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'{{short description|International standard diagnostic tool for epidemiology, health management and clinical purposes}} {{redirect|ICD}} The '''International Classification of Diseases''' ('''ICD''') is a globally used [[Diagnosis|diagnostic]] tool for [[epidemiology]], [[health management]] and clinical purposes. The ICD is maintained by the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO), which is the directing and coordinating authority for health within the [[United Nations System]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/about/en |title=About WHO |access-date=14 March 2014 |url-status=live |publisher=World Health Organization |archive-date=9 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209050225/http://www.who.int/about/en}}</ref> The ICD is originally designed as a [[health care]] classification system, providing a system of diagnostic codes for classifying [[disease]]s, including nuanced classifications of a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances, and external causes of injury or disease. This system is designed to map health conditions to corresponding generic categories together with specific variations, assigning for these a designated code, up to six characters long. Thus, major categories are designed to include a set of similar diseases. The ICD is published by the WHO and used worldwide for morbidity and mortality statistics, [[reimbursement]] systems, and automated decision support in health care. This system is designed to promote international comparability in the collection, processing, classification, and presentation of these statistics. Like the analogous ''[[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]]'' (which is limited to psychiatric disorders and almost exclusive to the United States), the ICD is a major project to statistically classify all health disorders, and provide diagnostic assistance. The ICD is a core statistically based classificatory diagnostic system for health care related issues of the [[Medical classification#WHO Family of International Classifications|WHO Family of International Classifications]] (WHO-FIC).<ref name="WHO-FIC">{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/classifications/en |title=The WHO Family of International Classifications |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=14 March 2014 |url-status=live |archive-date=22 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222042324/http://www.who.int/classifications/en}}</ref> The ICD is revised periodically and is currently in its 10th revision. The [[ICD-10]], as it is therefore known, was first released in 1992, and the WHO publishes annual minor updates and triennial major updates. The eleventh revision of the ICD, the [[ICD-11]], was accepted by WHO's [[World Health Assembly]] (WHA) on 25 May 2019 and will officially come into effect on 1 January 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/25-05-2019-world-health-assembly-update|title=World Health Assembly Update, 25 May 2019|date=25 May 2019}}</ref> The [https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en version for preparation] of approval at the WHA was released on 18 June 2018.<ref name="response">[https://www.who.int/classifications/icd/revision/icdprojectplan2015to2018.pdf ICD-11 project plan] WHO team for classifications, terminologies and standards/IER (12 May 2015) Retrieved on 2018-06-01.</ref><ref>Information from World Health Organization (WHO): [http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd/icd10updates/en/index.html List of Official ICD-10 Updates]. For the ICD-11 revision: [https://web.archive.org/web/20140221172506/http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/revision/en/ The ICD 11th Revision is due by 2017] (Archived, Feb. 2014); [https://www.who.int/classifications/icd/revision/timeline/en/ ICD Revision Timelines] and [http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd11/browse/l-m/en ICD-11 Beta Draft] (online beta-version of ICD-11).</ref> The ICD is part of [[Medical classification#WHO Family of International Classifications|a "family" of international classifications]] (WHOFIC) that complement each other, also including the [[International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health]] (ICF) which focuses on the domains of functioning (disability) associated with health conditions, from both medical and social perspectives, and the [[International Classification of Health Interventions]] (ICHI) that classifies the whole range of medical, nursing, functioning and public health interventions. == Historical synopsis == {{More citations needed section|date=July 2017}} In 1860, during the international statistical congress held in London, [[Florence Nightingale]] made a proposal that was to result in the development of the first model of systematic collection of hospital data. In 1893, a French physician, [[Jacques Bertillon]], introduced the ''Bertillon Classification of Causes of Death'' at a congress of the [[International Statistical Institute]] in Chicago.