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| name = Horemheb
| alt_name = Horemhab, Haremhab
| image = StatueOfHoremhebAndTheGodHorus-DetailOfHoremheb01 KunsthistorischesMuseum Nov13-10.jpg
| ImageSize = 999
| image_alt =
| caption = Detail of a statue of Horemheb, at the [[Kunsthistorisches Museum]], Vienna
| role =
| reign = 1306 BC (most likely) or 1319 BC until 1292 BC
| dynasty = [[Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt|18th Dynasty]]
| coregency =
| predecessor = [[Ay]]
| successor = [[Ramesses I]]
| notes =
| prenomen = Djeserkheperure Setepenre <br /> ''Ḏsr-ḫprw-Rˁ-stp-n-Rˁ''<br>''Holy are the manifestations of [[Ra]], the chosen one of Ra''<br><hiero>M23:t-L2:t-<-ra:Dsr-xpr:Z2-ra-stp:n-></hiero>
| prenomen_hiero =
| nomen = Horemheb Meryamun<br>''Ḥr-m-ḥb-mrj-Jmn''<br>''[[Horus]] is in jubilation, beloved of [[Amun]]''
| nomen_hiero = <hiero>M17-Y5:N35-U6-G5-S3-Aa15:W3</hiero>
| horus = Kanakht Sepedkheru <br> ''K3-nḫt-Spd-ḫrw''<br /> ''Strong bull, whose plans are effective''
| horus_hiero = <hiero>E2:D40-M44-G43-G13-S29-P8-Z7</hiero>
| horus_prefix = <!-- Default is <hiero>G5</hiero> -->
| nebty = Werbiawet-em-Ipetsut <br>''Wr-bj3wt-m-Jptswt'' <br /> ''He who is great of miracles in [[Karnak|Ipetsut]]''
| nebty_hiero = <hiero>G36:D21-U16:X1*Z2-G17-M17-Q3:X1-Q1-Q1-Q1</hiero>
| golden = Heruhermaat Sekhepertawy<br>''Ḥrw-ḥr-m3ˁ.t-sḫpr-t3wj''<br>''He who is satisfied with the [[Maat]], he who makes the two lands come to existence''
| golden_hiero = <hiero>O4:D21-Y1:D2*Z1-C10-S29-L1-N17:N17</hiero>
| spouse = [[Amenia, Wife of Horemheb|Amenia]], [[Mutnedjmet]]
| children =
| father =
| mother =
| birth_date =
| death_date = 1292 BC
| burial = [[KV57]]
| monuments = [[Tomb of Horemheb (Memphis)|Memphite Tomb]]
}}
'''Horemheb''' (sometimes spelled ''Horemhab'' or ''Haremhab'' and meaning ''[[Horus]] is in Jubilation'') was the last [[pharaoh]] of the [[Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt|18th Dynasty of Egypt]]. He ruled for 14 years somewhere between 1319 BC and 1292 BC.<ref>Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss & David Warburton (editors), Ancient Egyptian Chronology (Handbook of Oriental Studies), Brill: 2006, p.493 Chronology table</ref> He had no relation to the preceding royal family other than by marriage to [[Mutnedjmet]], who is disputed to have been the daughter of his predecessor [[Ay]]; he is believed to have been of common birth.
Before he became pharaoh, Horemheb was the commander in chief of the army under the reigns of [[Tutankhamun]] and [[Ay]]. After his accession to the throne, he reformed the Egyptian state and it was under his reign that official action against the preceding [[Amarna Period|Amarna]] rulers began. Due to this, he is considered the man who restabilized his country after the troublesome and divisive Amarna Period.
Horemheb demolished monuments of [[Akhenaten]], reusing their remains in his own building projects, and usurped monuments of Tutankhamun and Ay. Horemheb presumably had no surviving sons, as he appointed his vizier Paramesse as his successor, who would assume the throne as [[Ramesses I]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.carlos.emory.edu/RAMESSES/1_introduction.html|title=Ramesses|publisher=carlos.emory.edu}}</ref>
==Early career==
Horemheb is believed to have originated from [[Herakleopolis Magna]] or ancient Hnes (modern Ihnasya el-Medina) on the west bank of the Nile near the entrance to the [[Al Fayyum|Fayum]] since his coronation text formally credits the God Horus of Hnes for establishing him on the throne.<ref>Alan Gardiner, "The Coronation of King Haremhab," JEA 39 (1953), pp.14, 16 & 21</ref>
[[File:Horemheb Ashershow1.JPG|thumb|left|130px|A statue of Horemheb as a scribe]]
His parentage is unknown but he is believed to have been a commoner. According to the French (Sorbonne) Egyptologist [[Nicolas Grimal]], Horemheb does not appear to be the same person as Paatenemheb (''[[Aten]] Is Present In Jubilation'') who was the commander-in-chief of Akhenaten's army.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.virtual-egyptian-museum.org/Collection/FullVisit/Collection.FullVisit-JFR.html?../Content/STO.XL.00896.html&0|title=Virtual Egyptian Museum - The Full Collection|publisher=virtual-egyptian-museum.org}}</ref> Grimal notes that Horemheb's political career first began under Tutankhamun where he "is depicted at this king's side in his own tomb chapel at Memphis."<ref name="Grimal242">Nicolas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, Blackwell:1992, p. 242.</ref>
In the earliest known stage of his life, Horemheb served as "the royal spokesman for [Egypt's] foreign affairs" and personally led a diplomatic mission to visit the Nubian governors.<ref name="Grimal242" /> This resulted in a reciprocal visit by "the Prince of Miam ([[Aniba (Nubia)|Aniba]])" to Tutankhamun's court, "an event [that is] depicted in the tomb of the Viceroy Huy."<ref name="Grimal242" /> Horemheb quickly rose to prominence under [[Tutankhamun]], becoming commander-in-chief of the army and advisor to the pharaoh. Horemheb's specific titles are spelled out in his Saqqara tomb, which was built while he was still only an official: "Hereditary Prince, [[Fan-bearer on the Right Side of the King]], and Chief Commander of the Army"; the "attendant of the King in his footsteps in the foreign countries of the south and the north"; the "King's Messenger in front of his army to the foreign countries to the south and the north"; and the "Sole Companion, he who is by the feet of his lord on the battlefield on that day of killing Asiatics."<ref>John A. Wilson "''Texts from the Tomb of General Hor-em-heb''" in Ancient Near Eastern Texts (ANET) relating to the Old Testament, Princeton Univ. Press, 2nd edition, 1955. pp.250-251</ref>
When Tutankhamun died while a teenager, Horemheb had already been officially designated as the ''rpat'' or ''[[iry-pat]]'' (basically the "hereditary or crown prince") and ''idnw'' ("deputy of the king" in the entire land) by the child pharaoh; these titles are found inscribed in Horemheb's then private Memphite tomb at Saqqara which dates to the reign of Tutankhamun since the child king's
{{quotation|... cartouches, although later usurped by Horemheb as king, have been found on a block which adjoins the famous gold of honour scene, a large portion of which is in Leiden. The royal couple depicted in this scene and in the adjacent scene 76, which shows Horemheb acting as an intermediary between the king and a group of subject foreign rulers, are therefore to be identified as Tut'ankhamun and 'Ankhesenamun. This makes it very unlikely from the start that any titles of honours claimed by Horemheb in the inscriptions in the tomb are fictitious.<ref>''The New Kingdom Necropolis of Memphis: The New Kingdom Necropolis of Memphis''. Historical and Iconographical Studies by Jacobus Van Dijk, University of Groningen dissertation. Groningen 1993. "Chapter One: Horemheb, Prince Regent of Tutankh'amun," pp.17-18 [http://www.jacobusvandijk.nl/docs/Horemheb_chapter.pdf (online: pp.9-10)]</ref>}}
[[File:Saqq Horemheb 07.jpg|thumb|Relief from Horemheb's tomb. Receiving 'gold of honour' collars.]]
The title ''iry-pat'' (Hereditary Prince) was used very frequently in Horemheb's Saqqara tomb but not combined with any other words. When used alone, the Egyptologist [[Alan H. Gardiner|Alan Gardiner]] has shown that the ''iry-pat'' title contains features of ancient descent and lawful inheritance which is identical to the designation for a "Crown Prince."<ref>Alan Gardiner, The Coronation of King Haremhab, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, vol. 39 (1953), pp.13-31</ref> This means that Horemheb was the openly recognised heir to Tutankhamun's throne and not Ay, Tutankhamun's ultimate successor. As the Dutch Egyptologist Jacobus Van Dijk observes:
{{quotation|There is no indication that Horemheb always intended to succeed Tut'ankhamun; obviously not even he could possibly have predicted that the king would die without issue. It must always have been understood that his appointment as crown prince would end as soon as the king produced an heir, and that he would succeed Tut'ankhamun only in the eventuality of an early and/or childless death of the sovereign. There can be no doubt that nobody outranked the Hereditary Prince of Upper and Lower Egypt and Deputy of the King in the Entire Land except the king himself, and that Horemheb was entitled to the throne once the king had unexpectedly died without issue. This means that it is Ay's, not Horemheb's accession which calls for an explanation. Why was Ay able to ascend the throne upon the death of Tut'ankhamun, despite the fact that Horemheb had at that time already been the official heir to the throne for almost ten years?<ref>''The New Kingdom Necropolis of Memphis: The New Kingdom Necropolis of Memphis''. Historical and Iconographical Studies by Jacobus Van Dijk, University of Groningen dissertation. Groningen 1993. "Chapter One: Horemheb, Prince Regent of Tutankh'amun," pp.48-49 [http://www.jacobusvandijk.nl/docs/Horemheb_chapter.pdf (online: pp.40-41)]</ref>}}
The aged Vizier [[Ay]] sidelined Horemheb's claim to the throne and instead succeeded Tutankhamun, probably because Horemheb was in Asia with the army at the time of Tutankhamun's death. No objects belonging to Horemheb were found in Tutankhamun's tomb, but items donated by other high-ranking officials such as [[Maya (Egyptian)|Maya]] and [[Nakhtmin]] were found in there by Egyptologists. Further, Tutankhamun's queen, [[Ankhesenamun]], refused to marry Horemheb, a commoner, and so make him king of Egypt.<ref>''The New Kingdom Necropolis of Memphis: The New Kingdom Necropolis of Memphis''. Historical and Iconographical Studies by Jacobus Van Dijk, Ibid., pp.50-51 & 56-60 [http://www.jacobusvandijk.nl/docs/Horemheb_chapter.pdf (online: pp.42-43 & 48-52)]</ref> Having pushed Horemheb's claims aside, Ay proceeded to nominate the aforementioned Nakhtmin, who was possibly Ay's son or adopted son, to succeed him rather than Horemheb.<ref>Wolfgang Helck, Urkunden der 18. Dynastie: Texte der Hefte 20-21 (Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1984), pp.1908-1910</ref><ref>''The New Kingdom Necropolis of Memphis: The New Kingdom Necropolis of Memphis''. Historical and Iconographical Studies by Jacobus Van Dijk, University of Groningen dissertation. Groningen 1993. "Chapter One: Horemheb, Prince Regent of Tutankh'amun," pp. 59-62 [http://www.jacobusvandijk.nl/docs/Horemheb_chapter.pdf (online: pp. 51-54)]</ref>
After Ay's reign, which lasted for a little over four years, Horemheb managed to seize power, presumably thanks to his position as commander of the army, and to assume what he must have perceived to be his just reward for having ably served Egypt under Tutankhamun and Ay. Horemheb quickly removed Nakhtmin's rival claim to the throne and arranged to have Ay's [[WV23]] tomb desecrated by smashing the latter's sarcophagus, systematically chiselling Ay's name and figure out of the tomb walls and probably destroying Ay's mummy.<ref>Tomb 23 in the western annex of the Valley of the Kings; see Porter & Moss, Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyph Texts, Reliefs and Parts, vol. 1, part 2, (Oxford Clarendon Press:1960), pp. 550-551</ref> However, he spared Tutankhamun's tomb from vandalism presumably because it was Tutankhamun who had promoted his rise to power and chosen him to be his heir. Horemheb also usurped and enlarged Ay's mortuary temple at [[Medinet Habu (temple)|Medinet Habu]] for his own use and erased Ay's titulary on the back of a 17-foot colossal statue by carving his own titulary in its place.
==Internal reform==
[[File:Statue of Horemheb with Amun (Museo Egizio).jpg|thumb|Horemheb with Amun at the [[Museo Egizio]] of [[Turin]], [[Italy]].]]
Upon his accession, Horemheb initiated a comprehensive series of internal transformations to the power structures of [[Akhenaten]]'s reign, due to the preceding transfer of state power from Amun's priests to Akhenaten's government officials. Horemheb "appointed judges and regional tribunes ... reintroduced local religious authorities" and divided legal power "between [[Upper and Lower Egypt|Upper Egypt]] and [[Upper and Lower Egypt|Lower Egypt]]" between "the [[Vizier (Ancient Egypt)|Vizier]]s of [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]] and [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]] respectively."<ref>Nicolas Grimal, op.cit., p.243</ref>
These deeds are recorded in a stela which the king erected at the foot of his Tenth Pylon at Karnak. Occasionally called The Great Edict of Horemheb,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/texts/edict_of_horemheb.htm|title=The Great Edict of Horemheb|publisher=reshafim.org.il}}</ref> it is a copy of the actual text of the king's decree to re-establish order to the Two Lands and curb abuses of state authority. The stela's creation and prominent location emphasizes the great importance which Horemheb placed upon domestic reform.
Horemheb also reformed the Army and reorganized the [[Deir el-Medina]] workforce in his 7th Year while Horemheb's official Maya renewed the tomb of [[Thutmose IV]], which had been disturbed by tomb robbers in his 8th Year. While the king restored the priesthood of Amun, he prevented the Amun priests from forming a stranglehold on power, by deliberately reappointing priests who mostly came from the Egyptian army since he could rely on their personal loyalty.<ref>Peter Clayton, Chronicle of the Pharaohs, Thames & Hudson Ltd, 1994. p.137</ref>
Horemheb was a prolific builder who erected numerous temples and buildings throughout Egypt during his reign. He constructed the Second, Ninth and Tenth [[Pylon (architecture)|Pylons]] of the [[Great Hypostyle Hall, Karnak|Great Hypostyle Hall]], in the [[Karnak|Temple at Karnak]], using recycled [[talatat]] blocks from [[Akhenaten]]'s own monuments here, as building material for the first two Pylons.<ref>Grimal, op.cit., pp.243, 303</ref>
Because of his unexpected rise to the throne, Horemheb had two tombs constructed for himself: the [[Tomb of Horemheb (Memphis)|first]] – when he was a mere nobleman – at [[Saqqara]] near [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]], and the other in the [[Valley of the Kings]], in [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]], in tomb [[KV57]] as king. His chief wife was Queen [[Mutnedjmet]], who may have been [[Nefertiti]]'s younger sister. They had no surviving children, although examinations of Mutnedjmet's mummy show that she gave birth several times, and she was buried with an infant, suggesting that she and her last child died in childbirth. Horemheb is not known to have any children by his first wife, [[Amenia, Wife of Horemheb|Amenia]], who died before Horemheb assumed power.<ref>Joyce Tyldesley, Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt, Thames & Hudson 2006. p.140</ref>
==Disputed reign length==
[[File:La tombe de Horemheb (KV.57) (Vallée des Rois Thèbes ouest) -6.jpg|thumb|The sarcophagus of Horemheb and wall reliefs in his [[KV57]] tomb.]]
