Edit filter log

'@@ -8,14 +8,18 @@ There are two main views in Galicia about the Galician language:{{cn|date=February 2024}} -* The ''isolationist'' considers Galician and Portuguese to be two distinct languages, although they are closely related.{{cn|date=February 2024}} Isolationists favour differentiated rules of writing and spelling between Galician and Portuguese. In this fashion, Galician spelling follows the model of [[Spanish language|Spanish]] [[orthography]] and its own traditional conventions, which converge with it in some aspects. Its standard norm, the "[[NOMIGa]]", is elaborated by the {{lang|gl|[[Real Academia Galega]]}} (Royal Galician Academy) and the {{lang|gl|[[Instituto da Língua Galega]]}} (Institute for Galician Language). +* The ''isolationist'' considers Galician and Portuguese to be two distinct languages, although they are closely related. {{cn|date=February 2024}} Isolationists favour differentiated rules of writing and spelling between Galician and Portuguese. In this fashion, Galician spelling follows the model of [[Spanish language|Spanish]] [[orthography]] and its own traditional conventions, which converge with it in some aspects. This view is held by the majority of public and Government organizations. Its standard norm, the "[[NOMIGa]]", is elaborated by the {{lang|gl|[[Real Academia Galega]]}} (Royal Galician Academy) and the {{lang|gl|[[Instituto da Língua Galega]]}} (Institute for Galician Language). -: The majority of the Galician population was educated in Spanish only (as official use of Galician was forbidden for centuries.<ref>Freitas, M.P. (2008). ''A represión linguística en Galiza no S.XX''. Ed. Xerais.</ref> {{Page needed|date=March 2023}} <ref>Callón, Carlos (2022). ''O libro negro da língua galega.'' Ed. Xerais.</ref> {{Page needed|date=March 2023}} {{clarify|post-text=: In which sense was it "forbidden"?|date=March 2023}} especially in [[Francoist Spain]]<ref>{{cite book |quote=Following Franco's 1939 victory, the Galicians suffered severe punishment – their culture was suppressed, and edicts were issued forbidding the speaking, teaching, or publishing of books or newspapers in the Galician language. |first=James |last=Minahan |title=One Europe, many nations: a historical dictionary of European national groups |location=Westport, CT |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=2000 |isbn=0-313-04866-5 |page=279 }}</ref>) +: Among other criteria, isolationism argues that since the majority of the Galician population was educated in Spanish only (as official use of Galician was forbidden for centuries,<ref>Freitas, M.P. (2008). ''A represión linguística en Galiza no S.XX''. Ed. Xerais.</ref> {{Page needed|date=March 2023}} <ref>Callón, Carlos (2022). ''O libro negro da língua galega.'' Ed. Xerais.</ref> {{Page needed|date=March 2023}} {{clarify|post-text=: In which sense was it "forbidden"?|date=March 2023}} especially in [[Francoist Spain]]<ref>{{cite book |quote=Following Franco's 1939 victory, the Galicians suffered severe punishment – their culture was suppressed, and edicts were issued forbidding the speaking, teaching, or publishing of books or newspapers in the Galician language. |first=James |last=Minahan |title=One Europe, many nations: a historical dictionary of European national groups |location=Westport, CT |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=2000 |isbn=0-313-04866-5 |page=279 }}</ref>), it is easier to create a Galician written norm which is closer to Spanish, therefore more "familiar", regardless of other considerations. It is also alleged that since the Spanish language had such a vast influence in modern Galician its contribution should not be simply disregarded. This influence is noticeable in some aspects of Galician [[phonetics]] and colloquial speech. -: In this fashion, it is argued that Galician would be faithful to its history and [[etymology]] and subsequently its written norm would be more scientific and precise.{{cn|date=February 2024}} Thus, it would allow Galician speakers to have direct access to a world culture and it would also clarify some spelling problems of the isolationist norm (for example in terms of [[stress (linguistics)|stress]]).