<ref>[https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Bertillon%2C%20Jacques%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Jacques%20Bertillon%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Bertillon%2C%20Jacques%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Jacques%20Bertillon%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Bertillon%2C%20J%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Jacques%20Bertillon%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Bertillon%2C%20Jacques%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Jacques%20Bertillon%22%29%20OR%20%28%221851-1922%22%20AND%20Bertillon%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29 Works of Jacques Bertillon], Internet Archive.</ref><ref name="History">{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/entity/classifications/icd/en/HistoryOfICD.pdf|title=''History of the development of the ICD''.|website=Who.int|access-date=11 December 2017}}</ref> A number of countries adopted Bertillon's system, which was based on the principle of distinguishing between general diseases and those localized to a particular organ or anatomical site, as used by the City of Paris for classifying deaths. Subsequent revisions represented a synthesis of English, German, and Swiss classifications, expanding from the original 44 titles to 161 titles. In 1898, the [[American Public Health Association]] (APHA) recommended that the registrars of Canada, Mexico, and the United States also adopt it. The APHA also recommended revising the system every 10 years to ensure the system remained current with medical practice advances. As a result, the first international conference to revise the International Classification of Causes of Death took place in 1900, with revisions occurring every ten years thereafter. At that time, the classification system was contained in one book, which included an Alphabetic Index as well as a Tabular List. The book was small compared with current coding texts. The revisions that followed contained minor changes, until the sixth revision of the classification system. With the sixth revision, the classification system expanded to two volumes. The sixth revision included morbidity and mortality conditions, and its title was modified to reflect the changes: International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries and Causes of Death (ICD). Prior to the sixth revision, responsibility for ICD revisions fell to the Mixed Commission, a group composed of representatives from the International Statistical Institute and the Health Organization of the [[League of Nations]]. In 1948, the WHO assumed responsibility for preparing and publishing the revisions to the ICD every ten years.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zhavoronkov|first1=Alex|last2=Bhullar|first2=Bhupinder|date=2015-11-04|title=Classifying aging as a disease in the context of ICD-11|journal=Frontiers in Genetics|volume=6|page=326|doi=10.3389/fgene.2015.00326|issn=1664-8021|pmc=4631811|pmid=26583032}}</ref> WHO sponsored the seventh and eighth revisions in 1957 and 1968, respectively. It later became clear that the established ten year interval between revisions was too short. The ICD is currently the most widely used statistical classification system for diseases in the world.<ref>International health statistics using this system are available at the [https://www.who.int/gho/en/ Global Health Observatory] (GHO) and the [https://www.who.int/whosis/en/ WHO Statistical Information System (WHOSIS)].</ref> In addition, some countries—including Australia, Canada, and the United States—have developed their own adaptations of ICD, with more [[procedure code]]s for classification of operative or diagnostic procedures. ==Versions of ICD== ===ICD-6=== The ICD-6, published in 1949, was the first to be shaped to become suitable for morbidity reporting. Accordingly, the name changed from International List of Causes of Death to International Statistical Classification of Diseases. The combined code section for injuries and their associated accidents was split into two, a chapter for injuries, and a chapter for their external causes. With use for morbidity there was a need for coding mental conditions, and for the first time a section on mental disorders was added .