Scholars long disputed whether Horemheb reigned for 14 or 27 years. [[Manetho]]'s Epitome assigns a reign length of 4 years and 1 month to Horemheb. Scholars previously assigned this reign-length to Ay; however, evidence from excavations in Horemheb's tomb (KV57) indicates that this figure should be raised by a decade to [1]4 years and 1 month and attributed to Horemheb. These excavations, conducted under G.T. Martin in 2006 and 2007, uncovered a large hoard of 168 inscribed wine sherds and dockets below densely compacted debris in a great shaft (called Well Room E) in KV57. Of the 46 wine sherds with year dates, 14 have nothing but the year date formula, 5 dockets have Year 10+X, 3 dockets have Year 11+X, 2 dockets preserve Year 12+X and 1 docket has a Year 13+X inscription. 22 dockets "mention Year 13 and 8 have Year 14 [of Horemheb]" but none mention a higher date for Horemheb.<ref name="VanDijk">Jacobus Van Dijk, New Evidence on the Length of the Reign of Horemheb, Journal of the American Research Centre in Egypt (JARCE) 44, 2008, p.195</ref>
The full texts of the docket readings are identical and read as:
:{{quotation|"Year 13. Wine of the estate of Horemheb-meren-Amun, L.P.H., in the domain of Amun. Western River. Chief vintner ''Ty''."<ref name="VanDijk" />}}
Meanwhile, the Year 14 dockets, in contrast, are all individual and mention specific wines such as "very good quality wine" or, in one case "sweet wine" and the location of the vineyard is identified.<ref name="VanDijk" /> A general example is this text on a Year 14 wine docket:
:{{quotation|"Year 14, Good quality wine of the estate of Horemheb-meren-Amun, L.P.H., in the domain of Amun, from the wineyard of [[Atfih]], Chief vintner ''Haty''."<ref name="VanDijk" />}}
Other Year 14 dockets mention Memphis (?), the Western River while their vintners are named as Nakhtamun, [Mer-]seger-men, Ramose and others.<ref name="VanDijk_a">Van Dijk, JARCE 44, p.196</ref>
The "quality and consistency of the KV57 dockets strongly suggest that Horemheb was buried in his Year 14, or at least before the wine harvest of his Year 15 at the very latest."<ref name="VanDijk_a" /> This evidence is consistent "with the Horemheb dockets from Deir el-Medina which mention Years 2, 3, 4, 6, 13 and 14, but again no higher dates"... while a docket ascribed to Horemheb from [[Sedment]] has Year 12."<ref>Van Dijk, JARCE 44, pp.197-98 which quotes papers by G. Nagel, La ceramique du Nouvel Empire a Deir Medineh (Cairo) 1938, 15:6 (Year 2); Y. Koenig, Catalogues des etiquettes de jarres hieratiques de Deir el Medineh (Cairo, 1979-1980), nos. 6299 (Year 3), 6295 (Year 4), 6403 (Year 6), 6294 (Year 13) 6345 (Year 14) & G.T. Martin, "Three Objects of New Kingdom Date from the Memphite Area and Sidmant. 3. An inscribed amphora from Sidmant," in J. Baines, et al., Pyramid Studies and Other Essays presented to I.E.S. Edwards (London, 1988), 118-120, pl.21.</ref> The lack of dated inscriptions for Horemheb after his Year 14 also explains the unfinished state of Horemheb's royal KV57 tomb--"a fact not taken into account by any of those [scholars] defending a long reign [of 26 or 27 years]. The tomb is comparable to that of Seti I in size and decoration technique, and Seti I's tomb is far more extensively decorated than that of Horemheb, and yet Seti managed to virtually complete his tomb within a decade, whereas Horemheb did not even succeed in fully decorating the three rooms he planned to have done, leaving even the burial hall unfinished. Even if we assume that Horemheb did not begin the work on his royal tomb until his Year 7 or 8, ... it remains a mystery how the work could not have been completed had he lived on for another 20 or more years."<ref>Van Dijk, JARCE 44, p.198</ref> Therefore, most scholars now accept a reign of 14 years and 1 month.
[[File:Karnak9.JPG|thumb|A wall relief of Horemheb making an offering to [[Amun]] on the 10th pylon at Karnak.]]
The argument for a 27-year reign derived from two texts. The first is an anonymous [[hieratic]] [[Graffito (archaeology)|graffito]] written on the shoulder of a now fragmented statue from his mortuary temple in Karnak which mentions the appearance of the king himself, or a royal cult statue representing the king, for a religious feast. The ink graffito reads ''Year 27, first Month of Shemu day 9, the day on which Horemheb, who loves Amun and hates his enemies, entered'' the temple for this event. It was disputed whether this was a contemporary text or a reference to a festival commemorating Horemheb's accession written in the reign of a later king.<ref>Rolf Krauss, "Nur ein kurioser Irrtum oder ein Beleg für die Jahr 26 und 27 von Haremhab?" Discussions in Egyptology 30, 1994, pp.73-85</ref> The second text is the Inscription of Mes, from the reign of [[Ramesses II]], which records that a court case decision was rendered in favour of a rival branch of Mes' family in Year 59 of Horemheb.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/texts/mes.htm|title=Inscription of Mes|publisher=reshafim.org.il}}</ref> It was argued that the Year 59 Horemheb date included the reigns of all the rulers between Amenhotep III and Horemheb. Subtracting the nearly 17-year reign of Akhenaten, the 2-year reign of Neferneferuaten, the 9-year reign of Tutankhamun and the reign of Ay suggested a reign of 26–27 years for Horemheb. However, the length of Ay's reign is not actually known and Wolfgang Helck argues that there was no standard Egyptian practice of including the years of all the rulers between Amenhotep III and Horemheb.<ref>Helck, Urkunden IV, 2162 & Van Dijk, JARCE 44, pp.198-99</ref>
==Succession==
[[File:La tombe de Horemheb (KV.57) (Vallée des Rois Thèbes ouest) -4.jpg|thumb|[[KV57]]: the Tomb of Horemheb]]
[[File:Saq Horemheb 01.jpg|thumb|The forecourt of Horemheb's Memphite [[Tomb of Horemheb (Memphis)|tomb]] at Saqqara.]]
Under Horemheb, Egypt's power and confidence were once again restored after the internal chaos of the [[Amarna|Amarna period]]; this situation set the stage for the rise of the 19th Dynasty under such ambitious Pharaohs as [[Seti I]] and [[Ramesses II]]. Horemheb is believed to have unsuccessfully attempted to father an heir to the throne since the mummy of his second wife was found with a [[fetus]] in it. Geoffrey Martin in his excavation work at Saqqara states that the burial of Horemheb's second wife [[Mutnedjmet]] was located at the bottom of a shaft to the rooms of Horemheb's Saqqara tomb. He notes that "a fragment of an alabaster vase inscribed with a funerary text for the chantress of Amun and King's Wife, Mutnodjmet, as well as pieces of a statuette of her [was found here] ... The funerary vase in particular, since it bears her name and titles would hardly have been used for the burial of some other person."<ref name="Martin">G. Martin, The Hidden Tombs of Memphis, Thames & Hudson (1991), pp.97-98</ref>
{{quotation|Expert analysis subsequently showed that the bones represented part of the skull and other portions of the body, including the pelvis, of an adult female who had given birth several times. Furthermore, she had lost all her teeth early in life, and was therefore only able to eat soft foods for much of the time. She died in her mid-forties, perhaps in childbirth, for with her bones were those of a foetus or newborn child. The [tomb] plunderers had evidently dragged the two mummies, mother and child, from the burial chamber below, and broken them open in the pillared hall above. The balance of probability, taking into account the evidence of the objects inscribed for Mutnodjmet, is that the adult bones are those of the queen herself and that she died in attempting to provide her husband the Pharaoh with an heir to the throne.<ref name="Martin" />}}
Since Horemheb remained childless, he appointed his [[Vizier (Ancient Egypt)|Vizier]], Paramesse, to succeed him upon his death, both to reward Paramesse's loyalty and because the latter had both a son and grandson to secure Egypt's royal succession. Paramesse employed the name [[Ramesses I]] upon assuming power and founded the [[Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt|19th Dynasty]] of the New Kingdom. While the decoration of Horemheb's KV57 tomb was still unfinished upon his death, this situation is not unprecedented: [[Amenhotep II]]'s tomb was also not fully completed when he was buried, even though this ruler enjoyed a reign of 26 years.
==Tomb and excavation==
Horemheb's tomb was excavated in the early 20th century by [[Theodore M. Davis]]. Davis discovered it in a poor state due to robbers and earth movements over the centuries. The lid of the [[sarcophagus]] had been taken off and smashed by robbers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7jrjNcBNF7A |title=Haremhab, Pharaoh and Conqueror: New Investigations in His Royal Tomb in the Valley of the Kings |publisher=The Met}}</ref>
==Fictional representations==
===Film===
*He was portrayed by [[Victor Mature]] in ''[[The Egyptian (film)|The Egyptian]]'' (1954), the film adaptation of [[Mika Waltari]]'s bestselling novel.
===Television===
*He was portrayed by British actor [[Nonso Anozie]] in the 2015 mini-TV series ''[[Tut (miniseries)|Tut]]'' which aired on [[Spike (TV network)|Spike]] in the US, and on [[Channel 5 (UK)|Channel 5]] in the UK.
===Music===
Horemhab is a character in the opera ''[[Akhnaten (opera)|Akhnaten]]'' by [[Philip Glass]]; he is sung by a baritone.
===Literature===
*Horemheb is a major character in Nick Drake's trilogy of mystery novels, ''The Book of the Dead'', ''Tutankhamun'' and ''The Book of Chaos''.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}
*Horemheb is a major character in [[P. C. Doherty]]'s trilogy of historical novels, ''An Evil Spirit Out of the West'', ''The Season of the Hyaena'' and ''The Year of the Cobra''.
*Horemheb is a major character in [[Pauline Gedge]]'s historical novel ''The Twelfth Transforming''.
*Horemheb is a major character in Katie Hamstead's trilogy, ''Kiya: Hope of the Pharaoh'', ''Kiya: Mother of the King'' and ''Kiya: Rise of a New Dynasty''.
*Horemheb is a minor character in the novels ''Nefertiti'' and '' The Heretic Queen'' by [[Michelle Moran]].
*Horemheb appears as a major character in [[Lynda Suzanne Robinson]]'s ''Lord Meren'' series of Egyptian mysteries.
*Horemheb is a minor character in [[Chie Shinohara]]'s Japanese graphic novel, ''[[Red River (manga)|Red River]]'', centered around ancient Anatolia and ancient Egypt.
*Horemheb is a major character in Mika Waltari's historical fiction international bestseller, ''[[The Egyptian|Sinuhe, The Egyptian]]''.
*Horemheb is a major character, originally named Kaires, in [[Allen Drury]]'s two novels about the Amarna period in Egypt, ''[[A God Against the Gods]]'' (Doubleday, July 1976, {{ISBN|0-385-00199-1}}) and ''[[Return to Thebes]]'' (Doubleday, Feb. 1977, {{ISBN|0-385-04199-3}}), both reprinted by WordFire Press in 2015.
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Bibliography==
* [[Cyril Aldred]], Two monuments of the reign of Ḥoremḥab, in: JEA 54 (1968), 100-106.
* [[Jürgen von Beckerath]], Nochmals die Regierungsdauer des Ḥaremḥab, in: SAK 6 (1978), 43-49.
* [[Jürgen von Beckerath]], Chronologie des pharaonischen Ägypten, MÄS 46, Philip Von Zabern, Mainz: 1997.
* [[Alan Gardiner]], The Inscription of Mes: A Contribution to Egyptian Juridical Procedure, Untersuchungen IV, Pt. 3 (Leipzig: 1905).
* Nicholas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, Blackwell Books: 1992.
* K.A. Kitchen, The Basis of Egyptian Chronology in relation to the Bronze Age," Volume 1: pp. 37-55 in "High, Middle or Low?: Acts of an International Colloquium on absolute chronology held at the University of Gothenburg 20–22 August 1987." (ed: Paul Aström).
==External links==
{{Commonscatinline}}
*[http://www.archaeowiki.org/Horemheb Horemheb - Archaeowiki.org]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0lLv58zwGhU Symposium on Horemhab, Metropolitan Museum of Art]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7jrjNcBNF7A Haremhab, Pharaoh and Conqueror: New Investigations in His Royal Tomb in the Valley of the Kings (lecture)]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0lLv58zwGhU A Symposium on Haremhab: General and King of Egypt]
{{Pharaohs}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:14th-century BC births]]
[[Category:1292 BC deaths]]
[[Category:14th-century BC Pharaohs]]
[[Category:13th-century BC Pharaohs]]
[[Category:Pharaohs of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt]]
[[Category:Amarna Period]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Tutankhamun]]
[[Category:Ay]]
[[Category:Horemheb| ]]
[[Category:Fan-bearer on the Right Side of the King]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Infobox pharaoh
| name = Horemheb
| alt_name = Horemhab, Haremhab
| image = StatueOfHoremhebAndTheGodOsiris-DetailOfHoremheb01 KunsthistorischesMuseum Nov13-10.jpg
| ImageSize = 999
| image_alt =
| caption = Detail of a statue of Horemheb, at the [[Kunsthistorisches Museum]], Vienna
| role =
| reign = 1306 BC (most likely) or 1319 BC until 1292 BC
| dynasty = [[Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt|18th Dynasty]]
| coregency =
| predecessor = [[Ay]]
| successor = [[Ramesses I]]
| notes =
| prenomen = Djeserkheperure Setepenre <br /> ''Ḏsr-ḫprw-Rˁ-stp-n-Rˁ''<br>''Holy are the manifestations of [[Ra]], the chosen one of Ra''<br><hiero>M23:t-L2:t-<-ra:Dsr-xpr:Z2-ra-stp:n-></hiero>
| prenomen_hiero =
| nomen = Horemheb Meryamun<br>''Ḥr-m-ḥb-mrj-Jmn''<br>''[[Horus]] is in jubilation, beloved of [[Amun]]''
| nomen_hiero = <hiero>M17-Y5:N35-U6-G5-S3-Aa15:W3</hiero>
| horus = Kanakht Sepedkheru <br> ''K3-nḫt-Spd-ḫrw''<br /> ''Strong bull, whose plans are effective''
| horus_hiero = <hiero>E2:D40-M44-G43-G13-S29-P8-Z7</hiero>
| horus_prefix = <!-- Default is <hiero>G5</hiero> -->
| nebty = Werbiawet-em-Ipetsut <br>''Wr-bj3wt-m-Jptswt'' <br /> ''He who is great of miracles in [[Karnak|Ipetsut]]''
| nebty_hiero = <hiero>G36:D21-U16:X1*Z2-G17-M17-Q3:X1-Q1-Q1-Q1</hiero>
| golden = Heruhermaat Sekhepertawy<br>''Ḥrw-ḥr-m3ˁ.t-sḫpr-t3wj''<br>''He who is satisfied with the [[Maat]], he who makes the two lands come to existence''
| golden_hiero = <hiero>O4:D21-Y1:D2*Z1-C10-S29-L1-N17:N17</hiero>
| spouse = [[Amenia, Wife of Horemheb|Amenia]], [[Mutnedjmet]]
| children =
| father =
| mother =
| birth_date =
| death_date = 1292 BC
| burial = [[KV57]]
| monuments = [[Tomb of Horemheb (Memphis)|Memphite Tomb]]
}}
'''Horemheb''' (sometimes spelled ''Horemhab'' or ''Haremhab'' and meaning ''[[Horus]] is in Jubilation'') was the last [[pharaoh]] of the [[Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt|18th Dynasty of Egypt]]. He ruled for 14 years somewhere between 1319 BC and 1292 BC.<ref>Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss & David Warburton (editors), Ancient Egyptian Chronology (Handbook of Oriental Studies), Brill: 2006, p.493 Chronology table</ref> He had no relation to the preceding royal family other than by marriage to [[Mutnedjmet]], who is disputed to have been the daughter of his predecessor [[Ay]]; he is believed to have been of common birth.