<ref>[http://membres.multimania.fr/questione/documentos/estudo83/acento.html Accentuation section on the 'Critical Study' to the ILG-RAG norm, by AGAL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015002712/http://membres.multimania.fr/questione/documentos/estudo83/acento.html |date=15 October 2012 }}. Access date 1 September 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.udc.es/dep/lx/cac/artigos/escrit96.html Article about the 'Continuum' of the norms in Galicia]. Access date 1 September 2011</ref> +* The ''reintegrationist'' view considers Galician to be a variant of a shared [[Galician-Portuguese]] linguistic [[diasystem]], as evidenced by the common origin, [[grammar]], [[syntax]], [[vocabulary]], [[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]] and overall high level of [[mutual intelligibility]]. Therefore, reintegrationists support the use of spelling rules similar to the ones used in Portuguese-speaking countries. This is supported by the [[AGAL (association)|AGAL]] (Galician Association of the Language), [[Galician Academy of the Portuguese Language]], [[Academia Brasileira de Letras|Brazilian Academy of Letters]], [[Lisbon Academy of Sciences]], and a number of civic and cultural associations both in Galicia and [[Portuguese-speaking countries]]. -: A number of Portuguese linguists and authors such as [[Luís Lindley Cintra]], [[Manuel Rodrigues Lapa]], [[Fernando Venâncio]], [[Carlos António Alves dos Reis|Carlos Reis]] or [[João Malaca Casteleiro|Malaca Casteleiro]] have expressed their agreement with the reintegrationist views.<ref>[http://www.pglingua.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=260:aglp-ja-caminha-com-parabens-e-criticas&catid=8:cronicas&Itemid=69 On the opening of the Galician Academy for Portuguese Language]. Access date 8 October 2008</ref> +: In this fashion, it is argued that Galician would be faithful to its history and [[etymology]] and subsequently its written norm would be more scientific and precise.{{cn|date=February 2024}} Thus, it would allow Galician speakers to have direct access to a world culture and it would also clarify some spelling problems of the isolationist norm (for example in terms of [[stress (linguistics)|accentuation]]).<ref>[http://membres.multimania.fr/questione/documentos/estudo83/acento.html Accentuation section on the 'Critical Study' to the ILG-RAG norm, by AGAL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015002712/http://membres.multimania.fr/questione/documentos/estudo83/acento.html |date=15 October 2012 }}. Access date 1 September 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.udc.es/dep/lx/cac/artigos/escrit96.html Article about the 'Continuum' of the norms in Galicia]. Access date 1 September 2011</ref> + +: Reintegrationism is a cultural stand as much as a linguistic position. Its supporters believe that Galicia rightfully belongs to [[Lusophony]] since, in fact, modern Portuguese originated in what is today Galicia and northern Portugal (see [[History of Portuguese#Galician-Portuguese period|History of Portuguese, Galician-Portuguese period]]). They aim for stronger cultural and economic ties with the Portuguese-speaking countries using the common language as a tool for direct communication. + +: From the Portuguese side, a number of relevant linguists and authors such as [[Luís Lindley Cintra]], [[Manuel Rodrigues Lapa]], [[Fernando Venâncio]], [[Carlos António Alves dos Reis|Carlos Reis]] or [[João Malaca Casteleiro|Malaca Casteleiro]] have expressed their agreement with the reintegrationist views.<ref>[http://www.pglingua.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=260:aglp-ja-caminha-com-parabens-e-criticas&catid=8:cronicas&Itemid=69 On the opening of the Galician Academy for Portuguese Language]. Access date 8 October 2008</ref> ===Genesis of the debate=== -Authors such as [[Alfonso Daniel Rodríguez Castelao|Castelao]], among others, stated that Galician should gradually merge with Portuguese, namely in its written form.<ref>[http://www.agal-gz.org/modules.php?name=Sections&op=viewarticle&artid=11 Selected quotes of Castelao and other Galician classics] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005063224/http://www.agal-gz.org/modules.php?name=Sections&op=viewarticle&artid=11 |date=5 October 2008 }}, commenting on Galician language and politics</ref><ref>[http://www.carvalhocalero2010.net/citas Selected quotes Galician classics on Reintegrationism and the Galician-Portuguese issue], commenting on Galician language and politics</ref> +The divergences between isolationism and reintegrationism can be traced back to the time of the Galician {{lang|gl|[[Rexurdimento]]}} (Revival), in the nineteenth century, when Galician began to be systematically written again in Galicia for the first time since the Middle Ages. Up to that time, written Galician was either forbidden or simply dismissed by the Spanish authorities, and certainly not used officially. Hence, {{lang|gl|Rexurdimento}} Galician writers realized they did not "know" how Galician should be spelled properly. There were three possible options: to infer it from the Medieval forms; to use a Spanish-based spelling, which was already known to all; or to use the Portuguese spelling, feeling that written Portuguese was "what Galician would have been if it had not been forbidden". Authors such as [[Alfonso Daniel Rodríguez Castelao|Castelao]], among others, stated that Galician should gradually merge with Portuguese, namely in its written form.