<ref name=Katsching>{{cite journal|last=Katsching|first=Heinz|title=Are psychiatrists an endangered species? Observations on internal and external challenges to the profession|journal=[[World Psychiatry]]|date=February 2010|volume=9|issue=1|pages=21–28|publisher=[[World Psychiatric Association]] |pmc=2816922 |pmid=20148149 |doi=10.1002/j.2051-5545.2010.tb00257.x}}</ref><ref name="volume2">ICD-10 Volume 2, online at [https://www.who.int/classifications Classifications] WHO.int</ref> ===ICD-7=== The international Conference for the Seventh Revision of the International Classification of Diseases was held in Paris under the auspices of WHO in February 1955. In accordance with a recommendation of the WHO Expert Committee on Health Statistics, this revision was limited to essential changes and amendments of errors and inconsistencies.<ref name="volume2"/> ===ICD-8a=== The 8th Revision Conference convened by WHO met in Geneva, from 6 to 12 July 1965. This revision was more radical than the Seventh but left unchanged the basic structure of the Classification and the general philosophy of classifying diseases, whenever possible, according to their [[etiology]] rather than a particular manifestation. During the years that the Seventh and Eighth Revisions of the ICD were in force, the use of the ICD for indexing hospital medical records increased rapidly and some countries prepared national adaptations which provided the additional detail needed for this application of the ICD. In the US, a group of consultants was asked to study the 8th revision of ICD (ICD-8a) for its applicability to various users in the United States. This group recommended that further detail be provided for coding hospital and morbidity data. The American Hospital Association's "Advisory Committee to the Central Office on ICDA" developed the needed adaptation proposals, resulting in the publication of the International Classification of Diseases, Adapted (ICDA). In 1968, the United States Public Health Service published the International Classification of Diseases, Adapted, 8th Revision for use in the United States (ICDA-8a). Beginning in 1968, ICDA-8a served as the basis for coding diagnostic data for both official morbidity [and mortality] statistics in the United States.<ref name="volume2"/><ref name="cdc">{{cite web|url=http://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/sci_data/codes/icd9/type_txt/icd9cm.asp|title=International Classification Of Diseases - 9 - CM, (1979)|website=Wonder.cdc.gov|access-date=11 December 2017}}</ref> ===ICD-9{{Anchor|ICDM 9|ICDM-9}}=== {{see also|List of ICD-9 codes}}<!--The above anchor has incoming links from other articles; please don't remove it from the section header.--> The International Conference for the Ninth Revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death, convened by WHO, met in Geneva from 30 September to 6 October 1975. In the discussions leading up to the conference, it had originally been intended that there should be little change other than updating of the classification. This was mainly because of the expense of adapting data processing systems each time the classification was revised. There had been an enormous growth of interest in the ICD and ways had to be found of responding to this, partly by modifying the classification itself and partly by introducing special coding provisions. A number of representations were made by specialist bodies which had become interested in using the ICD for their own statistics. Some subject areas in the classification were regarded as inappropriately arranged and there was considerable pressure for more detail and for adaptation of the classification to make it more relevant for the evaluation of medical care, by classifying conditions to the chapters concerned with the part of the body affected rather than to those dealing with the underlying generalized disease.<ref name="History"/> At the other end of the scale, there were representations from countries and areas where a detailed and sophisticated classification was irrelevant, but which nevertheless needed a classification based on the ICD in order to assess their progress in health care and in the control of disease. A field test with a bi-axial classification approach—one axis (criterion) for anatomy, with another for etiology—showed the impracticability of such approach for routine use.