Before he became pharaoh, Horemheb was the commander in chief of the army under the reigns of [[Tutankhamun]] and [[Ay]]. After his accession to the throne, he reformed the Egyptian state and it was under his reign that official action against the preceding [[Amarna Period|Amarna]] rulers began. Due to this, he is considered the man who restabilized his country after the troublesome and divisive Amarna Period.
Horemheb demolished monuments of [[Akhenaten]], reusing their remains in his own building projects, and usurped monuments of Tutankhamun and Ay. Horemheb presumably had no surviving sons, as he appointed his vizier Paramesse as his successor, who would assume the throne as [[Ramesses I]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.carlos.emory.edu/RAMESSES/1_introduction.html|title=Ramesses|publisher=carlos.emory.edu}}</ref>
==Early career==
Horemheb is believed to have originated from [[Herakleopolis Magna]] or ancient Hnes (modern Ihnasya el-Medina) on the west bank of the Nile near the entrance to the [[Al Fayyum|Fayum]] since his coronation text formally credits the God Horus of Hnes for establishing him on the throne.<ref>Alan Gardiner, "The Coronation of King Haremhab," JEA 39 (1953), pp.14, 16 & 21</ref>
[[File:Horemheb Ashershow1.JPG|thumb|left|130px|A statue of Horemheb as a scribe]]
His parentage is unknown but he is believed to have been a commoner. According to the French (Sorbonne) Egyptologist [[Nicolas Grimal]], Horemheb does not appear to be the same person as Paatenemheb (''[[Aten]] Is Present In Jubilation'') who was the commander-in-chief of Akhenaten's army.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.virtual-egyptian-museum.org/Collection/FullVisit/Collection.FullVisit-JFR.html?../Content/STO.XL.00896.html&0|title=Virtual Egyptian Museum - The Full Collection|publisher=virtual-egyptian-museum.org}}</ref> Grimal notes that Horemheb's political career first began under Tutankhamun where he "is depicted at this king's side in his own tomb chapel at Memphis."<ref name="Grimal242">Nicolas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, Blackwell:1992, p. 242.</ref>
In the earliest known stage of his life, Horemheb served as "the royal spokesman for [Egypt's] foreign affairs" and personally led a diplomatic mission to visit the Nubian governors.<ref name="Grimal242" /> This resulted in a reciprocal visit by "the Prince of Miam ([[Aniba (Nubia)|Aniba]])" to Tutankhamun's court, "an event [that is] depicted in the tomb of the Viceroy Huy."<ref name="Grimal242" /> Horemheb quickly rose to prominence under [[Tutankhamun]], becoming commander-in-chief of the army and advisor to the pharaoh. Horemheb's specific titles are spelled out in his Saqqara tomb, which was built while he was still only an official: "Hereditary Prince, [[Fan-bearer on the Right Side of the King]], and Chief Commander of the Army"; the "attendant of the King in his footsteps in the foreign countries of the south and the north"; the "King's Messenger in front of his army to the foreign countries to the south and the north"; and the "Sole Companion, he who is by the feet of his lord on the battlefield on that day of killing Asiatics."<ref>John A. Wilson "''Texts from the Tomb of General Hor-em-heb''" in Ancient Near Eastern Texts (ANET) relating to the Old Testament, Princeton Univ. Press, 2nd edition, 1955. pp.250-251</ref>
When Tutankhamun died while a teenager, Horemheb had already been officially designated as the ''rpat'' or ''[[iry-pat]]'' (basically the "hereditary or crown prince") and ''idnw'' ("deputy of the king" in the entire land) by the child pharaoh; these titles are found inscribed in Horemheb's then private Memphite tomb at Saqqara which dates to the reign of Tutankhamun since the child king's
{{quotation|... cartouches, although later usurped by Horemheb as king, have been found on a block which adjoins the famous gold of honour scene, a large portion of which is in Leiden. The royal couple depicted in this scene and in the adjacent scene 76, which shows Horemheb acting as an intermediary between the king and a group of subject foreign rulers, are therefore to be identified as Tut'ankhamun and 'Ankhesenamun. This makes it very unlikely from the start that any titles of honours claimed by Horemheb in the inscriptions in the tomb are fictitious.<ref>''The New Kingdom Necropolis of Memphis: The New Kingdom Necropolis of Memphis''. Historical and Iconographical Studies by Jacobus Van Dijk, University of Groningen dissertation. Groningen 1993. "Chapter One: Horemheb, Prince Regent of Tutankh'amun," pp.17-18 [http://www.jacobusvandijk.nl/docs/Horemheb_chapter.pdf (online: pp.9-10)]</ref>}}
[[File:Saqq Horemheb 07.jpg|thumb|Relief from Horemheb's tomb. Receiving 'gold of honour' collars.]]
The title ''iry-pat'' (Hereditary Prince) was used very frequently in Horemheb's Saqqara tomb but not combined with any other words. When used alone, the Egyptologist [[Alan H. Gardiner|Alan Gardiner]] has shown that the ''iry-pat'' title contains features of ancient descent and lawful inheritance which is identical to the designation for a "Crown Prince."<ref>Alan Gardiner, The Coronation of King Haremhab, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, vol. 39 (1953), pp.13-31</ref> This means that Horemheb was the openly recognised heir to Tutankhamun's throne and not Ay, Tutankhamun's ultimate successor. As the Dutch Egyptologist Jacobus Van Dijk observes:
{{quotation|There is no indication that Horemheb always intended to succeed Tut'ankhamun; obviously not even he could possibly have predicted that the king would die without issue. It must always have been understood that his appointment as crown prince would end as soon as the king produced an heir, and that he would succeed Tut'ankhamun only in the eventuality of an early and/or childless death of the sovereign. There can be no doubt that nobody outranked the Hereditary Prince of Upper and Lower Egypt and Deputy of the King in the Entire Land except the king himself, and that Horemheb was entitled to the throne once the king had unexpectedly died without issue. This means that it is Ay's, not Horemheb's accession which calls for an explanation. Why was Ay able to ascend the throne upon the death of Tut'ankhamun, despite the fact that Horemheb had at that time already been the official heir to the throne for almost ten years?<ref>''The New Kingdom Necropolis of Memphis: The New Kingdom Necropolis of Memphis''. Historical and Iconographical Studies by Jacobus Van Dijk, University of Groningen dissertation. Groningen 1993. "Chapter One: Horemheb, Prince Regent of Tutankh'amun," pp.48-49 [http://www.jacobusvandijk.nl/docs/Horemheb_chapter.pdf (online: pp.40-41)]</ref>}}
The aged Vizier [[Ay]] sidelined Horemheb's claim to the throne and instead succeeded Tutankhamun, probably because Horemheb was in Asia with the army at the time of Tutankhamun's death. No objects belonging to Horemheb were found in Tutankhamun's tomb, but items donated by other high-ranking officials such as [[Maya (Egyptian)|Maya]] and [[Nakhtmin]] were found in there by Egyptologists. Further, Tutankhamun's queen, [[Ankhesenamun]], refused to marry Horemheb, a commoner, and so make him king of Egypt.<ref>''The New Kingdom Necropolis of Memphis: The New Kingdom Necropolis of Memphis''. Historical and Iconographical Studies by Jacobus Van Dijk, Ibid., pp.50-51 & 56-60 [http://www.jacobusvandijk.nl/docs/Horemheb_chapter.pdf (online: pp.42-43 & 48-52)]</ref> Having pushed Horemheb's claims aside, Ay proceeded to nominate the aforementioned Nakhtmin, who was possibly Ay's son or adopted son, to succeed him rather than Horemheb.<ref>Wolfgang Helck, Urkunden der 18. Dynastie: Texte der Hefte 20-21 (Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1984), pp.1908-1910</ref><ref>''The New Kingdom Necropolis of Memphis: The New Kingdom Necropolis of Memphis''. Historical and Iconographical Studies by Jacobus Van Dijk, University of Groningen dissertation. Groningen 1993. "Chapter One: Horemheb, Prince Regent of Tutankh'amun," pp. 59-62 [http://www.jacobusvandijk.nl/docs/Horemheb_chapter.pdf (online: pp. 51-54)]</ref>
After Ay's reign, which lasted for a little over four years, Horemheb managed to seize power, presumably thanks to his position as commander of the army, and to assume what he must have perceived to be his just reward for having ably served Egypt under Tutankhamun and Ay. Horemheb quickly removed Nakhtmin's rival claim to the throne and arranged to have Ay's [[WV23]] tomb desecrated by smashing the latter's sarcophagus, systematically chiselling Ay's name and figure out of the tomb walls and probably destroying Ay's mummy.<ref>Tomb 23 in the western annex of the Valley of the Kings; see Porter & Moss, Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyph Texts, Reliefs and Parts, vol. 1, part 2, (Oxford Clarendon Press:1960), pp. 550-551</ref> However, he spared Tutankhamun's tomb from vandalism presumably because it was Tutankhamun who had promoted his rise to power and chosen him to be his heir. Horemheb also usurped and enlarged Ay's mortuary temple at [[Medinet Habu (temple)|Medinet Habu]] for his own use and erased Ay's titulary on the back of a 17-foot colossal statue by carving his own titulary in its place.
==Internal reform==
[[File:Statue of Horemheb with Amun (Museo Egizio).jpg|thumb|Horemheb with Amun at the [[Museo Egizio]] of [[Turin]], [[Italy]].]]
Upon his accession, Horemheb initiated a comprehensive series of internal transformations to the power structures of [[Akhenaten]]'s reign, due to the preceding transfer of state power from Amun's priests to Akhenaten's government officials. Horemheb "appointed judges and regional tribunes ... reintroduced local religious authorities" and divided legal power "between [[Upper and Lower Egypt|Upper Egypt]] and [[Upper and Lower Egypt|Lower Egypt]]" between "the [[Vizier (Ancient Egypt)|Vizier]]s of [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]] and [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]] respectively."<ref>Nicolas Grimal, op.cit., p.243</ref>
These deeds are recorded in a stela which the king erected at the foot of his Tenth Pylon at Karnak. Occasionally called The Great Edict of Horemheb,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/texts/edict_of_horemheb.htm|title=The Great Edict of Horemheb|publisher=reshafim.org.il}}</ref> it is a copy of the actual text of the king's decree to re-establish order to the Two Lands and curb abuses of state authority. The stela's creation and prominent location emphasizes the great importance which Horemheb placed upon domestic reform.
Horemheb also reformed the Army and reorganized the [[Deir el-Medina]] workforce in his 7th Year while Horemheb's official Maya renewed the tomb of [[Thutmose IV]], which had been disturbed by tomb robbers in his 8th Year. While the king restored the priesthood of Amun, he prevented the Amun priests from forming a stranglehold on power, by deliberately reappointing priests who mostly came from the Egyptian army since he could rely on their personal loyalty.<ref>Peter Clayton, Chronicle of the Pharaohs, Thames & Hudson Ltd, 1994. p.137</ref>
Horemheb was a prolific builder who erected numerous temples and buildings throughout Egypt during his reign. He constructed the Second, Ninth and Tenth [[Pylon (architecture)|Pylons]] of the [[Great Hypostyle Hall, Karnak|Great Hypostyle Hall]], in the [[Karnak|Temple at Karnak]], using recycled [[talatat]] blocks from [[Akhenaten]]'s own monuments here, as building material for the first two Pylons.<ref>Grimal, op.cit., pp.243, 303</ref>
Because of his unexpected rise to the throne, Horemheb had two tombs constructed for himself: the [[Tomb of Horemheb (Memphis)|first]] – when he was a mere nobleman – at [[Saqqara]] near [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]], and the other in the [[Valley of the Kings]], in [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]], in tomb [[KV57]] as king. His chief wife was Queen [[Mutnedjmet]], who may have been [[Nefertiti]]'s younger sister. They had no surviving children, although examinations of Mutnedjmet's mummy show that she gave birth several times, and she was buried with an infant, suggesting that she and her last child died in childbirth. Horemheb is not known to have any children by his first wife, [[Amenia, Wife of Horemheb|Amenia]], who died before Horemheb assumed power.<ref>Joyce Tyldesley, Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt, Thames & Hudson 2006. p.140</ref>
==Disputed reign length==
[[File:La tombe de Horemheb (KV.57) (Vallée des Rois Thèbes ouest) -6.jpg|thumb|The sarcophagus of Horemheb and wall reliefs in his [[KV57]] tomb.]]
Scholars long disputed whether Horemheb reigned for 14 or 27 years. [[Manetho]]'s Epitome assigns a reign length of 4 years and 1 month to Horemheb. Scholars previously assigned this reign-length to Ay; however, evidence from excavations in Horemheb's tomb (KV57) indicates that this figure should be raised by a decade to [1]4 years and 1 month and attributed to Horemheb. These excavations, conducted under G.T. Martin in 2006 and 2007, uncovered a large hoard of 168 inscribed wine sherds and dockets below densely compacted debris in a great shaft (called Well Room E) in KV57. Of the 46 wine sherds with year dates, 14 have nothing but the year date formula, 5 dockets have Year 10+X, 3 dockets have Year 11+X, 2 dockets preserve Year 12+X and 1 docket has a Year 13+X inscription. 22 dockets "mention Year 13 and 8 have Year 14 [of Horemheb]" but none mention a higher date for Horemheb.<ref name="VanDijk">Jacobus Van Dijk, New Evidence on the Length of the Reign of Horemheb, Journal of the American Research Centre in Egypt (JARCE) 44, 2008, p.195</ref>
The full texts of the docket readings are identical and read as:
:{{quotation|"Year 13. Wine of the estate of Horemheb-meren-Amun, L.P.H., in the domain of Amun. Western River. Chief vintner ''Ty''."<ref name="VanDijk" />}}
Meanwhile, the Year 14 dockets, in contrast, are all individual and mention specific wines such as "very good quality wine" or, in one case "sweet wine" and the location of the vineyard is identified.<ref name="VanDijk" /> A general example is this text on a Year 14 wine docket:
:{{quotation|"Year 14, Good quality wine of the estate of Horemheb-meren-Amun, L.P.H., in the domain of Amun, from the wineyard of [[Atfih]], Chief vintner ''Haty''."<ref name="VanDijk" />}}
Other Year 14 dockets mention Memphis (?), the Western River while their vintners are named as Nakhtamun, [Mer-]seger-men, Ramose and others.<ref name="VanDijk_a">Van Dijk, JARCE 44, p.196</ref>
The "quality and consistency of the KV57 dockets strongly suggest that Horemheb was buried in his Year 14, or at least before the wine harvest of his Year 15 at the very latest."<ref name="VanDijk_a" /> This evidence is consistent "with the Horemheb dockets from Deir el-Medina which mention Years 2, 3, 4, 6, 13 and 14, but again no higher dates"... while a docket ascribed to Horemheb from [[Sedment]] has Year 12."<ref>Van Dijk, JARCE 44, pp.197-98 which quotes papers by G. Nagel, La ceramique du Nouvel Empire a Deir Medineh (Cairo) 1938, 15:6 (Year 2); Y. Koenig, Catalogues des etiquettes de jarres hieratiques de Deir el Medineh (Cairo, 1979-1980), nos. 6299 (Year 3), 6295 (Year 4), 6403 (Year 6), 6294 (Year 13) 6345 (Year 14) & G.T. Martin, "Three Objects of New Kingdom Date from the Memphite Area and Sidmant. 3. An inscribed amphora from Sidmant," in J. Baines, et al., Pyramid Studies and Other Essays presented to I.E.S. Edwards (London, 1988), 118-120, pl.21.</ref> The lack of dated inscriptions for Horemheb after his Year 14 also explains the unfinished state of Horemheb's royal KV57 tomb--"a fact not taken into account by any of those [scholars] defending a long reign [of 26 or 27 years]. The tomb is comparable to that of Seti I in size and decoration technique, and Seti I's tomb is far more extensively decorated than that of Horemheb, and yet Seti managed to virtually complete his tomb within a decade, whereas Horemheb did not even succeed in fully decorating the three rooms he planned to have done, leaving even the burial hall unfinished. Even if we assume that Horemheb did not begin the work on his royal tomb until his Year 7 or 8, ... it remains a mystery how the work could not have been completed had he lived on for another 20 or more years."<ref>Van Dijk, JARCE 44, p.198</ref> Therefore, most scholars now accept a reign of 14 years and 1 month.