<ref>[http://www.agal-gz.org/modules.php?name=Sections&op=viewarticle&artid=11 Selected quotes of Castelao and other Galician classics] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005063224/http://www.agal-gz.org/modules.php?name=Sections&op=viewarticle&artid=11 |date=5 October 2008 }}, commenting on Galician language and politics</ref><ref>[http://www.carvalhocalero2010.net/citas Selected quotes Galician classics on Reintegrationism and the Galician-Portuguese issue], commenting on Galician language and politics</ref> The reality was that until the 1980s Galician was often written using a mix of the three options. {{quote|The Lusitanian and Galician languages are the same.|[[Benito Jerónimo Feijóo y Montenegro|Padre Feijóo]], ''Theatro Critico Universal'', 1726}} @@ -27,8 +31,10 @@ {{quote|Galician is a wide-spread and useful language which—with small variations—is spoken in Brazil, Portugal and in the Portuguese colonies.|[[Alfonso Daniel Rodríguez Castelao|Castelao]], ''Sempre en Galiza'', 1944}} -However, political issues forced the resignation of Carvalho Calero and, consequently, the 1979 pro-reintegrationist norms were revoked. The new official norms and reforms passed from 1982 onwards would be strongly pro-isolationist.<ref>[http://www.agal-gz.org/modules.php?name=Sections&op=viewarticle&artid=5 Biography of Carvalho Calero] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511002728/http://www.agal-gz.org/modules.php?name=Sections&op=viewarticle&artid=5 |date=11 May 2008 }}, explaining the development of the language norm and his implication in it</ref> +Yet, with the end of [[Francoist Spain]] in 1975, and with the [[Spanish transition to democracy]] shortly afterwards, Galicia became an [[autonomous community]] with the Statute of Autonomy of 1981, with Galician as its official language (alongside Spanish). Establishing a fixed standard form then became urgent. Claims for Galician-Portuguese linguistic unity had already been produced, as evidenced with the {{lang|pt-ES|Manifesto para a supervivência da cultura galega}} (Manifesto for the Survival of Galician Culture), first published in 1974.<ref>[http://www.pglingua.org/images/stories/pdfs/2008/20080913_manifesto_13_roma.pdf ''Manifesto para a supervivência da cultura galega''], published in 1974, probably written originally circa 1971–72</ref> Still, the first draft of the language norms was produced in 1979 under the guidance of [[linguist]] Professor [[Ricardo Carballo Calero]]. These norms recommended a gradual approach to Portuguese, often allowing for a number of different solutions in the case of uncertainty. + +However, political issues forced the resignation of Carvalho Calero and, consequently, the 1979 pro-reintegrationist norms were revoked. The new official norms and reforms passed from 1982 onwards would be strongly pro-isolationist.<ref>[http://www.agal-gz.org/modules.php?name=Sections&op=viewarticle&artid=5 Biography of Carvalho Calero] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511002728/http://www.agal-gz.org/modules.php?name=Sections&op=viewarticle&artid=5 |date=11 May 2008 }}, explaining the development of the language norm and his implication in it</ref><ref>[http://galizauberallesduas.blogspot.com/2010/05/ao-lonxe-ou-o-comezo-da-guerra.html Ao Lonxe: Ou o comezo da guerra normativa], blog entry explaining the "story" behind the "standards war"</ref> == Practicalities == -In writing, the most obvious differences from the [[Normas Ortográficas e Morfolóxicas do Idioma Galego|official norm (NOMIGa)]] are (according to AGAL):<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.agal-gz.org/corporativo/reintegracionismo/5-reintegracionimo/113-guia-de-leitura-dos-grafemas-e-digrafos-da-escrita-do-galego|title = Associaçom Galega da Língua}}</ref> +Reintegrationism accepts two possibilities for writing Galician: either adopting the standard Portuguese written norm or using a slightly modified norm following the recommendations of [[AGAL (association)|AGAL]]. In any case, reintegrationism considers that spoken Galician and all of its characteristic words, expressions, and pronunciation should not