is lynched by the populace.[13]
645
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AD 645.
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646
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AD 646.
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647
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AD 647.
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Astronomy and science
edit
648
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AD 648.
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- Emperor Constans II issues an imperial edict forbidding Monothelitism to be discussed, to quiet the intense controversy caused by the Monothelete doctrine. This edict, distributed by patriarch Paul II in Constans' name, is known as the Typos.
649
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AD 649.
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Births
640
- Al-Akhtal, Arab poet (approximate date)
- Arikesari Maravarman, king of the Pandyan Empire (approximate date)
- Asparukh, ruler of the Bulgarian Empire (approximate date)
- Godeberta, Frankish abbess (approximate date)
- Isonokami no Maro, Japanese statesman (d. 717)
- Kilian, Irish bishop (approximate date)
- Luo Binwang, Chinese poet (d. 684)
- Musa ibn Nusayr, Arab general (d. 716)
- Winnoc, Welsh abbot (approximate date)
- Wulfhere, king of Mercia (approximate date)
- Wulfram, archbishop of Sens (approximate date)
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
Deaths
640
- February 27 – Pepin the Elder, Mayor of the Palace
- August 2 – Pope Severinus
- September 12 – Sak K'uk', queen of Palenque[25]
- Alena, Frankish martyr (approximate date)
- Arnulf of Metz, Frankish bishop and saint
- Bilal ibn Rabah al-Habashi, companion of Muhammed
- Chintila, king of the Visigoths (approximate date)
- Dushun, Chinese (Buddhist) patriarch (b. 557)
- Eadbald, king of Kent (approximate date)
- Eanswith, Anglo-Saxon princess (approximate date)
- Li Xiaogong, prince of the Tang dynasty (b. 591)
- Romanus, bishop of Rouen (approximate date)
- Tysilio, Welsh prince and bishop
- Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan, Arab general
641
642
- August 5 or 641 – Oswald, king of Northumbria
- October 12 – Pope John IV
- Emma, Anglo-Saxon queen
- Eowa, king of Mercia (English Midlands)
- Domnall Brecc, king of Dál Riata[26]
- Domnall mac Áedo, high king of Ireland
- Flaochad, Mayor of the Palace (Burgundy)
- Heraklonas, Byzantine emperor (approximate date)
- Khalid ibn al-Walid, Arab general (b. 592)
- Mardanshah, Persian general
- Nanthild, Frankish queen
- Pulakeshin II, king of Chalukya (India)
- Willibad, patrician (of duke) of Burgundy
- Yeongnyu, king of Goguryeo (Korea)
- Yuwen Shiji, chancellor of the Tang dynasty
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
- March – John Climacus, Syrian monk and writer (b. c.579)
- May 2 – Marutha of Tikrit, Persian theologian and Maphrian of the Syriac Orthodox Church (b. 565)
- May 14 – Pope Theodore I, Jerusalem-born Greek pontiff
- July 2 – Li Jing, Chinese general and chancellor of the Tang dynasty (b. 571)
- July 6 – Goar of Aquitaine, Catholic priest and hermit (b. c.585)
- July 10 – Taizong, Chinese Tang dynasty emperor (b. 598)
- December 3 – Birinus, French-born Bishop of Dorchester in Wessex (b. c.600)
- Rogallach mac Uatach, Irish king of Connacht (murdered)
- Soga no Kurayamada, Japanese udaijin
- Songtsen Gampo, founder of the Tibetan Empire
- ^ Butler, Alfred, "The Arab Conquest of Egypt and the Last Thirty years of Roman Dominion", p. 222
- ^ Al Farooq, Umar by Muhammad Husayn Haykal, chapter nr. 21
- ^ "Fires, Great", in The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance, Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876) pp24
- ^ "What happened to the Great Library at Alexandria?". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2020-01-09.
- ^ Hill, John E. (2003). "The Kingdom of Da Quin". The Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu (2nd ed.). Retrieved 2008-11-30
- ^ "Why 536 was 'the worst year to be alive'". sciencemag.org Nov. 15, 2018.
- ^ a b "List of Rulers of Korea". www.metmuseum.org. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
- ^ Reuter, Timothy (1991). Germany in the Early Middle Ages 800–1056. New York: Longman. p. 55. ISBN 0-582-08156-4.
- ^ Watters, Thomas. "On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India". Two volumes. 1904–1905, Royal Asiatic Society, London. One volume reprint: Munshiram Manoharlal, Delhi, 1973, pp. 343–344
- ^ Wechsler, Howard J. (1979). "T'ai-tsung (reign 626–49) the consolidator". In Twitchett, Dennis (ed.). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 3: Sui and T'ang China, 589–906, Part I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 226. ISBN 978-0-521-21446-9.
- ^ Parker, Anselm. "St. Oswin". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 28 Mar. 2013
- ^ Lilie, Ralph-Johannes; Ludwig, Claudia; Pratsch, Thomas; Zielke, Beate (2001). "Ualentinos (#8545)". Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit: 1. Abteilung (641–867), Band 5 : Theophylaktos (# 8346) – az-Zubair (# 8675), Anonymi (# 10001–12149) (in German). Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter. p. 71. ISBN 978-3-11-016675-0.
- ^ Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Taika" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 924, p. 9247, at Google Books; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, see Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File.
- ^ Lee, Kenneth B. (1997). Korea and East Asia: "The story of a phoenix". Westport: Praeger. p. 16. ISBN 9780275958237.
- ^ Kieschnick, John (2003). "The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture". Princeton University Press, p. 258. ISBN 0-691-09676-7
- ^ a b "List of Rulers of Korea". www.metmuseum.org. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
- ^ Paulo Alberto, ed. (2005). Corpus Christianorum, volume 114. Brepols. p. 16.
- ^ "649 – the year China first invaded India – the Acorn".
- ^ "The Mystery of the Red Queen of Palenque". Uncovered History. 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2019-01-21.
- ^ Lynch, Michael, ed. (February 24, 2011). The Oxford companion to Scottish history. Oxford University Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-19-969305-4.[full citation needed]
- ^ Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (Third revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 221. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.
- ^ Alban Butler; Paul Burns (1 January 1999). Butler's Lives of the Saints: April. A&C Black. p. 187. ISBN 978-0-86012-253-1.
- ^ The New Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1998. p. 935. ISBN 978-0-85229-663-9.
- ^ Charles George Herbermann (1913). The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church. Universal Knowledge Foundation. p. 333.
- ^ Teule, Herman G. B. (2011). "Yuḥanon of the Sedre". In Sebastian P. Brock; Aaron M. Butts; George A. Kiraz; Lucas Van Rompay (eds.). Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition. Retrieved 8 July 2020.