[[File:Karnak9.JPG|thumb|A wall relief of Horemheb making an offering to [[Amun]] on the 10th pylon at Karnak.]]
The argument for a 27-year reign derived from two texts. The first is an anonymous [[hieratic]] [[Graffito (archaeology)|graffito]] written on the shoulder of a now fragmented statue from his mortuary temple in Karnak which mentions the appearance of the king himself, or a royal cult statue representing the king, for a religious feast. The ink graffito reads ''Year 27, first Month of Shemu day 9, the day on which Horemheb, who loves Amun and hates his enemies, entered'' the temple for this event. It was disputed whether this was a contemporary text or a reference to a festival commemorating Horemheb's accession written in the reign of a later king.<ref>Rolf Krauss, "Nur ein kurioser Irrtum oder ein Beleg für die Jahr 26 und 27 von Haremhab?" Discussions in Egyptology 30, 1994, pp.73-85</ref> The second text is the Inscription of Mes, from the reign of [[Ramesses II]], which records that a court case decision was rendered in favour of a rival branch of Mes' family in Year 59 of Horemheb.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/texts/mes.htm|title=Inscription of Mes|publisher=reshafim.org.il}}</ref> It was argued that the Year 59 Horemheb date included the reigns of all the rulers between Amenhotep III and Horemheb. Subtracting the nearly 17-year reign of Akhenaten, the 2-year reign of Neferneferuaten, the 9-year reign of Tutankhamun and the reign of Ay suggested a reign of 26–27 years for Horemheb. However, the length of Ay's reign is not actually known and Wolfgang Helck argues that there was no standard Egyptian practice of including the years of all the rulers between Amenhotep III and Horemheb.<ref>Helck, Urkunden IV, 2162 & Van Dijk, JARCE 44, pp.198-99</ref>
==Succession==
[[File:La tombe de Horemheb (KV.57) (Vallée des Rois Thèbes ouest) -4.jpg|thumb|[[KV57]]: the Tomb of Horemheb]]
[[File:Saq Horemheb 01.jpg|thumb|The forecourt of Horemheb's Memphite [[Tomb of Horemheb (Memphis)|tomb]] at Saqqara.]]
Under Horemheb, Egypt's power and confidence were once again restored after the internal chaos of the [[Amarna|Amarna period]]; this situation set the stage for the rise of the 19th Dynasty under such ambitious Pharaohs as [[Seti I]] and [[Ramesses II]]. Horemheb is believed to have unsuccessfully attempted to father an heir to the throne since the mummy of his second wife was found with a [[fetus]] in it. Geoffrey Martin in his excavation work at Saqqara states that the burial of Horemheb's second wife [[Mutnedjmet]] was located at the bottom of a shaft to the rooms of Horemheb's Saqqara tomb. He notes that "a fragment of an alabaster vase inscribed with a funerary text for the chantress of Amun and King's Wife, Mutnodjmet, as well as pieces of a statuette of her [was found here] ... The funerary vase in particular, since it bears her name and titles would hardly have been used for the burial of some other person."<ref name="Martin">G. Martin, The Hidden Tombs of Memphis, Thames & Hudson (1991), pp.97-98</ref>
{{quotation|Expert analysis subsequently showed that the bones represented part of the skull and other portions of the body, including the pelvis, of an adult female who had given birth several times. Furthermore, she had lost all her teeth early in life, and was therefore only able to eat soft foods for much of the time. She died in her mid-forties, perhaps in childbirth, for with her bones were those of a foetus or newborn child. The [tomb] plunderers had evidently dragged the two mummies, mother and child, from the burial chamber below, and broken them open in the pillared hall above. The balance of probability, taking into account the evidence of the objects inscribed for Mutnodjmet, is that the adult bones are those of the queen herself and that she died in attempting to provide her husband the Pharaoh with an heir to the throne.<ref name="Martin" />}}
Since Horemheb remained childless, he appointed his [[Vizier (Ancient Egypt)|Vizier]], Paramesse, to succeed him upon his death, both to reward Paramesse's loyalty and because the latter had both a son and grandson to secure Egypt's royal succession. Paramesse employed the name [[Ramesses I]] upon assuming power and founded the [[Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt|19th Dynasty]] of the New Kingdom. While the decoration of Horemheb's KV57 tomb was still unfinished upon his death, this situation is not unprecedented: [[Amenhotep II]]'s tomb was also not fully completed when he was buried, even though this ruler enjoyed a reign of 26 years.
==Tomb and excavation==
Horemheb's tomb was excavated in the early 20th century by [[Theodore M. Davis]]. Davis discovered it in a poor state due to robbers and earth movements over the centuries. The lid of the [[sarcophagus]] had been taken off and smashed by robbers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7jrjNcBNF7A |title=Haremhab, Pharaoh and Conqueror: New Investigations in His Royal Tomb in the Valley of the Kings |publisher=The Met}}</ref>
==Fictional representations==
===Film===
*He was portrayed by [[Victor Mature]] in ''[[The Egyptian (film)|The Egyptian]]'' (1954), the film adaptation of [[Mika Waltari]]'s bestselling novel.
===Television===
*He was portrayed by British actor [[Nonso Anozie]] in the 2015 mini-TV series ''[[Tut (miniseries)|Tut]]'' which aired on [[Spike (TV network)|Spike]] in the US, and on [[Channel 5 (UK)|Channel 5]] in the UK.
===Music===
Horemhab is a character in the opera ''[[Akhnaten (opera)|Akhnaten]]'' by [[Philip Glass]]; he is sung by a baritone.
===Literature===
*Horemheb is a major character in Nick Drake's trilogy of mystery novels, ''The Book of the Dead'', ''Tutankhamun'' and ''The Book of Chaos''.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}
*Horemheb is a major character in [[P. C. Doherty]]'s trilogy of historical novels, ''An Evil Spirit Out of the West'', ''The Season of the Hyaena'' and ''The Year of the Cobra''.
*Horemheb is a major character in [[Pauline Gedge]]'s historical novel ''The Twelfth Transforming''.
*Horemheb is a major character in Katie Hamstead's trilogy, ''Kiya: Hope of the Pharaoh'', ''Kiya: Mother of the King'' and ''Kiya: Rise of a New Dynasty''.
*Horemheb is a minor character in the novels ''Nefertiti'' and '' The Heretic Queen'' by [[Michelle Moran]].
*Horemheb appears as a major character in [[Lynda Suzanne Robinson]]'s ''Lord Meren'' series of Egyptian mysteries.
*Horemheb is a minor character in [[Chie Shinohara]]'s Japanese graphic novel, ''[[Red River (manga)|Red River]]'', centered around ancient Anatolia and ancient Egypt.
*Horemheb is a major character in Mika Waltari's historical fiction international bestseller, ''[[The Egyptian|Sinuhe, The Egyptian]]''.
*Horemheb is a major character, originally named Kaires, in [[Allen Drury]]'s two novels about the Amarna period in Egypt, ''[[A God Against the Gods]]'' (Doubleday, July 1976, {{ISBN|0-385-00199-1}}) and ''[[Return to Thebes]]'' (Doubleday, Feb. 1977, {{ISBN|0-385-04199-3}}), both reprinted by WordFire Press in 2015.
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Bibliography==
* [[Cyril Aldred]], Two monuments of the reign of Ḥoremḥab, in: JEA 54 (1968), 100-106.
* [[Jürgen von Beckerath]], Nochmals die Regierungsdauer des Ḥaremḥab, in: SAK 6 (1978), 43-49.
* [[Jürgen von Beckerath]], Chronologie des pharaonischen Ägypten, MÄS 46, Philip Von Zabern, Mainz: 1997.
* [[Alan Gardiner]], The Inscription of Mes: A Contribution to Egyptian Juridical Procedure, Untersuchungen IV, Pt. 3 (Leipzig: 1905).
* Nicholas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, Blackwell Books: 1992.
* K.A. Kitchen, The Basis of Egyptian Chronology in relation to the Bronze Age," Volume 1: pp. 37-55 in "High, Middle or Low?: Acts of an International Colloquium on absolute chronology held at the University of Gothenburg 20–22 August 1987." (ed: Paul Aström).
==External links==
{{Commonscatinline}}
*[http://www.archaeowiki.org/Horemheb Horemheb - Archaeowiki.org]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0lLv58zwGhU Symposium on Horemhab, Metropolitan Museum of Art]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7jrjNcBNF7A Haremhab, Pharaoh and Conqueror: New Investigations in His Royal Tomb in the Valley of the Kings (lecture)]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0lLv58zwGhU A Symposium on Haremhab: General and King of Egypt]
{{Pharaohs}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:14th-century BC births]]
[[Category:1292 BC deaths]]
[[Category:14th-century BC Pharaohs]]
[[Category:13th-century BC Pharaohs]]
[[Category:Pharaohs of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt]]
[[Category:Amarna Period]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Tutankhamun]]
[[Category:Ay]]
[[Category:Horemheb| ]]
[[Category:Fan-bearer on the Right Side of the King]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -2,5 +2,5 @@
| name = Horemheb
| alt_name = Horemhab, Haremhab
-| image = StatueOfHoremhebAndTheGodHorus-DetailOfHoremheb01 KunsthistorischesMuseum Nov13-10.jpg
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><table class="infobox vcard nowraplinks" style="width:22em;font-size:90%;width:24.44em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="fn" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background:#decd87;font-size:130%;">Horemheb</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="nickname" style="text-align:center">Horemhab, Haremhab</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="photo" style="text-align:center"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=StatueOfHoremhebAndTheGodOsiris-DetailOfHoremheb01_KunsthistorischesMuseum_Nov13-10.jpg" class="new" title="File:StatueOfHoremhebAndTheGodOsiris-DetailOfHoremheb01 KunsthistorischesMuseum Nov13-10.jpg">Detail of a statue of Horemheb, at the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna</a><div>Detail of a statue of Horemheb, at the <a href="/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum" title="Kunsthistorisches Museum">Kunsthistorisches Museum</a>, Vienna</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#decd87;font-size:105%;"><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_chronology" title="Egyptian chronology">Reign</a></th><td>1306 BC (most likely) or 1319 BC until 1292 BC <span class="org">(<a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">18th Dynasty</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.65em">Predecessor</th><td><a href="/wiki/Ay" title="Ay">Ay</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.65em">Successor</th><td><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_I" title="Ramesses I">Ramesses I</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;font-size:95%;padding:4px;border:none;width:100%;margin:0;border:0;padding:0;"><div style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.6;font-weight:bold;background:transparent;text-align:center;;background:#decd87;padding:0.1em; display:block;margin-bottom:0.3em;"><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Royal titulary</a></span></div><div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;;border-bottom:2px solid #decd87;">
<table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;background:#e9deaf;">
<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary#Throne_name_(praenomen)" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Prenomen <span style="font-size:90%;"> (Praenomen)</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="nowrap" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.8em;">
<table width="100%">
<tbody><tr><td>Djeserkheperure Setepenre <br /> <i>Ḏsr-ḫprw-Rˁ-stp-n-Rˁ</i><br /><i>Holy are the manifestations of <a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a>, the chosen one of Ra</i><br /><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M23.png?e2674" height="31" title="M23" alt="M23" /><br /><img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="8" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /></td> <td><img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_L2.png?ff0ae" height="31" title="L2" alt="L2" /><br /><img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="8" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /></td> <td><img src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Ca1.png?0f9ce" height="44" title="<" alt="<" /></td><td><table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr><td class="mw-hiero-box" style="height: 2px;"></td></tr><tr><td><table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr><td><img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N5.png?08eb7" height="16" title="N5 [ra]" alt="ra" /><br /><img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D45.png?b9137" height="22" title="D45 [Dsr]" alt="Dsr" /></td> <td><img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_L1.png?8b41f" height="30" title="L1 [xpr]" alt="xpr" /><br /><img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z2.png?805ea" height="8" title="Z2" alt="Z2" /></td> <td><img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N5.png?08eb7" height="18" title="N5 [ra]" alt="ra" /></td><td><img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_U21.png?9f20b" height="22" title="U21 [stp]" alt="stp" /><br /><img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35 [n]" alt="n" /></td> </tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="mw-hiero-box" style="height: 2px;"></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><img src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Ca2.png?3dadc" height="44" title=">" alt=">" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr>
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<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Nomen</a></th></tr><tr><td class="nowrap" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.8em;">
<table width="100%">
<tbody><tr><td>Horemheb Meryamun<br /><i>Ḥr-m-ḥb-mrj-Jmn</i><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a> is in jubilation, beloved of <a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a></i></td></tr><tr><td class="center"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" align="{{{align}}}" style="padding:5px;">
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<td> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G39.png?eb053" height="38" title="G39" alt="G39" /></td><td><img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N5.png?08eb7" height="18" title="N5" alt="N5" /><br /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td>
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<td> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hiero_Ca1.svg/17px-Hiero_Ca1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="49" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hiero_Ca1.svg/26px-Hiero_Ca1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hiero_Ca1.svg/34px-Hiero_Ca1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="49" /></td>
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<td height="45" style="padding:0;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17" alt="M17" /></td><td><img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Y5.png?381eb" height="13" title="Y5" alt="Y5" /><br /><img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35" alt="N35" /></td> <td><img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_U6.png?4f117" height="37" title="U6" alt="U6" /></td><td><img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G5.png?bcb90" height="38" title="G5" alt="G5" /></td><td><img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_S3.png?173f5" height="38" title="S3" alt="S3" /></td><td><img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Aa15.png?721ae" height="10" title="Aa15" alt="Aa15" /><br /><img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_W3.png?771a6" height="14" title="W3" alt="W3" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hiero_Ca2.svg/20px-Hiero_Ca2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="49" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hiero_Ca2.svg/30px-Hiero_Ca2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hiero_Ca2.svg/40px-Hiero_Ca2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="49" /></td>
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<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary#Horus_name" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Horus name</a></th></tr><tr><td class="nowrap" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.8em;">
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<tbody><tr><td>Kanakht Sepedkheru <br /> <i>K3-nḫt-Spd-ḫrw</i><br /> <i>Strong bull, whose plans are effective</i></td></tr><tr><td class="center"> <table>
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<td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:10px;">
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<td style="padding-right:4px;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G5.png?bcb90" height="38" title="G5" alt="G5" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td>
<td height="48px" width="2px" bgcolor="black"></td>
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<td height="46" style="padding:0 5px;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_E2.png?998d8" height="27" title="E2" alt="E2" /><br /><img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D40.png?462ae" height="12" title="D40" alt="D40" /></td> <td><img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M44.png?7e559" height="38" title="M44" alt="M44" /></td><td><img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G43.png?6eb40" height="38" title="G43" alt="G43" /></td><td><img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G13.png?6baa0" height="30" title="G13" alt="G13" /></td><td><img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_S29.png?58979" height="38" title="S29" alt="S29" /></td><td><img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_P8.png?709fb" height="38" title="P8" alt="P8" /></td><td><img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z7.png?fc6fb" height="17" title="Z7" alt="Z7" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Srxtail2.svg/50px-Srxtail2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Srxtail2.svg/75px-Srxtail2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Srxtail2.svg/100px-Srxtail2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></td>
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<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary#Nebty_("two_ladies")_name" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Nebty name</a></th></tr><tr><td class="nowrap" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.8em;">
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<tbody><tr><td>Werbiawet-em-Ipetsut <br /><i>Wr-bj3wt-m-Jptswt</i> <br /> <i>He who is great of miracles in <a href="/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak">Ipetsut</a></i></td></tr><tr><td class="center"> <table>
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<td style="padding-right:6px;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G16.png?dbf15" height="38" title="G16" alt="G16" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td>
<td>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tbody><tr>
<td height="2px" style="background-color:black"></td>
<td height="45" style="padding:0;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G36.png?39a4f" height="25" title="G36" alt="G36" /><br /><img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D21.png?9bfb9" height="11" title="D21" alt="D21" /></td> <td><img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_U16.png?b7663" height="25" title="U16" alt="U16" /><br /><img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1" alt="X1" /> <img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z2.png?805ea" height="11" title="Z2" alt="Z2" /></td> <td><img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G17.png?3741e" height="38" title="G17" alt="G17" /></td><td><img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17" alt="M17" /></td><td><img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Q3.png?42130" height="15" title="Q3" alt="Q3" /><br /><img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1" alt="X1" /></td> <td><img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Q1.png?30a23" height="38" title="Q1" alt="Q1" /></td><td><img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Q1.png?30a23" height="38" title="Q1" alt="Q1" /></td><td><img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Q1.png?30a23" height="38" title="Q1" alt="Q1" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td>
<td height="2px" style="background-color:black"></td>
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<td></td>
<td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;"></td>
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<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary#Horus_of_Gold" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Golden Horus</a></th></tr><tr><td class="nowrap" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.8em;">
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<tbody><tr><td>Heruhermaat Sekhepertawy<br /><i>Ḥrw-ḥr-m3ˁ.t-sḫpr-t3wj</i><br /><i>He who is satisfied with the <a href="/wiki/Maat" title="Maat">Maat</a>, he who makes the two lands come to existence</i></td></tr><tr><td class="center"> <table>
<tbody><tr>
<td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:4px 10px;">
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center">
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<td style="padding-right:6px;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G8.png?a8843" height="38" title="G8" alt="G8" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td>
<td>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
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<td height="2px" style="background-color:black"></td>
<td height="45" style="padding:0;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O4.png?2d920" height="18" title="O4" alt="O4" /><br /><img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D21.png?9bfb9" height="11" title="D21" alt="D21" /></td> <td><img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Y1.png?22c01" height="10" title="Y1" alt="Y1" /><br /><img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D2.png?a7a01" height="18" title="D2" alt="D2" /> <img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z1.png?4dc06" height="16" title="Z1" alt="Z1" /></td> <td><img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_C10.png?7f60a" height="38" title="C10" alt="C10" /></td><td><img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_S29.png?58979" height="38" title="S29" alt="S29" /></td><td><img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_L1.png?8b41f" height="36" title="L1" alt="L1" /></td><td><img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N17.png?35167" height="6" title="N17" alt="N17" /><br /><img style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N17.png?35167" height="6" title="N17" alt="N17" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td>
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</tbody></table> </td></tr>
</tbody></table></td>
</tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.65em">Consort</th><td><a href="/wiki/Amenia,_Wife_of_Horemheb" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenia, Wife of Horemheb">Amenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mutnedjmet" title="Mutnedjmet">Mutnedjmet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.65em">Died</th><td>1292 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.65em">Burial</th><td><a href="/wiki/KV57" title="KV57">KV57</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.65em">Monuments</th><td><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Horemheb_(Memphis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Horemheb (Memphis)">Memphite Tomb</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Horemheb</b> (sometimes spelled <i>Horemhab</i> or <i>Haremhab</i> and meaning <i><a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a> is in Jubilation</i>) was the last <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt">18th Dynasty of Egypt</a>. He ruled for 14 years somewhere between 1319 BC and 1292 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> He had no relation to the preceding royal family other than by marriage to <a href="/wiki/Mutnedjmet" title="Mutnedjmet">Mutnedjmet</a>, who is disputed to have been the daughter of his predecessor <a href="/wiki/Ay" title="Ay">Ay</a>; he is believed to have been of common birth.