be radically substituted by standard Portuguese. The main recommendations of reintegrationism when referring to spoken Galician revolve around the avoidance of unnecessary Spanish [[loanwords]], namely [[colloquialisms]]. In writing, the most obvious differences from the [[Normas Ortográficas e Morfolóxicas do Idioma Galego|official norm (NOMIGa)]] are (according to AGAL):<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.agal-gz.org/corporativo/reintegracionismo/5-reintegracionimo/113-guia-de-leitura-dos-grafemas-e-digrafos-da-escrita-do-galego|title = Associaçom Galega da Língua}}</ref> * Use of {{angbr|nh}} instead of the letter {{angbr|ñ}} to represent the [[palatal nasal]] sound. For example: ''cami'''nh'''o'' instead of ''cami'''ñ'''o'' (way). @@ -43,10 +49,16 @@ * Avoidance of specific lexical choices introduced by [[Spanish language|Spanish]] -Galician members of the [[European Parliament]] (such as [[José Posada]], [[Camilo Nogueira]] and [[Xosé Manuel Beiras]]) have used spoken Galician when addressing the chamber and have used standard Portuguese orthography to encode their Galician speech. In all cases, these interventions and encodings have been accepted by the Parliament as a valid form of Portuguese, that is, an official language of the [[European Union]].<ref>[http://recantodasletras.uol.com.br/artigos/1133552 ''O galego já é oficial na Uniom Europeia'']{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, by José Manuel Barbosa, 2004</ref><ref>[http://www.udc.es/dep/lx/cac/vo/20040526DR/index.htm ''O galego na União Europea''], sound file, by Camilo Nogueira, [[Celso Álvarez Cáccamo]] et al., 2004</ref><ref>[http://www.agal-gz.org/modules.php?name=News&file=articlecomments&sid=2452&mode=&order=0&thold=0 Interview to Manuel Garcia: "I spoke Galician in the European Parliament"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717071559/http://www.agal-gz.org/modules.php?name=News&file=articlecomments&sid=2452&mode=&order=0&thold=0 |date=17 July 2011 }}, 2005</ref> +Even though the reintegrationist norm does not have official status, it has been recognized in courts of law. {{Citation needed|date=September 2007}} Furthermore, Galician members of the [[European Parliament]] (such as [[José Posada]], [[Camilo Nogueira]] and [[Xosé Manuel Beiras]]) have used spoken Galician when addressing the chamber and have used standard Portuguese orthography to encode their Galician speech. In all cases, these interventions and encodings have been accepted by the Parliament as a valid form of Portuguese, that is, an official language of the [[European Union]].<ref>[http://recantodasletras.uol.com.br/artigos/1133552 ''O galego já é oficial na Uniom Europeia'']{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, by José Manuel Barbosa, 2004</ref><ref>[http://www.udc.es/dep/lx/cac/vo/20040526DR/index.htm ''O galego na União Europea''], sound file, by Camilo Nogueira, [[Celso Álvarez Cáccamo]] et al., 2004</ref><ref>[http://www.agal-gz.org/modules.php?name=News&file=articlecomments&sid=2452&mode=&order=0&thold=0 Interview to Manuel Garcia: "I spoke Galician in the European Parliament"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717071559/http://www.agal-gz.org/modules.php?name=News&file=articlecomments&sid=2452&mode=&order=0&thold=0 |date=17 July 2011 }}, 2005</ref> Furthermore, members of Galician reintegrationist associations have been regularly present at meetings of the Community of Portuguese-Speaking Countries. In 2008, Galician delegates were invited as speakers to the [[Portuguese Parliament]] when discussing the new [[Spelling reforms of Portuguese|spelling norms]] for the Portuguese language.<ref>[http://www.agal-gz.org/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=4242 ''Presença galega no parlamento português na comunicaçom social''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717071614/http://www.agal-gz.org/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=4242 |date=17 July 2011 }}, 2008</ref> + +== Common positions == +Theoretically, the positions of the standards of [[Normas Ortográficas e Morfolóxicas do Idioma Galego|NOMIGa]] (official norm) and AGAL are not so different. Although usually accused of having pro-Spanish tendencies, it is stated at the introduction of the NOMIGa that "standard choices must be in harmony with those of other languages, especially to those of Romance languages and especially to those of Portuguese". Furthermore, they value "the contribution of [[European Portuguese|Peninsular]] and [[Brazilian Portuguese]]" in the creation of the Galician norm. + +This being the philosophy behind the "official standard", NOMIGa and AGAL share an initial starting point, but it is often argued that the NOMIGa are far removed from the usual speech of day-to-day and older Galician speakers, in addition to "isolating" Galician (hence the term ''isolationist'') from the rest of Portuguese-speaking areas by using a different writing system. +In any case, European and Brazilian Portuguese are usually analyzed by both isolationists and reintegrationists as a primary source from which to extract scientific and technical [[terminology]] and [[neologisms]]. == Political implications== -As with many other aspects of Galician society and culture, language is deeply politicized in Galicia.