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} The final proposals presented to and accepted by the Conference in 1978<ref>{{cite journal | pmc = 1361216 | pmid=16178999 | doi=10.1111/j.1475-6773.2005.00444.x | volume=40 | issue=5p2 | title=Measuring diagnoses: ICD code accuracy | year=2005 | journal=Health Serv Res | pages=1620–39 |vauthors=O'Malley KJ, Cook KF, Price MD, Wildes KR, Hurdle JF, Ashton CM }}</ref> retained the basic structure of the ICD, although with much additional detail at the level of the four digit subcategories, and some optional five digit subdivisions. For the benefit of users not requiring such detail, care was taken to ensure that the categories at the three digit level were appropriate. For the benefit of users wishing to produce statistics and indexes oriented towards medical care, the 9th Revision included an optional alternative method of classifying diagnostic statements, including information about both an underlying general disease and a manifestation in a particular organ or site. This system became known as the 'dagger and asterisk system' and is retained in the Tenth Revision. A number of other technical innovations were included in the Ninth Revision, aimed at increasing its flexibility for use in a variety of situations.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} It was eventually replaced by ICD-10, the version currently in use by the WHO and most countries. Given the widespread expansion in the tenth revision, it is not possible to convert ICD-9 data sets directly into ICD-10 data sets, although some tools are available to help guide users.<ref>World Health Organization. [https://www.who.int/classifications/help/icdfaq/en/ FAQ on ICD.] Accessed 12 July 2011.</ref> Publication of ICD-9 without IP restrictions in a world with evolving electronic data systems led to a range of products based on ICD-9, such as MeDRA or the Read directory.<ref name="volume2"/><ref name="cdc"/> '''ICPM''' When ICD-9 was published by the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Classification of Procedures in Medicine (ICPM) was also developed (1975) and published (1978). The ICPM surgical procedures fascicle was originally created by the United States, based on its adaptations of ICD (called ICDA), which had contained a procedure classification since 1962. ICPM is published separately from the ICD disease classification as a series of supplementary documents called fascicles (bundles or groups of items). Each fascicle contains a classification of modes of laboratory, radiology, surgery, therapy, and other diagnostic procedures. Many countries have adapted and translated the ICPM in parts or as a whole and are using it with amendments since then.<ref name="volume2"/><ref name="cdc"/> '''ICD-9-CM''' ''International Classification of Diseases, Clinical Modification'' (ICD-9-CM) is an adaption created by the U.S. [[National Center for Health Statistics]] (NCHS) and used in assigning diagnostic and [[procedure code]]s associated with inpatient, outpatient, and physician office utilization in the United States. The ICD-9-CM is based on the ICD-9 but provides for additional [[morbidity]] detail. It is updated annually on October 1.<ref>[[National Center for Health Statistics]], [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]]. [https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/icd/icd9cm_addenda_guidelines.htm ''ICD-9-CM Guidelines, Conversion Table, and Addenda'']. Classification of Diseases, Functioning, and Disability. Retrieved 2010-01-24.</ref><ref>InstaCode Institute. [http://www.instacode.com/news-icd10-demystified.htm ''ICD-10 Demystified''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051016101735/http://instacode.com/news-icd10-demystified.htm |date=2005-10-16 }}</ref> It consists of two or three volumes: * [[List of ICD-9 codes|Volumes 1 and 2]] contain [[diagnosis code]]s. (Volume 1 is a tabular listing, and volume 2 is an index.) Extended for ICD-9-CM * [[ICD-9-CM Volume 3|Volume 3]] contains [[procedure code]]s for surgical, diagnostic, and therapeutic procedures.<ref>{{Cite web|title = ICD-9-CM Diagnosis Codes - International Classisfication of Diseases - Medical Diagnosis Codes|url = http://www.findacode.com/icd-9/icd-9-cm-code-set.html|website = www.findacode.com|access-date = 2015-12-30}}</ref> ICD-9-CM only The NCHS and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services are the U.S. governmental agencies responsible for overseeing all changes and modifications to the ICD-9-CM. ===ICD-10=== {{main|ICD-10}} Work on ICD-10 began in 1983, and the new revision was endorsed by the Forty-third [[World Health Assembly]] in May 1990. The latest version came into use in WHO Member States starting in 1994.