</p><p>Before he became pharaoh, Horemheb was the commander in chief of the army under the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ay" title="Ay">Ay</a>. After his accession to the throne, he reformed the Egyptian state and it was under his reign that official action against the preceding <a href="/wiki/Amarna_Period" title="Amarna Period">Amarna</a> rulers began. Due to this, he is considered the man who restabilized his country after the troublesome and divisive Amarna Period.
</p><p>Horemheb demolished monuments of <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a>, reusing their remains in his own building projects, and usurped monuments of Tutankhamun and Ay. Horemheb presumably had no surviving sons, as he appointed his vizier Paramesse as his successor, who would assume the throne as <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_I" title="Ramesses I">Ramesses I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2>Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_career"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early career</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Internal_reform"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Internal reform</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Disputed_reign_length"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Disputed reign length</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Succession"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Succession</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Tomb_and_excavation"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Tomb and excavation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Fictional_representations"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Fictional representations</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Film"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Film</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Television"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Television</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Music"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Music</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Literature"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Literature</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_career">Early career</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horemheb&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early career">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Horemheb is believed to have originated from <a href="/wiki/Herakleopolis_Magna" class="mw-redirect" title="Herakleopolis Magna">Herakleopolis Magna</a> or ancient Hnes (modern Ihnasya el-Medina) on the west bank of the Nile near the entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Al_Fayyum" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Fayyum">Fayum</a> since his coronation text formally credits the God Horus of Hnes for establishing him on the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:132px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Horemheb_Ashershow1.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Horemheb_Ashershow1.JPG/130px-Horemheb_Ashershow1.JPG" decoding="async" width="130" height="174" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Horemheb_Ashershow1.JPG/195px-Horemheb_Ashershow1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Horemheb_Ashershow1.JPG/260px-Horemheb_Ashershow1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="542" data-file-height="727" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Horemheb_Ashershow1.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A statue of Horemheb as a scribe</div></div></div>
<p>His parentage is unknown but he is believed to have been a commoner. According to the French (Sorbonne) Egyptologist <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Grimal" title="Nicolas Grimal">Nicolas Grimal</a>, Horemheb does not appear to be the same person as Paatenemheb (<i><a href="/wiki/Aten" title="Aten">Aten</a> Is Present In Jubilation</i>) who was the commander-in-chief of Akhenaten's army.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> Grimal notes that Horemheb's political career first began under Tutankhamun where he "is depicted at this king's side in his own tomb chapel at Memphis."<sup id="cite_ref-Grimal242_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimal242-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the earliest known stage of his life, Horemheb served as "the royal spokesman for [Egypt's] foreign affairs" and personally led a diplomatic mission to visit the Nubian governors.<sup id="cite_ref-Grimal242_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimal242-5">[5]</a></sup> This resulted in a reciprocal visit by "the Prince of Miam (<a href="/wiki/Aniba_(Nubia)" title="Aniba (Nubia)">Aniba</a>)" to Tutankhamun's court, "an event [that is] depicted in the tomb of the Viceroy Huy."<sup id="cite_ref-Grimal242_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimal242-5">[5]</a></sup> Horemheb quickly rose to prominence under <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a>, becoming commander-in-chief of the army and advisor to the pharaoh. Horemheb's specific titles are spelled out in his Saqqara tomb, which was built while he was still only an official: "Hereditary Prince, <a href="/wiki/Fan-bearer_on_the_Right_Side_of_the_King" title="Fan-bearer on the Right Side of the King">Fan-bearer on the Right Side of the King</a>, and Chief Commander of the Army"; the "attendant of the King in his footsteps in the foreign countries of the south and the north"; the "King's Messenger in front of his army to the foreign countries to the south and the north"; and the "Sole Companion, he who is by the feet of his lord on the battlefield on that day of killing Asiatics."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p>When Tutankhamun died while a teenager, Horemheb had already been officially designated as the <i>rpat</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Iry-pat" title="Iry-pat">iry-pat</a></i> (basically the "hereditary or crown prince") and <i>idnw</i> ("deputy of the king" in the entire land) by the child pharaoh; these titles are found inscribed in Horemheb's then private Memphite tomb at Saqqara which dates to the reign of Tutankhamun since the child king's
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047036">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... cartouches, although later usurped by Horemheb as king, have been found on a block which adjoins the famous gold of honour scene, a large portion of which is in Leiden. The royal couple depicted in this scene and in the adjacent scene 76, which shows Horemheb acting as an intermediary between the king and a group of subject foreign rulers, are therefore to be identified as Tut'ankhamun and 'Ankhesenamun. This makes it very unlikely from the start that any titles of honours claimed by Horemheb in the inscriptions in the tomb are fictitious.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p></blockquote>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Saqq_Horemheb_07.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Saqq_Horemheb_07.jpg/220px-Saqq_Horemheb_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Saqq_Horemheb_07.jpg/330px-Saqq_Horemheb_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Saqq_Horemheb_07.jpg/440px-Saqq_Horemheb_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="766" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Saqq_Horemheb_07.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Relief from Horemheb's tomb. Receiving 'gold of honour' collars.</div></div></div>
<p>The title <i>iry-pat</i> (Hereditary Prince) was used very frequently in Horemheb's Saqqara tomb but not combined with any other words. When used alone, the Egyptologist <a href="/wiki/Alan_H._Gardiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan H. Gardiner">Alan Gardiner</a> has shown that the <i>iry-pat</i> title contains features of ancient descent and lawful inheritance which is identical to the designation for a "Crown Prince."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> This means that Horemheb was the openly recognised heir to Tutankhamun's throne and not Ay, Tutankhamun's ultimate successor. As the Dutch Egyptologist Jacobus Van Dijk observes:
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047036"/><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There is no indication that Horemheb always intended to succeed Tut'ankhamun; obviously not even he could possibly have predicted that the king would die without issue. It must always have been understood that his appointment as crown prince would end as soon as the king produced an heir, and that he would succeed Tut'ankhamun only in the eventuality of an early and/or childless death of the sovereign. There can be no doubt that nobody outranked the Hereditary Prince of Upper and Lower Egypt and Deputy of the King in the Entire Land except the king himself, and that Horemheb was entitled to the throne once the king had unexpectedly died without issue. This means that it is Ay's, not Horemheb's accession which calls for an explanation. Why was Ay able to ascend the throne upon the death of Tut'ankhamun, despite the fact that Horemheb had at that time already been the official heir to the throne for almost ten years?<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p></blockquote>
<p>The aged Vizier <a href="/wiki/Ay" title="Ay">Ay</a> sidelined Horemheb's claim to the throne and instead succeeded Tutankhamun, probably because Horemheb was in Asia with the army at the time of Tutankhamun's death. No objects belonging to Horemheb were found in Tutankhamun's tomb, but items donated by other high-ranking officials such as <a href="/wiki/Maya_(Egyptian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (Egyptian)">Maya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nakhtmin" title="Nakhtmin">Nakhtmin</a> were found in there by Egyptologists. Further, Tutankhamun's queen, <a href="/wiki/Ankhesenamun" title="Ankhesenamun">Ankhesenamun</a>, refused to marry Horemheb, a commoner, and so make him king of Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> Having pushed Horemheb's claims aside, Ay proceeded to nominate the aforementioned Nakhtmin, who was possibly Ay's son or adopted son, to succeed him rather than Horemheb.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p><p>After Ay's reign, which lasted for a little over four years, Horemheb managed to seize power, presumably thanks to his position as commander of the army, and to assume what he must have perceived to be his just reward for having ably served Egypt under Tutankhamun and Ay. Horemheb quickly removed Nakhtmin's rival claim to the throne and arranged to have Ay's <a href="/wiki/WV23" title="WV23">WV23</a> tomb desecrated by smashing the latter's sarcophagus, systematically chiselling Ay's name and figure out of the tomb walls and probably destroying Ay's mummy.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> However, he spared Tutankhamun's tomb from vandalism presumably because it was Tutankhamun who had promoted his rise to power and chosen him to be his heir. Horemheb also usurped and enlarged Ay's mortuary temple at <a href="/wiki/Medinet_Habu_(temple)" title="Medinet Habu (temple)">Medinet Habu</a> for his own use and erased Ay's titulary on the back of a 17-foot colossal statue by carving his own titulary in its place.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Internal_reform">Internal reform</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horemheb&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Internal reform">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Horemheb_with_Amun_(Museo_Egizio).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Statue_of_Horemheb_with_Amun_%28Museo_Egizio%29.jpg/220px-Statue_of_Horemheb_with_Amun_%28Museo_Egizio%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Statue_of_Horemheb_with_Amun_%28Museo_Egizio%29.jpg/330px-Statue_of_Horemheb_with_Amun_%28Museo_Egizio%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Statue_of_Horemheb_with_Amun_%28Museo_Egizio%29.jpg/440px-Statue_of_Horemheb_with_Amun_%28Museo_Egizio%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="877" data-file-height="1200" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Horemheb_with_Amun_(Museo_Egizio).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Horemheb with Amun at the <a href="/wiki/Museo_Egizio" title="Museo Egizio">Museo Egizio</a> of <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>.</div></div></div>
<p>Upon his accession, Horemheb initiated a comprehensive series of internal transformations to the power structures of <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a>'s reign, due to the preceding transfer of state power from Amun's priests to Akhenaten's government officials. Horemheb "appointed judges and regional tribunes ... reintroduced local religious authorities" and divided legal power "between <a href="/wiki/Upper_and_Lower_Egypt" title="Upper and Lower Egypt">Upper Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upper_and_Lower_Egypt" title="Upper and Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a>" between "the <a href="/wiki/Vizier_(Ancient_Egypt)" title="Vizier (Ancient Egypt)">Viziers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a> respectively."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p><p>These deeds are recorded in a stela which the king erected at the foot of his Tenth Pylon at Karnak. Occasionally called The Great Edict of Horemheb,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> it is a copy of the actual text of the king's decree to re-establish order to the Two Lands and curb abuses of state authority. The stela's creation and prominent location emphasizes the great importance which Horemheb placed upon domestic reform.