{{cn|date=February 2024}} Traditionally, the defence and promotion of the Galician language has been linked to [[Galician independence movement|Galician independence]], yet this is often considered a simplification.{{cn|date=February 2024}} Likewise, different political groups and parties have adopted different approaches to the "isolationism vs reintegrationism" polemic.{{cn|date=February 2024}} For example, AGAL members have often expressed that this is merely a linguistic, hence scientific, discussion, and that it should not become the arena for political fights among the community of Galician speakers.<ref>[http://www.agal-gz.org/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1186 ''O reintegracionismo deve rachar com a imagem de marginalidade e seitarismo''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717071746/http://www.agal-gz.org/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1186 |date=17 July 2011 }}, Forum da Língua, 2004</ref><ref>[http://www.agal-gz.org/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=3140&mode=&order=0&thold=0 Interview to Maurício Castro: ''O conhecimento e interesse polo reintegracionismo está hoje mais estendido socialmente''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717071709/http://www.agal-gz.org/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=3140&mode=&order=0&thold=0 |date=17 July 2011 }}, 2006</ref><ref>[http://membres.lycos.fr/questione/artigos/outeiro1.html Outeiro] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424005440/http://membres.lycos.fr/questione/artigos/outeiro1.html |date=24 April 2008 }}, op. cit.</ref> +As with many other aspects of Galician society and culture, language is deeply politicized in Galicia.{{cn|date=February 2024}} Traditionally, the defence and promotion of the Galician language has been linked to [[Galician independence movement|Galician independence]], yet this is often considered a simplification.{{cn|date=February 2024}} Likewise, different political groups and parties have adopted different approaches to the "isolationism vs reintegrationism" polemic.<ref>[http://membres.lycos.fr/questione/artigos/outeiro1.html ''Reintegracioniso e nacionalismo hoje''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424005440/http://membres.lycos.fr/questione/artigos/outeiro1.html |date=24 April 2008 }}, by José Manuel Outeiro</ref> Broadly speaking, pro-independence groups have traditionally expressed a greater support for the reintegrationist norm, while others have adopted the isolationist. In any case, all the linguistic organizations behind both reintegrationism and isolationism have attempted to dissociate themselves from the political debate. For example, AGAL members have often expressed that this is merely a linguistic, hence scientific, discussion, and that it should not become the arena for political fights among the community of Galician speakers.<ref>[http://www.agal-gz.org/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1186 ''O reintegracionismo deve rachar com a imagem de marginalidade e seitarismo''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717071746/http://www.agal-gz.org/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1186 |date=17 July 2011 }}, Forum da Língua, 2004</ref><ref>[http://www.agal-gz.org/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=3140&mode=&order=0&thold=0 Interview to Maurício Castro: ''O conhecimento e interesse polo reintegracionismo está hoje mais estendido socialmente''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717071709/http://www.agal-gz.org/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=3140&mode=&order=0&thold=0 |date=17 July 2011 }}, 2006</ref><ref>[http://membres.lycos.fr/questione/artigos/outeiro1.html Outeiro] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424005440/http://membres.lycos.fr/questione/artigos/outeiro1.html |date=24 April 2008 }}, op. cit.</ref> ==See also== '