<ref>WHO. [https://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/ ''International Classification of Diseases (ICD)''.]</ref> The classification system allows more than 155,000 different codes and permits tracking of many new [[Medical diagnosis|diagnoses]] and [[Medical procedure|procedures]], a significant expansion on the 17,000 codes available in [[ICD-9]].<ref Name="CMS_PressAug2008" /> Adoption was relatively swift in most of the world. Several materials are made available online by WHO to facilitate its use, including a manual, training guidelines, a browser, and files for download.<ref name="WHO-FIC"/> Some countries have adapted the international standard, such as the "ICD-10-AM" published in Australia in 1998 (also used in New Zealand),<ref>New Zealand Health Information Service. [http://www.nzhis.govt.nz/moh.nsf/pagesns/534 ''ICD-10-AM''.] Accessed 12 July 2011.</ref> and the "ICD-10-CA" introduced in Canada in 2000.<ref name="CIHI">Canadian Institute for Health Information. [http://www.cihi.ca/cihi-ext-portal/internet/en/document/standards+and+data+submission/standards/classification+and+coding/codingclass_icd10 ''ICD-10-CA''.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501034205/http://www.cihi.ca/CIHI-ext-portal/internet/en/document/standards+and+data+submission/standards/classification+and+coding/codingclass_icd10 |date=2015-05-01 }} Accessed 12 July 2011.</ref> '''ICD-10-CM'''{{main|ICD-10-CM}} Adoption of ICD-10-CM was slow in the United States. Since 1979, the US had required ICD-9-CM codes<ref>[http://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/sci_data/codes/icd9/type_txt/icd9cm.asp International Classification Of Diseases - 9 - CM, (1979)]. Wonder.cdc.gov. Retrieved on 2014-06-20.</ref> for [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] and [[Medicaid]] claims, and most of the rest of the American medical industry followed suit. On 1 January 1999 the ICD-10 (without clinical extensions) was adopted for reporting mortality, but ICD-9-CM was still used for [[morbidity]]. Meanwhile, NCHS received permission from the WHO to create a clinical modification of the ICD-10, and has production of all these systems: * [[ICD-10-CM]], for [[diagnosis code]]s, replaces volumes 1 and 2. Annual updates are provided. * [[ICD-10-PCS]], for [[procedure codes]], replaces volume 3. Annual updates are provided. On 21 August 2008, the [[US Department of Health and Human Services]] (HHS) proposed new code sets to be used for reporting diagnoses and procedures on health care transactions. Under the proposal, the ICD-9-CM code sets would be replaced with the ICD-10-CM code sets, effective 1 October 2013. On 17 April 2012 the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) published a proposed rule that would delay, from 1 October 2013 to 1 October 2014, the compliance date for the ICD-10-CM and PCS.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/otheract/icd9/abticd10.htm |title=Classification of Diseases, Functioning, and Disability |publisher=[[U.S. Centers for Disease Control]] |access-date=29 October 2010 }}</ref> Once again, Congress delayed implementation date to 1 October 2015, after it was inserted into "Doc Fix" Bill without debate over objections of many. Revisions to ICD-10-CM Include: * Relevant information for ambulatory and managed care encounter. * Expanded injury codes. * New combination codes for diagnosis/symptoms to reduce the number of codes needed to describe a problem fully. * Addition of sixth and seventh digit classification. * Classification specific to laterality. * Classification refinement for increased data granularity. '''ICD-10-CA''' ICD-10-CA is a clinical modification of ICD-10 developed by the [[Canadian Institute for Health Information]] for morbidity classification in Canada. ICD-10-CA applies beyond acute hospital care, and includes conditions and situations that are not diseases but represent [[risk factor]]s to health, such as occupational and environmental factors, lifestyle and psycho-social circumstances.<ref name="CIHI"/> ===ICD-11=== {{main|ICD-11}} [[File:ICD-11 Beta browser icon.png|frameless|right]] The eleventh revision of the International Classification of Diseases, or the [[ICD-11]], is almost five times as big as the ICD-10.<ref>{{Cite journal | author=Editorial | date=2019 | title=ICD-11 | url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(19)31205-X/fulltext | journal=[[The Lancet]] | volume=393 | issue=10188 | page=2275 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31205-X| pmid=31180012 }}</ref> It was created following a decade of development involving over 300 specialists from 55 countries.