</p><p>Horemheb also reformed the Army and reorganized the <a href="/wiki/Deir_el-Medina" title="Deir el-Medina">Deir el-Medina</a> workforce in his 7th Year while Horemheb's official Maya renewed the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_IV" title="Thutmose IV">Thutmose IV</a>, which had been disturbed by tomb robbers in his 8th Year. While the king restored the priesthood of Amun, he prevented the Amun priests from forming a stranglehold on power, by deliberately reappointing priests who mostly came from the Egyptian army since he could rely on their personal loyalty.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup>
Horemheb was a prolific builder who erected numerous temples and buildings throughout Egypt during his reign. He constructed the Second, Ninth and Tenth <a href="/wiki/Pylon_(architecture)" title="Pylon (architecture)">Pylons</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Hypostyle_Hall,_Karnak" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Hypostyle Hall, Karnak">Great Hypostyle Hall</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak">Temple at Karnak</a>, using recycled <a href="/wiki/Talatat" title="Talatat">talatat</a> blocks from <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a>'s own monuments here, as building material for the first two Pylons.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p><p>Because of his unexpected rise to the throne, Horemheb had two tombs constructed for himself: the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Horemheb_(Memphis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Horemheb (Memphis)">first</a> – when he was a mere nobleman – at <a href="/wiki/Saqqara" title="Saqqara">Saqqara</a> near <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a>, and the other in the <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_the_Kings" title="Valley of the Kings">Valley of the Kings</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a>, in tomb <a href="/wiki/KV57" title="KV57">KV57</a> as king. His chief wife was Queen <a href="/wiki/Mutnedjmet" title="Mutnedjmet">Mutnedjmet</a>, who may have been <a href="/wiki/Nefertiti" title="Nefertiti">Nefertiti</a>'s younger sister. They had no surviving children, although examinations of Mutnedjmet's mummy show that she gave birth several times, and she was buried with an infant, suggesting that she and her last child died in childbirth. Horemheb is not known to have any children by his first wife, <a href="/wiki/Amenia,_Wife_of_Horemheb" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenia, Wife of Horemheb">Amenia</a>, who died before Horemheb assumed power.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Disputed_reign_length">Disputed reign length</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horemheb&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Disputed reign length">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:La_tombe_de_Horemheb_(KV.57)_(Vall%C3%A9e_des_Rois_Th%C3%A8bes_ouest)_-6.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/La_tombe_de_Horemheb_%28KV.57%29_%28Vall%C3%A9e_des_Rois_Th%C3%A8bes_ouest%29_-6.jpg/220px-La_tombe_de_Horemheb_%28KV.57%29_%28Vall%C3%A9e_des_Rois_Th%C3%A8bes_ouest%29_-6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/La_tombe_de_Horemheb_%28KV.57%29_%28Vall%C3%A9e_des_Rois_Th%C3%A8bes_ouest%29_-6.jpg/330px-La_tombe_de_Horemheb_%28KV.57%29_%28Vall%C3%A9e_des_Rois_Th%C3%A8bes_ouest%29_-6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/La_tombe_de_Horemheb_%28KV.57%29_%28Vall%C3%A9e_des_Rois_Th%C3%A8bes_ouest%29_-6.jpg/440px-La_tombe_de_Horemheb_%28KV.57%29_%28Vall%C3%A9e_des_Rois_Th%C3%A8bes_ouest%29_-6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:La_tombe_de_Horemheb_(KV.57)_(Vall%C3%A9e_des_Rois_Th%C3%A8bes_ouest)_-6.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The sarcophagus of Horemheb and wall reliefs in his <a href="/wiki/KV57" title="KV57">KV57</a> tomb.</div></div></div>
<p>Scholars long disputed whether Horemheb reigned for 14 or 27 years. <a href="/wiki/Manetho" title="Manetho">Manetho</a>'s Epitome assigns a reign length of 4 years and 1 month to Horemheb. Scholars previously assigned this reign-length to Ay; however, evidence from excavations in Horemheb's tomb (KV57) indicates that this figure should be raised by a decade to [1]4 years and 1 month and attributed to Horemheb. These excavations, conducted under G.T. Martin in 2006 and 2007, uncovered a large hoard of 168 inscribed wine sherds and dockets below densely compacted debris in a great shaft (called Well Room E) in KV57. Of the 46 wine sherds with year dates, 14 have nothing but the year date formula, 5 dockets have Year 10+X, 3 dockets have Year 11+X, 2 dockets preserve Year 12+X and 1 docket has a Year 13+X inscription. 22 dockets "mention Year 13 and 8 have Year 14 [of Horemheb]" but none mention a higher date for Horemheb.<sup id="cite_ref-VanDijk_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VanDijk-19">[19]</a></sup>
</p><p>The full texts of the docket readings are identical and read as:
</p>
<dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047036"/><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Year 13. Wine of the estate of Horemheb-meren-Amun, L.P.H., in the domain of Amun. Western River. Chief vintner <i>Ty</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-VanDijk_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VanDijk-19">[19]</a></sup></p></blockquote></dd></dl>
<p>Meanwhile, the Year 14 dockets, in contrast, are all individual and mention specific wines such as "very good quality wine" or, in one case "sweet wine" and the location of the vineyard is identified.<sup id="cite_ref-VanDijk_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VanDijk-19">[19]</a></sup> A general example is this text on a Year 14 wine docket:
</p>
<dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047036"/><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Year 14, Good quality wine of the estate of Horemheb-meren-Amun, L.P.H., in the domain of Amun, from the wineyard of <a href="/wiki/Atfih" title="Atfih">Atfih</a>, Chief vintner <i>Haty</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-VanDijk_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VanDijk-19">[19]</a></sup></p></blockquote></dd></dl>
<p>Other Year 14 dockets mention Memphis (?), the Western River while their vintners are named as Nakhtamun, [Mer-]seger-men, Ramose and others.<sup id="cite_ref-VanDijk_a_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VanDijk_a-20">[20]</a></sup>
</p><p>The "quality and consistency of the KV57 dockets strongly suggest that Horemheb was buried in his Year 14, or at least before the wine harvest of his Year 15 at the very latest."<sup id="cite_ref-VanDijk_a_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VanDijk_a-20">[20]</a></sup> This evidence is consistent "with the Horemheb dockets from Deir el-Medina which mention Years 2, 3, 4, 6, 13 and 14, but again no higher dates"... while a docket ascribed to Horemheb from <a href="/wiki/Sedment" title="Sedment">Sedment</a> has Year 12."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup> The lack of dated inscriptions for Horemheb after his Year 14 also explains the unfinished state of Horemheb's royal KV57 tomb--"a fact not taken into account by any of those [scholars] defending a long reign [of 26 or 27 years]. The tomb is comparable to that of Seti I in size and decoration technique, and Seti I's tomb is far more extensively decorated than that of Horemheb, and yet Seti managed to virtually complete his tomb within a decade, whereas Horemheb did not even succeed in fully decorating the three rooms he planned to have done, leaving even the burial hall unfinished. Even if we assume that Horemheb did not begin the work on his royal tomb until his Year 7 or 8, ... it remains a mystery how the work could not have been completed had he lived on for another 20 or more years."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup> Therefore, most scholars now accept a reign of 14 years and 1 month.
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Karnak9.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Karnak9.JPG/220px-Karnak9.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Karnak9.JPG/330px-Karnak9.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Karnak9.JPG/440px-Karnak9.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Karnak9.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A wall relief of Horemheb making an offering to <a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a> on the 10th pylon at Karnak.</div></div></div>
<p>The argument for a 27-year reign derived from two texts. The first is an anonymous <a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">hieratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Graffito_(archaeology)" title="Graffito (archaeology)">graffito</a> written on the shoulder of a now fragmented statue from his mortuary temple in Karnak which mentions the appearance of the king himself, or a royal cult statue representing the king, for a religious feast. The ink graffito reads <i>Year 27, first Month of Shemu day 9, the day on which Horemheb, who loves Amun and hates his enemies, entered</i> the temple for this event. It was disputed whether this was a contemporary text or a reference to a festival commemorating Horemheb's accession written in the reign of a later king.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup> The second text is the Inscription of Mes, from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a>, which records that a court case decision was rendered in favour of a rival branch of Mes' family in Year 59 of Horemheb.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> It was argued that the Year 59 Horemheb date included the reigns of all the rulers between Amenhotep III and Horemheb. Subtracting the nearly 17-year reign of Akhenaten, the 2-year reign of Neferneferuaten, the 9-year reign of Tutankhamun and the reign of Ay suggested a reign of 26–27 years for Horemheb. However, the length of Ay's reign is not actually known and Wolfgang Helck argues that there was no standard Egyptian practice of including the years of all the rulers between Amenhotep III and Horemheb.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Succession">Succession</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horemheb&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Succession">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:La_tombe_de_Horemheb_(KV.57)_(Vall%C3%A9e_des_Rois_Th%C3%A8bes_ouest)_-4.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/La_tombe_de_Horemheb_%28KV.57%29_%28Vall%C3%A9e_des_Rois_Th%C3%A8bes_ouest%29_-4.jpg/220px-La_tombe_de_Horemheb_%28KV.57%29_%28Vall%C3%A9e_des_Rois_Th%C3%A8bes_ouest%29_-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/La_tombe_de_Horemheb_%28KV.57%29_%28Vall%C3%A9e_des_Rois_Th%C3%A8bes_ouest%29_-4.jpg/330px-La_tombe_de_Horemheb_%28KV.57%29_%28Vall%C3%A9e_des_Rois_Th%C3%A8bes_ouest%29_-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/La_tombe_de_Horemheb_%28KV.57%29_%28Vall%C3%A9e_des_Rois_Th%C3%A8bes_ouest%29_-4.jpg/440px-La_tombe_de_Horemheb_%28KV.57%29_%28Vall%C3%A9e_des_Rois_Th%C3%A8bes_ouest%29_-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:La_tombe_de_Horemheb_(KV.57)_(Vall%C3%A9e_des_Rois_Th%C3%A8bes_ouest)_-4.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/KV57" title="KV57">KV57</a>: the Tomb of Horemheb</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Saq_Horemheb_01.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Saq_Horemheb_01.jpg/220px-Saq_Horemheb_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Saq_Horemheb_01.jpg/330px-Saq_Horemheb_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Saq_Horemheb_01.jpg/440px-Saq_Horemheb_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="676" data-file-height="507" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Saq_Horemheb_01.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The forecourt of Horemheb's Memphite <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Horemheb_(Memphis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Horemheb (Memphis)">tomb</a> at Saqqara.</div></div></div>
<p>Under Horemheb, Egypt's power and confidence were once again restored after the internal chaos of the <a href="/wiki/Amarna" title="Amarna">Amarna period</a>; this situation set the stage for the rise of the 19th Dynasty under such ambitious Pharaohs as <a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a>. Horemheb is believed to have unsuccessfully attempted to father an heir to the throne since the mummy of his second wife was found with a <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus</a> in it. Geoffrey Martin in his excavation work at Saqqara states that the burial of Horemheb's second wife <a href="/wiki/Mutnedjmet" title="Mutnedjmet">Mutnedjmet</a> was located at the bottom of a shaft to the rooms of Horemheb's Saqqara tomb. He notes that "a fragment of an alabaster vase inscribed with a funerary text for the chantress of Amun and King's Wife, Mutnodjmet, as well as pieces of a statuette of her [was found here] ... The funerary vase in particular, since it bears her name and titles would hardly have been used for the burial of some other person."<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin-26">[26]</a></sup>
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047036"/><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Expert analysis subsequently showed that the bones represented part of the skull and other portions of the body, including the pelvis, of an adult female who had given birth several times. Furthermore, she had lost all her teeth early in life, and was therefore only able to eat soft foods for much of the time. She died in her mid-forties, perhaps in childbirth, for with her bones were those of a foetus or newborn child. The [tomb] plunderers had evidently dragged the two mummies, mother and child, from the burial chamber below, and broken them open in the pillared hall above. The balance of probability, taking into account the evidence of the objects inscribed for Mutnodjmet, is that the adult bones are those of the queen herself and that she died in attempting to provide her husband the Pharaoh with an heir to the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin-26">[26]</a></sup>
</p></blockquote>
<p>Since Horemheb remained childless, he appointed his <a href="/wiki/Vizier_(Ancient_Egypt)" title="Vizier (Ancient Egypt)">Vizier</a>, Paramesse, to succeed him upon his death, both to reward Paramesse's loyalty and because the latter had both a son and grandson to secure Egypt's royal succession. Paramesse employed the name <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_I" title="Ramesses I">Ramesses I</a> upon assuming power and founded the <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt">19th Dynasty</a> of the New Kingdom. While the decoration of Horemheb's KV57 tomb was still unfinished upon his death, this situation is not unprecedented: <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_II" title="Amenhotep II">Amenhotep II</a>'s tomb was also not fully completed when he was buried, even though this ruler enjoyed a reign of 26 years.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Tomb_and_excavation">Tomb and excavation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horemheb&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tomb and excavation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Horemheb's tomb was excavated in the early 20th century by <a href="/wiki/Theodore_M._Davis" title="Theodore M. Davis">Theodore M. Davis</a>. Davis discovered it in a poor state due to robbers and earth movements over the centuries. The lid of the <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagus</a> had been taken off and smashed by robbers.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Fictional_representations">Fictional representations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horemheb&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fictional representations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Film">Film</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horemheb&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Film">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li>He was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Mature" title="Victor Mature">Victor Mature</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Egyptian_(film)" title="The Egyptian (film)">The Egyptian</a></i> (1954), the film adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Mika_Waltari" title="Mika Waltari">Mika Waltari</a>'s bestselling novel.</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Television">Television</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horemheb&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Television">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li>He was portrayed by British actor <a href="/wiki/Nonso_Anozie" title="Nonso Anozie">Nonso Anozie</a> in the 2015 mini-TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Tut_(miniseries)" title="Tut (miniseries)">Tut</a></i> which aired on <a href="/wiki/Spike_(TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spike (TV network)">Spike</a> in the US, and on <a href="/wiki/Channel_5_(UK)" title="Channel 5 (UK)">Channel 5</a> in the UK.</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Music">Music</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horemheb&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Horemhab is a character in the opera <i><a href="/wiki/Akhnaten_(opera)" title="Akhnaten (opera)">Akhnaten</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass">Philip Glass</a>; he is sung by a baritone.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Literature">Literature</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horemheb&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li>Horemheb is a major character in Nick Drake's trilogy of mystery novels, <i>The Book of the Dead</i>, <i>Tutankhamun</i> and <i>The Book of Chaos</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li>
<li>Horemheb is a major character in <a href="/wiki/P._C._Doherty" class="mw-redirect" title="P. C. Doherty">P. C. Doherty</a>'s trilogy of historical novels, <i>An Evil Spirit Out of the West</i>, <i>The Season of the Hyaena</i> and <i>The Year of the Cobra</i>.</li>
<li>Horemheb is a major character in <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Gedge" title="Pauline Gedge">Pauline Gedge</a>'s historical novel <i>The Twelfth Transforming</i>.</li>
<li>Horemheb is a major character in Katie Hamstead's trilogy, <i>Kiya: Hope of the Pharaoh</i>, <i>Kiya: Mother of the King</i> and <i>Kiya: Rise of a New Dynasty</i>.</li>
<li>Horemheb is a minor character in the novels <i>Nefertiti</i> and <i> The Heretic Queen</i> by <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Moran" title="Michelle Moran">Michelle Moran</a>.</li>
<li>Horemheb appears as a major character in <a href="/wiki/Lynda_Suzanne_Robinson" title="Lynda Suzanne Robinson">Lynda Suzanne Robinson</a>'s <i>Lord Meren</i> series of Egyptian mysteries.</li>
<li>Horemheb is a minor character in <a href="/wiki/Chie_Shinohara" title="Chie Shinohara">Chie Shinohara</a>'s Japanese graphic novel, <i><a href="/wiki/Red_River_(manga)" title="Red River (manga)">Red River</a></i>, centered around ancient Anatolia and ancient Egypt.</li>
<li>Horemheb is a major character in Mika Waltari's historical fiction international bestseller, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Egyptian" title="The Egyptian">Sinuhe, The Egyptian</a></i>.</li>
<li>Horemheb is a major character, originally named Kaires, in <a href="/wiki/Allen_Drury" title="Allen Drury">Allen Drury</a>'s two novels about the Amarna period in Egypt, <i><a href="/wiki/A_God_Against_the_Gods" title="A God Against the Gods">A God Against the Gods</a></i> (Doubleday, July 1976, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-00199-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-00199-1">0-385-00199-1</a>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Return_to_Thebes" class="mw-redirect" title="Return to Thebes">Return to Thebes</a></i> (Doubleday, Feb. 1977, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-04199-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-04199-3">0-385-04199-3</a>), both reprinted by WordFire Press in 2015.</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horemheb&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss & David Warburton (editors), Ancient Egyptian Chronology (Handbook of Oriental Studies), Brill: 2006, p.493 Chronology table</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carlos.emory.edu/RAMESSES/1_introduction.html">"Ramesses"</a>. carlos.emory.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ramesses&rft.pub=carlos.emory.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carlos.emory.edu%2FRAMESSES%2F1_introduction.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoremheb" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Gardiner, "The Coronation of King Haremhab," JEA 39 (1953), pp.14, 16 & 21</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virtual-egyptian-museum.org/Collection/FullVisit/Collection.FullVisit-JFR.html?../Content/STO.XL.00896.html&0">"Virtual Egyptian Museum - The Full Collection"</a>. virtual-egyptian-museum.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Virtual+Egyptian+Museum+-+The+Full+Collection&rft.pub=virtual-egyptian-museum.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.virtual-egyptian-museum.org%2FCollection%2FFullVisit%2FCollection.FullVisit-JFR.html%3F..%2FContent%2FSTO.XL.00896.html%260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoremheb" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Grimal242-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grimal242_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grimal242_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grimal242_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicolas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, Blackwell:1992, p. 242.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John A. Wilson "<i>Texts from the Tomb of General Hor-em-heb</i>" in Ancient Near Eastern Texts (ANET) relating to the Old Testament, Princeton Univ. Press, 2nd edition, 1955. pp.250-251</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The New Kingdom Necropolis of Memphis: The New Kingdom Necropolis of Memphis</i>. Historical and Iconographical Studies by Jacobus Van Dijk, University of Groningen dissertation. Groningen 1993. "Chapter One: Horemheb, Prince Regent of Tutankh'amun," pp.17-18 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jacobusvandijk.nl/docs/Horemheb_chapter.pdf">(online: pp.9-10)</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Gardiner, The Coronation of King Haremhab, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, vol. 39 (1953), pp.13-31</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The New Kingdom Necropolis of Memphis: The New Kingdom Necropolis of Memphis</i>. Historical and Iconographical Studies by Jacobus Van Dijk, University of Groningen dissertation. Groningen 1993. "Chapter One: Horemheb, Prince Regent of Tutankh'amun," pp.48-49 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jacobusvandijk.nl/docs/Horemheb_chapter.pdf">(online: pp.40-41)</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The New Kingdom Necropolis of Memphis: The New Kingdom Necropolis of Memphis</i>. Historical and Iconographical Studies by Jacobus Van Dijk, Ibid., pp.50-51 & 56-60 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jacobusvandijk.nl/docs/Horemheb_chapter.pdf">(online: pp.42-43 & 48-52)</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolfgang Helck, Urkunden der 18. Dynastie: Texte der Hefte 20-21 (Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1984), pp.1908-1910</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The New Kingdom Necropolis of Memphis: The New Kingdom Necropolis of Memphis</i>. Historical and Iconographical Studies by Jacobus Van Dijk, University of Groningen dissertation. Groningen 1993. "Chapter One: Horemheb, Prince Regent of Tutankh'amun," pp. 59-62 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jacobusvandijk.nl/docs/Horemheb_chapter.pdf">(online: pp. 51-54)</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tomb 23 in the western annex of the Valley of the Kings; see Porter & Moss, Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyph Texts, Reliefs and Parts, vol. 1, part 2, (Oxford Clarendon Press:1960), pp. 550-551</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicolas Grimal, op.cit., p.243</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/texts/edict_of_horemheb.htm">"The Great Edict of Horemheb"</a>. reshafim.org.il.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Great+Edict+of++Horemheb&rft.pub=reshafim.org.il&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reshafim.org.il%2Fad%2Fegypt%2Ftexts%2Fedict_of_horemheb.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoremheb" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Clayton, Chronicle of the Pharaohs, Thames & Hudson Ltd, 1994. p.137</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grimal, op.cit., pp.243, 303</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joyce Tyldesley, Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt, Thames & Hudson 2006. p.140</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-VanDijk-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VanDijk_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VanDijk_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VanDijk_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VanDijk_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacobus Van Dijk, New Evidence on the Length of the Reign of Horemheb, Journal of the American Research Centre in Egypt (JARCE) 44, 2008, p.195</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-VanDijk_a-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VanDijk_a_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VanDijk_a_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Dijk, JARCE 44, p.196</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Dijk, JARCE 44, pp.197-98 which quotes papers by G. Nagel, La ceramique du Nouvel Empire a Deir Medineh (Cairo) 1938, 15:6 (Year 2); Y. Koenig, Catalogues des etiquettes de jarres hieratiques de Deir el Medineh (Cairo, 1979-1980), nos. 6299 (Year 3), 6295 (Year 4), 6403 (Year 6), 6294 (Year 13) 6345 (Year 14) & G.T. Martin, "Three Objects of New Kingdom Date from the Memphite Area and Sidmant. 3. An inscribed amphora from Sidmant," in J. Baines, et al., Pyramid Studies and Other Essays presented to I.E.S. Edwards (London, 1988), 118-120, pl.21.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Dijk, JARCE 44, p.198</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rolf Krauss, "Nur ein kurioser Irrtum oder ein Beleg für die Jahr 26 und 27 von Haremhab?" Discussions in Egyptology 30, 1994, pp.73-85</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/texts/mes.htm">"Inscription of Mes"</a>. reshafim.org.il.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inscription+of+Mes&rft.pub=reshafim.org.il&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reshafim.org.il%2Fad%2Fegypt%2Ftexts%2Fmes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoremheb" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Helck, Urkunden IV, 2162 & Van Dijk, JARCE 44, pp.198-99</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Martin-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Martin, The Hidden Tombs of Memphis, Thames & Hudson (1991), pp.97-98</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7jrjNcBNF7A">"Haremhab, Pharaoh and Conqueror: New Investigations in His Royal Tomb in the Valley of the Kings"</a>. The Met.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haremhab%2C+Pharaoh+and+Conqueror%3A+New+Investigations+in+His+Royal+Tomb+in+the+Valley+of+the+Kings&rft.pub=The+Met&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D7jrjNcBNF7A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoremheb" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horemheb&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Aldred" title="Cyril Aldred">Cyril Aldred</a>, Two monuments of the reign of Ḥoremḥab, in: JEA 54 (1968), 100-106.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_von_Beckerath" title="Jürgen von Beckerath">Jürgen von Beckerath</a>, Nochmals die Regierungsdauer des Ḥaremḥab, in: SAK 6 (1978), 43-49.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_von_Beckerath" title="Jürgen von Beckerath">Jürgen von Beckerath</a>, Chronologie des pharaonischen Ägypten, MÄS 46, Philip Von Zabern, Mainz: 1997.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Gardiner" title="Alan Gardiner">Alan Gardiner</a>, The Inscription of Mes: A Contribution to Egyptian Juridical Procedure, Untersuchungen IV, Pt. 3 (Leipzig: 1905).</li>
<li>Nicholas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, Blackwell Books: 1992.</li>
<li>K.A. Kitchen, The Basis of Egyptian Chronology in relation to the Bronze Age," Volume 1: pp. 37-55 in "High, Middle or Low?: Acts of an International Colloquium on absolute chronology held at the University of Gothenburg 20–22 August 1987." (ed: Paul Aström).</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horemheb&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Horemheb" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Horemheb">Horemheb</a> at Wikimedia Commons
</p>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeowiki.org/Horemheb">Horemheb - Archaeowiki.org</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0lLv58zwGhU">Symposium on Horemhab, Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7jrjNcBNF7A">Haremhab, Pharaoh and Conqueror: New Investigations in His Royal Tomb in the Valley of the Kings (lecture)</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0lLv58zwGhU">A Symposium on Haremhab: General and King of Egypt</a></li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pharaohs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pharaohs" title="Template:Pharaohs"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pharaohs" title="Template talk:Pharaohs"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Pharaohs&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pharaohs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaohs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Protodynastic_to_First_Intermediate_Period_(" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Protodynastic</a> to <a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">First Intermediate Period</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<3150–2040 BC)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div class="hlist hlist-separated"><ul><li>Pharaohs  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold">(male</span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold">female<sup>♀</sup>)</span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold"><i>uncertain</i></span></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Protodynastic</a><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(pre-3150 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedju_Hor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hedju Hor (page does not exist)">Hedju Hor</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedju-Hor" class="extiw" title="de:Hedju-Hor">de</a>; <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedj-Hor" class="extiw" title="fr:Hedj-Hor">fr</a>]</span></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny-Hor" title="Ny-Hor">Ny-Hor</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Hsekiu" title="Hsekiu">Hsekiu</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Khayu" title="Khayu">Khayu</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiu_(pharaoh)" title="Tiu (pharaoh)">Tiu</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Thesh" title="Thesh">Thesh</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Neheb" title="Neheb">Neheb</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Wazner" title="Wazner">Wazner</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nat-Hor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nat-Hor (page does not exist)">Nat-Hor</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat_Hor" class="extiw" title="de:Hat Hor">de</a>; <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horus_Hat" class="extiw" title="es:Horus Hat">es</a>]</span></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mekh" title="Mekh">Mekh</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Double_Falcon" title="Double Falcon">Double Falcon</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wash_(pharaoh)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wash (pharaoh) (page does not exist)">Wash</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasch" class="extiw" title="de:Wasch">de</a>]</span></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finger_Snail&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Finger Snail (page does not exist)">Finger Snail</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingerschnecke" class="extiw" title="de:Fingerschnecke">de</a>]</span></i></li>
<li><i>Fish</i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Elephant_(pharaoh)" title="Elephant (pharaoh)">Pen-Abu</a></i></li>
<li><i>Animal</i></li>
<li><i>Stork</i></li>
<li><i>Canide</i></li>
<li><i>Bull</i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_I" title="Scorpion I">Scorpion I</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_(pharaoh)" title="Crocodile (pharaoh)">Shendjw</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iry-Hor" title="Iry-Hor">Iry-Hor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ka_(pharaoh)" title="Ka (pharaoh)">Ka</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_II" title="Scorpion II">Scorpion II</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early Dynastic</a><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(3150–2686 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">I</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Djer" title="Djer">Djer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Djet" title="Djet">Djet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Merneith" title="Merneith">Merneith</a><sup>♀</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Den_(pharaoh)" title="Den (pharaoh)">Den</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anedjib" title="Anedjib">Anedjib</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Semerkhet" title="Semerkhet">Semerkhet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27a" title="Qa'a">Qa'a</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Sneferka" title="Sneferka">Sneferka</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Horus_Bird_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horus Bird (Pharaoh)">Horus Bird</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Second Dynasty of Egypt">II</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hotepsekhemwy" title="Hotepsekhemwy">Hotepsekhemwy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nebra_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebra (Pharaoh)">Nebra/Raneb</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nynetjer" title="Nynetjer">Nynetjer</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ba_(pharaoh)" title="Ba (pharaoh)">Ba</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Nubnefer" title="Nubnefer">Nubnefer</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Horus_Sa" title="Horus Sa">Horus Sa</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Weneg_(pharaoh)" title="Weneg (pharaoh)">Weneg-Nebty</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Wadjenes" title="Wadjenes">Wadjenes</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Senedj" title="Senedj">Senedj</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seth-Peribsen" title="Seth-Peribsen">Seth-Peribsen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemib-Perenmaat" title="Sekhemib-Perenmaat">Sekhemib-Perenmaat</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Neferkara_I" title="Neferkara I">Neferkara I</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Neferkasokar" title="Neferkasokar">Neferkasokar</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudjefa_I" title="Hudjefa I">Hudjefa I</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Khasekhemwy" title="Khasekhemwy">Khasekhemwy</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(2686–2181 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Third Dynasty of Egypt">III</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djoser" title="Djoser">Djoser</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemkhet" title="Sekhemkhet">Sekhemkhet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sanakht" title="Sanakht">Sanakht</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Nebka" title="Nebka">Nebka</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Khaba" title="Khaba">Khaba</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Qahedjet" title="Qahedjet">Qahedjet</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Huni" title="Huni">Huni</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">IV</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sneferu" title="Sneferu">Snefru</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Djedefre" title="Djedefre">Djedefre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Khafra" title="Khafra">Khafre</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Bikheris" title="Bikheris">Bikheris</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Menkaure" title="Menkaure">Menkaure</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shepseskaf" title="Shepseskaf">Shepseskaf</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Thamphthis" title="Thamphthis">Thamphthis</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">V</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Userkaf" title="Userkaf">Userkaf</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sahure" title="Sahure">Sahure</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neferirkare_Kakai" title="Neferirkare Kakai">Neferirkare Kakai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neferefre" title="Neferefre">Neferefre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shepseskare" title="Shepseskare">Shepseskare</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nyuserre_Ini" title="Nyuserre Ini">Nyuserre Ini</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Menkauhor_Kaiu" title="Menkauhor Kaiu">Menkauhor Kaiu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Isesi" title="Djedkare Isesi">Djedkare Isesi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Unas" title="Unas">Unas</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixth Dynasty of Egypt">VI</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teti" title="Teti">Teti</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Userkare" title="Userkare">Userkare</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pepi_I_Meryre" title="Pepi I Meryre">Pepi I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_I" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf I">Merenre Nemtyemsaf I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pepi_II_Neferkare" title="Pepi II Neferkare">Pepi II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_II" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf II">Merenre Nemtyemsaf II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Netjerkare_Siptah" title="Netjerkare Siptah">Netjerkare Siptah</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">1<sup>st</sup> Intermediate</a><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(2181–2040 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><div class="hlist hlist-separated"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventh Dynasty of Egypt">VII</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighth Dynasty of Egypt">VIII</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menkare" title="Menkare">Menkare</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_II" title="Neferkare II">Neferkare II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Neby" title="Neferkare Neby">Neferkare III Neby</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Shemai" title="Djedkare Shemai">Djedkare Shemai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Khendu" title="Neferkare Khendu">Neferkare IV Khendu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Merenhor" title="Merenhor">Merenhor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neferkamin" title="Neferkamin">Neferkamin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nikare" title="Nikare">Nikare</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Tereru" title="Neferkare Tereru">Neferkare V Tereru</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neferkahor" title="Neferkahor">Neferkahor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Pepiseneb" title="Neferkare Pepiseneb">Neferkare VI Pepiseneb</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neferkamin_Anu" title="Neferkamin Anu">Neferkamin Anu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ibi" title="Qakare Ibi">Qakare Iby</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neferkaure" title="Neferkaure">Neferkaure</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neferkauhor" title="Neferkauhor">Neferkauhor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neferirkare" title="Neferirkare">Neferirkare</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Wadjkare" title="Wadjkare">Wadjkare</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Khuiqer" title="Khuiqer">Khuiqer</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Khui" title="Khui">Khui</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><div class="hlist hlist-separated"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Ninth Dynasty of Egypt">IX</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meryibre_Khety" title="Meryibre Khety">Meryibre Khety</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare,_ninth_dynasty" title="Neferkare, ninth dynasty">Neferkare VII</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nebkaure_Khety" title="Nebkaure Khety">Nebkaure Khety</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Setut" title="Setut">Setut</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><div class="hlist hlist-separated"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Tenth Dynasty of Egypt">X</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meryhathor" title="Meryhathor">Meryhathor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_VIII" title="Neferkare VIII">Neferkare VIII</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wahkare_Khety" title="Wahkare Khety">Wahkare Khety</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Merikare" title="Merikare">Merykare</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Middle_Kingdom_and_Second_Intermediate_Period_(2040–1550_BC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">Second Intermediate Period</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;"> (2040–1550 BC)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div class="hlist hlist-separated"><ul><li>Pharaohs  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold">(male</span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold">female<sup>♀</sup>)</span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold"><i>uncertain</i></span></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(2040–1802 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">XI</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_I" title="Mentuhotep I">Mentuhotep I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Intef_I" title="Intef I">Intef I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Intef_II" title="Intef II">Intef II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Intef_III" title="Intef III">Intef III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_II" title="Mentuhotep II">Mentuhotep II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_III" title="Mentuhotep III">Mentuhotep III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_IV" title="Mentuhotep IV">Mentuhotep IV</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em">Nubia</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Segerseni" title="Segerseni">Segerseni</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ini" title="Qakare Ini">Qakare Ini</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iyibkhentre" title="Iyibkhentre">Iyibkhentre</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">XII</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_I" title="Amenemhat I">Amenemhat I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_I" title="Senusret I">Senusret I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_II" title="Amenemhat II">Amenemhat II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_II" title="Senusret II">Senusret II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_III" title="Senusret III">Senusret III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_III" title="Amenemhat III">Amenemhat III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_IV" title="Amenemhat IV">Amenemhat IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sobekneferu" title="Sobekneferu">Sobekneferu</a><sup>♀</sup></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">2<sup>nd</sup> Intermediate</a><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1802–1550 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre_Khutawy_Sobekhotep" title="Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep">Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sonbef" title="Sonbef">Sonbef</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nerikare" title="Nerikare">Nerikare</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemkare" title="Sekhemkare">Sekhemkare Amenemhat V</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ameny_Qemau" title="Ameny Qemau">Ameny Qemau</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hotepibre" title="Hotepibre">Hotepibre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iufni" title="Iufni">Iufni</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhet_VI" title="Amenemhet VI">Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Semenkare_Nebnuni" title="Semenkare Nebnuni">Semenkare Nebnuni</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sehetepibre" title="Sehetepibre">Sehetepibre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare" title="Sewadjkare">Sewadjkare</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nedjemibre" title="Nedjemibre">Nedjemibre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Khaankhre_Sobekhotep" title="Khaankhre