<ref>{{Cite report | first=Azza | last=Badr | title=Fifth regional steering group meeting Bangkok | url=http://getinthepicture.org/system/files/ICD-11%20-%20WHO.pdf | date=17–19 September 2019}} [[WHO]]/[http://www.emro.who.int/ EMRO].</ref><ref>{{Cite report | first1=Donna | last1=Pickett | first2=Robert N. | last2=Anderson | title=Status on ICD-11: The WHO Launch | url=https://ncvhs.hhs.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/ICD-11_WHO-v_7-17-2018.pdf | date=18 July 2018 | publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]]/[[National Center for Health Statistics|NCHS]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | first=Arlin | last=Cuncic | title=Overview of the ICD-11 for Mental Health | url=https://www.google.com/search?q=How+Does+the+ICD-11+Compare+to+the+DSM-5%3F+Verywell | date=23 March 2020 | work=[[Verywell Mind]] | archive-url=https://archive.today/7sKGo |archive-date=5 April 2020 | url-status=live}}</ref> Following an [[alpha version]] in May 2011 and a [[Beta version|beta draft]] in May 2012, a stable version of the ICD-11 was released on 18 June 2018,<ref>{{Cite web | title=ICD-11 Timeline | url=https://www.who.int/classifications/icd/revision/timeline/en/ | website=who.int | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505082818/https://www.who.int/classifications/icd/revision/timeline/en/ | archive-date=5 May 2019 | url-status=live}}</ref> and officially endorsed by all WHO members during the 72nd [[World Health Assembly]] on 25 May 2019.<ref>{{Cite press release | title=World Health Assembly Update, 25 May 2019 | url=https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/25-05-2019-world-health-assembly-update | publisher=WHO | location=Geneva, Switzerland | date=25 May 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730052948/https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/25-05-2019-world-health-assembly-update | archive-date=30 July 2019 | url-status=live}}</ref> For the ICD-11, the WHO decided to differentiate between the core of the system and its derived specialty versions, such as the [[ICD-O]] for [[oncology]]. As such, the collection of all ICD entities is called the Foundation Component. From this common core, subsets can be derived. The primary derivative of the Foundation is called the ICD-11 MMS, and it is this system that is commonly referred to and recognized as "the ICD-11".<ref>{{Cite journal | first=Christopher G. | last=Chute | date=2018 | title=The rendering of human phenotype and rare diseases in ICD-11 | journal=[[Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease]] | volume=41 | issue=3 | pages=563–569 | doi=10.1007/s10545-018-0172-5 | pmid=29600497 | pmc=5959961 | quote=<small>The primary linearization, and the one most users will recognize and likely believe is "the ICD-11", is the Mortality and Morbidity Statistics (MMS) linearization.</small>| doi-access=free }}</ref> MMS stands for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics. ICD-11 comes with an implementation package that includes transition tables from and to ICD-10, a translation tool, a coding tool, web-services, a manual, training material, and more.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Semantic Alignment between ICD-11 and SNOMED CT |journal=Studies in Health Technology and Informatics |volume=216 |issue=MEDINFO 2015: eHealth–enabled Health |doi=10.3233/978-1-61499-564-7-790 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281449994 |language=en|year=2015 |author1=Rodrigues Jean-Marie |author2=Robinson David |author3=Della Mea Vincenzo |author4=Campbell James |author5=Rector Alan |author6=Schulz Stefan |author7=Brear Hazel |author8=Üstün Bedirhan |author9=Spackman Kent |author10=Chute Christopher G |author11=Millar Jane |author12=Solbrig Harold |author13=Brand Persson Kristina }}</ref> All tools are accessible after self-registration from the [https://icd.who.int/dev11/l-m/en Maintenance Platform]. The ICD-11 will ''officially'' come into effect on 1 January 2022, although the WHO admitted that "not many countries are likely to adapt that quickly".