Sobekhotep">Khaankhre Sobekhotep</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Renseneb" title="Renseneb">Renseneb</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hor" title="Hor">Hor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemrekhutawy_Khabaw" title="Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw">Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Djedkheperew" title="Djedkheperew">Djedkheperew</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sebkay" title="Sebkay">Sebkay</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sedjefakare" title="Sedjefakare">Sedjefakare</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Wegaf" title="Wegaf">Wegaf</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Khendjer" title="Khendjer">Khendjer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Imyremeshaw" title="Imyremeshaw">Imyremeshaw</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sehetepkare_Intef" title="Sehetepkare Intef">Sehetepkare Intef</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Meribre" title="Seth Meribre">Seth Meribre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_III" title="Sobekhotep III">Sobekhotep III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neferhotep_I" title="Neferhotep I">Neferhotep I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sihathor" title="Sihathor">Sihathor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_IV" title="Sobekhotep IV">Sobekhotep IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Merhotepre_Sobekhotep" title="Merhotepre Sobekhotep">Merhotepre Sobekhotep</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_VI" title="Sobekhotep VI">Khahotepre Sobekhotep</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wahibre_Ibiau" title="Wahibre Ibiau">Wahibre Ibiau</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Merneferre_Ay" title="Merneferre Ay">Merneferre Ay</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Merhotepre_Ini" title="Merhotepre Ini">Merhotepre Ini</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sankhenre_Sewadjtu" title="Sankhenre Sewadjtu">Sankhenre Sewadjtu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mersekhemre_Ined" title="Mersekhemre Ined">Mersekhemre Ined</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare_Hori" title="Sewadjkare Hori">Sewadjkare Hori</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Merkawre_Sobekhotep" title="Merkawre Sobekhotep">Merkawre Sobekhotep</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mershepsesre_Ini_II" title="Mershepsesre Ini II">Mershepsesre Ini II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sewahenre_Senebmiu" title="Sewahenre Senebmiu">Sewahenre Senebmiu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Merkheperre" title="Merkheperre">Merkheperre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Merkare" title="Merkare">Merkare</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjare_Mentuhotep" title="Sewadjare Mentuhotep">Sewadjare Mentuhotep</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seheqenre_Sankhptahi" title="Seheqenre Sankhptahi">Seheqenre Sankhptahi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yakbim_Sekhaenre" title="Yakbim Sekhaenre">Yakbim Sekhaenre</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ya%27ammu_Nubwoserre" title="Ya'ammu Nubwoserre">Ya'ammu Nubwoserre</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Qareh" title="Qareh">Qareh Khawoserre</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Aahotepre" title="Aahotepre">'Ammu Ahotepre</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Sheshi" title="Sheshi">Maaibre Sheshi</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nehesy" title="Nehesy">Nehesy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Khakherewre" class="mw-redirect" title="Khakherewre">Khakherewre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nebefawre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebefawre">Nebefawre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sehebre" title="Sehebre">Sehebre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Merdjefare" title="Merdjefare">Merdjefare</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare_III" title="Sewadjkare III">Sewadjkare III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nebdjefare" title="Nebdjefare">Nebdjefare</a></li>
<li>Webenre</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nebsenre" title="Nebsenre">Nebsenre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sekheperenre" title="Sekheperenre">Sekheperenre</a></li>
<li>Djedkherewre</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bebnum" title="Bebnum">Bebnum</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/%27Apepi" title="'Apepi">'Apepi</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Nuya" title="Nuya">Nuya</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Wazad" title="Wazad">Wazad</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Sheneh_(pharaoh)" title="Sheneh (pharaoh)">Sheneh</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Shenshek" title="Shenshek">Shenshek</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Khamure" title="Khamure">Khamure</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Yakareb" title="Yakareb">Yakareb</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Yaqub-Har" title="Yaqub-Har">Yaqub-Har</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XV</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Semqen" title="Semqen">Semqen</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Aperanat" title="Aperanat">'Aper-'Anati</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sakir-Har" title="Sakir-Har">Sakir-Har</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Khyan" title="Khyan">Khyan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apepi_(pharaoh)" title="Apepi (pharaoh)">Apepi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Khamudi" title="Khamudi">Khamudi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVI</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djehuti" title="Djehuti">Djehuti</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_VIII" title="Sobekhotep VIII">Sobekhotep VIII</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neferhotep_III" title="Neferhotep III">Neferhotep III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seankhenre_Mentuhotepi" title="Seankhenre Mentuhotepi">Mentuhotepi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nebiryraw_I" title="Nebiryraw I">Nebiryraw I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nebiriau_II" title="Nebiriau II">Nebiriau II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Semenre" title="Semenre">Semenre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bebiankh" title="Bebiankh">Bebiankh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre_Shedwast" title="Sekhemre Shedwast">Sekhemre Shedwast</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dedumose_I" title="Dedumose I">Dedumose I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dedumose_II" title="Dedumose II">Dedumose II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Djedankhre_Montemsaf" title="Djedankhre Montemsaf">Montuemsaf</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Merankhre_Mentuhotep" title="Merankhre Mentuhotep">Merankhre Mentuhotep</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Senusret_IV" title="Senusret IV">Senusret IV</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Pepi_III" title="Pepi III">Pepi III</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Abydos_Dynasty" title="Abydos Dynasty">Abydos</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Senebkay" title="Senebkay">Senebkay</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Wepwawetemsaf" title="Wepwawetemsaf">Wepwawetemsaf</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Pantjeny" title="Pantjeny">Pantjeny</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Snaaib" title="Snaaib">Snaaib</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVII</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rahotep" title="Rahotep">Rahotep</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Nebmaatre" title="Nebmaatre">Nebmaatre</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sobekemsaf_I" title="Sobekemsaf I">Sobekemsaf I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sobekemsaf_II" title="Sobekemsaf II">Sobekemsaf II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre-Wepmaat_Intef" title="Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef">Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nubkheperre_Intef" title="Nubkheperre Intef">Nubkheperre Intef</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat_Intef" title="Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef">Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Senakhtenre_Ahmose" title="Senakhtenre Ahmose">Senakhtenre Ahmose</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seqenenre_Tao" title="Seqenenre Tao">Seqenenre Tao</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kamose" title="Kamose">Kamose</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="New_Kingdom_and_Third_Intermediate_Period_(1550–664_BC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">Third Intermediate Period</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;"> (1550–664 BC)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div class="hlist hlist-separated"><ul><li>Pharaohs  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold">(male</span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold">female<sup>♀</sup>)</span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold"><i>uncertain</i></span></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1550–1070 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmose_I" title="Ahmose I">Ahmose I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_I" title="Amenhotep I">Amenhotep I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_I" title="Thutmose I">Thutmose I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_II" title="Thutmose II">Thutmose II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a><sup>♀</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_II" title="Amenhotep II">Amenhotep II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_IV" title="Thutmose IV">Thutmose IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Smenkhkare" title="Smenkhkare">Smenkhkare</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neferneferuaten" title="Neferneferuaten">Neferneferuaten</a><sup>♀</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ay" title="Ay">Ay</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Horemheb</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIX</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_I" title="Ramesses I">Ramesses I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Merneptah" title="Merneptah">Merneptah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Amenmesse" title="Amenmesse">Amenmesses</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seti_II" title="Seti II">Seti II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Siptah" title="Siptah">Siptah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Twosret" title="Twosret">Twosret</a><sup>♀</sup></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt">XX</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Setnakhte" title="Setnakhte">Setnakhte</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_III" title="Ramesses III">Ramesses III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IV" title="Ramesses IV">Ramesses IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_V" title="Ramesses V">Ramesses V</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VI" title="Ramesses VI">Ramesses VI</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VII" title="Ramesses VII">Ramesses VII</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VIII" title="Ramesses VIII">Ramesses VIII</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IX" title="Ramesses IX">Ramesses IX</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_X" title="Ramesses X">Ramesses X</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_XI" title="Ramesses XI">Ramesses XI</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">3<sup>rd</sup> Intermediate</a><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1069–664 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt">XXI</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smendes" title="Smendes">Smendes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Amenemnisu" title="Amenemnisu">Amenemnisu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_I" title="Psusennes I">Psusennes I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Amenemope_(pharaoh)" title="Amenemope (pharaoh)">Amenemope</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_the_Elder" title="Osorkon the Elder">Osorkon the Elder</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Siamun" title="Siamun">Siamun</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_II" title="Psusennes II">Psusennes II</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt">XXII</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_I" title="Shoshenq I">Shoshenq I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_I" title="Osorkon I">Osorkon I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_II" title="Shoshenq II">Shoshenq II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_I" title="Takelot I">Takelot I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_II" title="Osorkon II">Osorkon II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_III" title="Shoshenq III">Shoshenq III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_IV" title="Shoshenq IV">Shoshenq IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pami" title="Pami">Pami</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_V" title="Shoshenq V">Shoshenq V</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_IV" title="Osorkon IV">Osorkon IV</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt">XXIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harsiese_A" title="Harsiese A">Harsiese A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_II" title="Takelot II">Takelot II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pedubast_I" title="Pedubast I">Pedubast I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VI" title="Shoshenq VI">Shoshenq VI</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_III" title="Osorkon III">Osorkon III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_III" title="Takelot III">Takelot III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rudamun" title="Rudamun">Rudamun</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ini_(pharaoh)" title="Ini (pharaoh)">Menkheperre Ini</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">XXIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tefnakht" title="Tefnakht">Tefnakht</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bakenranef" title="Bakenranef">Bakenranef</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">XXV</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piye" title="Piye">Piye</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shebitku" title="Shebitku">Shebitku</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shabaka" title="Shabaka">Shabaka</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Taharqa" title="Taharqa">Taharqa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tantamani" title="Tantamani">Tanutamun</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Late_Period_and_Hellenistic_Period_(664–30_BC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late Period</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom#History" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Hellenistic Period</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;"> (664–30 BC)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div class="hlist hlist-separated"><ul><li>Pharaohs  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold">(male</span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold">female<sup>♀</sup>)</span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold"><i>uncertain</i></span></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late</a><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(664–332 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">XXVI</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Necho_I" title="Necho I">Necho I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_I" title="Psamtik I">Psamtik I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Necho_II" title="Necho II">Necho II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_II" title="Psamtik II">Psamtik II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apries" title="Apries">Wahibre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Amasis_II" title="Amasis II">Ahmose II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_III" title="Psamtik III">Psamtik III</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">XXVII</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Petubastis_III" title="Petubastis III">Petubastis III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I_of_Persia" title="Artaxerxes I of Persia">Artaxerxes I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt">XXVIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amyrtaeus" title="Amyrtaeus">Amyrtaeus</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt">XXIX</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepherites_I" title="Nepherites I">Nepherites I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hakor" title="Hakor">Hakor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Psammuthes" title="Psammuthes">Psammuthes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nepherites_II" title="Nepherites II">Nepherites II</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">XXX</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_I" title="Nectanebo I">Nectanebo I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Teos_of_Egypt" title="Teos of Egypt">Teos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_II" title="Nectanebo II">Nectanebo II</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">XXXI</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Khabash" title="Khabash">Khabash</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arses_of_Persia" title="Arses of Persia">Arses</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom#History" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Hellenistic</a><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(332–30 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III Arrhidaeus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III_Euergetes" title="Ptolemy III Euergetes">Ptolemy III Euergetes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy IV Philopator">Ptolemy IV Philopator</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes" title="Ptolemy V Epiphanes">Ptolemy V Epiphanes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VI_Philometor" title="Ptolemy VI Philometor">Ptolemy VI Philometor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VII_Neos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator">Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon" title="Ptolemy VIII Physcon">Ptolemy VIII Euergetes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IX_Lathyros" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy IX Lathyros">Ptolemy IX Soter</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_X_Alexander_I" title="Ptolemy X Alexander I">Ptolemy X Alexander I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XI_Alexander_II" title="Ptolemy XI Alexander II">Ptolemy XI Alexander II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XII_Auletes" title="Ptolemy XII Auletes">Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Berenice_IV_of_Egypt" title="Berenice IV of Egypt">Berenice IV</a></i><sup>♀</sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra</a></i><sup>♀</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Ptolemy XV Caesarion</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Dynastic_genealogies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Dynastic genealogies</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="First Dynasty of Egypt family tree">1<sup>st</sup></a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Dynasty of Egypt family tree (page does not exist)">2<sup>nd</sup></a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Third Dynasty of Egypt family tree (page does not exist)">3<sup>rd</sup></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">4<sup>th</sup></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt family tree">11<sup>th</sup></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">12<sup>th</sup></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">18<sup>th</sup></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">19<sup>th</sup></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">20<sup>th</sup></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/21st,_22nd_%26_23rd_dynasties_of_Egypt_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="21st, 22nd & 23rd dynasties of Egypt family tree">21<sup>st</sup> to 23<sup>rd</sup></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt#Family_tree" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">24<sup>th</sup></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">25<sup>th</sup></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">26<sup>th</sup></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">27<sup>th</sup></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt#Family_tree" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">30<sup>th</sup></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">31<sup>st</sup></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic family tree">Ptolemaic</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharaohs" title="List of pharaohs">List of pharaohs</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157995&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157995&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157995" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb144345905">cb144345905</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb144345905">(data)</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118720384">118720384</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni.org/isni/0000000091249469">0000 0000 9124 9469</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n82156872">n82156872</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Library_of_the_Netherlands" title="Royal Library of the Netherlands">NTA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070973695">070973695</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/LIBRIS" title="LIBRIS">SELIBR</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/auth/189744">189744</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de documentation">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/05987628X">05987628X</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/37711160">37711160</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/WorldCat_Identities" class="mw-redirect" title="WorldCat Identities">WorldCat Identities</a> (via VIAF): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/37711160">37711160</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1575484074 |