<ref>{{Cite web | author=WHO | date=2018 | title=ICD-11: Classifying disease to map the way we live and die | url= https://www.who.int/health-topics/international-classification-of-diseases | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620014204/https://www.who.int/health-topics/international-classification-of-diseases | website=www.who.int | archive-date=20 June 2018 | url-status=dead}}</ref> In the United States, the advisory body of the [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services|Secretary of Health and Human Services]] has given an expected release year of 2025, but if a clinical modification is determined to be needed (similar to the [[ICD-10-CM]]), this could become 2027.<ref>{{Cite news | author=admin aapc | title=US gets the ball rolling on ICD-11 | url=https://www.aapc.com/blog/48275-us-gets-the-ball-rolling-on-icd-11/ | date=16 August 2019 | work=[[AAPC (healthcare)|AAPC]]}}</ref> == Usage in the United States == In the United States, the [[U.S. Public Health Service]] published ''The International Classification of Diseases, Adapted for Indexing of Hospital Records and Operation Classification (ICDA),'' completed in 1962 and expanding the ICD-7 in a number of areas to more completely meet the indexing needs of [[hospital]]s. The U.S. Public Health Service later published the ''Eighth Revision, International Classification of Diseases, Adapted for Use in the United States,'' commonly referred to as ICDA-8, for official national morbidity and mortality statistics. This was followed by the ''ICD, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification'', known as ICD-9-CM, published by the [[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] and used by hospitals and other healthcare facilities to better describe the clinical picture of the [[patient]]. The diagnosis component of ICD-9-CM is completely consistent with ICD-9 codes, and remains the data standard for reporting morbidity. National adaptations of the ICD-10 progressed to incorporate both clinical code (ICD-10-CM) and procedure code (ICD-10-PCS) with the revisions completed in 2003. In 2009, the U.S. [[Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services]] announced that it would begin using ICD-10 on April 1, 2010, with full compliance by all involved parties by 2013.<ref Name="CMS_PressAug2008">{{cite press release | last =CMS Office of Public Affairs | author-link =Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services | title =HHS Proposes Adoption of ICD-10 Code Sets and Updated Electronic Transaction Standards | publisher =[[U.S. Department of Health & Human Services]] | date =February 11, 2008 | url =https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/otheract/icd9/abticd10.htm | access-date = 2009-02-11 }}</ref> However, the US extended the deadline twice and did not formally require transitioning to ICD-10-CM (for most clinical encounters) until October 1, 2015. The years for which causes of death in the United States have been classified by each revision as follows: {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} * ICD-1 – 1900 * ICD-2 – 1910 * ICD-3 – 1921 * ICD-4 – 1930 * ICD-5 – 1939 {{col-2}} * ICD-6 – 1949 * ICD-7 – 1958 * ICD-8A – 1968 * ICD-9 – 1979 * ICD-10 – 1999 {{col-end}} Cause of death on United States death certificates, statistically compiled by the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC), are coded in the ICD, which does not include codes for human and system factors commonly called [[medical errors]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Makary|first1=MA|last2=Daniel|first2=M|title=Medical error—the third leading cause of death in the US|journal=BMJ|volume=353|date=3 May 2016|pages=i2139|doi=10.1136/bmj.i2139|pmid=27143499|s2cid=206910205|url=http://www.bmj.com/content/353/bmj.i2139}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Moriyama|first1=IM|last2=Loy|first2=RM|last3=Robb-Smith|first3=AHT|editor1-last=Rosenberg|editor1-first=HM|editor2-last=Hoyert|editor2-first=DL|title=History of the Statistical Classification of Diseases and Causes of Death|date=2011|publisher=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics|location=Hyattsville, MD|isbn=978-0-8406-0644-0|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/misc/classification_diseases2011.pdf}}</ref> ==Mental health issues== The ICD includes a section classifying mental and behavioral disorders ([[ICD-10 Chapter V: Mental and behavioural disorders|Chapter V]]). This has developed alongside the [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]] (DSM) of the [[American Psychiatric Association]] and the two manuals seek to use the same codes. The WHO is revising their classifications in these sections as part the development of the ICD-11 (scheduled for 2018), and an "International Advisory Group" has been established to guide this.<ref>[https://www.who.int/mental_health/evidence/en/ Who | Mental Health Evidence And Research (Mer)]. Who.int. Retrieved on 2014-06-20.</ref> Section F66 of the ICD-10 deals with classifications of psychological and behavioural disorders that are associated with sexual development and orientation. It explicitly states that "sexual orientation by itself is not to be considered a disorder," in line with the DSM and other classifications that recognise homosexuality as a normal variation in human sexuality. The Working Group has reported that there is "no evidence that [these classifications] are clinically useful" and recommended that section F66 be deleted for the ICD-11.<ref>{{cite journal|title = Proposed declassification of disease categories related to sexual orientation in the ''International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems'' (ICD-11)|first1 = Susan D.|last1 = Cochran|first2 = Jack|last2 = Drescher|author-link2 = Jack Drescher|first3 = Eszter|last3 = Kismödi|first4 = Alain|last4 = Giami|first5 = Claudia|last5 = García-Moreno|first6 = Elham|last6 = Atalla|first7 = Adele|last7 = Marais|first8 = Elisabeth|last8 = Meloni Vieira|first9 = Geoffrey M.|last9 = Reed|journal = [[Bulletin of the World Health Organization]]|year = 2014|volume = 92|issue = 9|pages = 672–679|doi = 10.2471/BLT.14.135541|pmid = 25378758|pmc = 4208576}}</ref> An international survey of psychiatrists in 66 countries comparing use of the ICD-10 and DSM-IV found that the former was more often used for clinical diagnosis while the latter was more valued for research.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Juan E. Mezzich|year=2002|title=International Surveys on the Use of ICD-10 and Related Diagnostic Systems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EE-YRUki3LEC&pg=PA72|format=guest editorial, abstract|journal=Psychopathology|volume=35|issue=2–3|pages=72–75|doi=10.1159/000065122|pmid=12145487|isbn=9783805574617|s2cid=35857872}}</ref> The ICD is actually the official system for the US, although many mental health professionals do not realize this due to the dominance of the DSM. A psychologist has stated: "Serious problems with the clinical utility of both the ICD and the DSM are widely acknowledged."<ref>{{cite journal|last=Geoffrey M. Reed|year=2010|title=Toward ICD-11: Improving the clinical utility of WHO's International Classification of mental disorders|url=http://www.apa.org/international/outreach/icd-reed.pdf|journal=Professional Psychology: Research and Practice|volume=41|issue=6|pages=457–464|doi=10.1037/a0021701}}</ref> ==See also== {{Portal|Medicine}} {{Wikidata property|1=P7329}} * [[Clinical coder]] * [[Medical classification]]s ** [[Classification of mental disorders]] ** [[Classification of Pharmaco-Therapeutic Referrals]] ** [[International Classification of Primary Care]] (ICPC) ** [[Research Domain Criteria]] (RDoC), a framework being developed by the National Institute of Mental Health * [[Medical diagnosis]] ** [[Diagnosis-related group]] * [[Medical terminology]] ** [[Current Procedural Terminology]] ** [[MedDRA]] (Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities) ** [[Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine Clinical Terms]] (SNOMED CT) * [[WHO Family of International Classifications]] ** [[International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health]] ** [[International Classification of Health Interventions]] == References == {{Reflist}} ==External links== Note: Since adoption of ICD-10 CM in the US, several online tools have been mushrooming. They all refer to that particular modification and thus are not linked here. * {{Official website|http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/}} at World Health Organization (WHO) * [http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10 ICD-10 online browser] (WHO) * [http://apps.who.int/classifications/apps/icd/ICD10Training ICD-10 online training direct access] (WHO) * [https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/icd/icd10cm.htm ICD-10-CM] (USA – modification) at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) * [https://icd.who.int ICD-11 release] * [https://icd.who.int/dev11/l-m/en ICD-11 maintenance] {{Medical classification}} {{Health informatics}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:International Classification of Diseases| ]] [[Category:Data coding framework]] [[Category:Diagnosis classification]] [[Category:Mental and behavioural disorders]] [[Category:Psychopathology]] [[Category:Statistical data coding]] [[Category:World Health Organization]] !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 302- Homosexuality is disease ... !!!!!!!!!!!!!'