Examine individual changes

'{{Short description|American public television network}} {{about|the American broadcaster}} {{Redirect-distinguish|Public Broadcasting Service|Public Broadcasting Services|Public Service Broadcasting (band)}} {{pp-pc}} {{Use mdy dates|date=November 2019}} {{Use American English|date=February 2016}} {{Infobox television channel | name = Public Broadcasting Service | logo = PBS logo.svg | logo_caption = Logo used since November 4, 2019 | type = {{unbulleted list|[[Non-commercial activity|Non-commercial]]|[[Terrestrial television|Free-to-air]] [[television network]]|[[Public broadcasting|Public broadcaster]]}} | country = [[United States]] | area = {{unbulleted list|Nationwide U.S.|Canada|Northern Mexico ([[Terrestrial television|OTA]] only)}} | founded = {{start date and age|1969|11|3}} | founder = {{unbulleted list|[[Hartford N. Gunn Jr.]]|[[John Macy]]|[[James Day (journalist)|James Day]]|Kenneth A. Christiansen}} | headquarters = [[Crystal City, Virginia]], U.S. | owner = PBS's member public television stations<ref name=FAQ>{{cite web |title=CPB FAQ |url=https://www.cpb.org/faq |work=[[Corporation for Public Broadcasting]] |date=6 January 2016 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |archive-date=July 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707135125/https://www.cpb.org/faq |url-status=live }}</ref> | key_people = {{unbulleted list|Paula Kerger ([[President (corporate title)|President]] & [[Chief executive officer|CEO]])|Jonathan Barzilay ([[Chief operating officer|COO]])}} | picture_format = {{unbulleted list|[[HDTV]] [[1080i]]|(some stations transmit PBS programming in [[720p]] or [[1080p]] via [[ATSC 3.0]] in some markets)}} | launch_date = {{Start date and age|1970|10|5}} | replaced = [[National Educational Television]] (1952–1970) | affiliates = [[List of PBS member stations|List of member stations]] | webcast = {{URL|https://pbs.org/livestream/|Watch live}} (US only) | website = {{official URL}} }} The '''Public Broadcasting Service''' ('''PBS''') is an American [[public broadcasting|public broadcaster]] and [[Non-commercial activity|non-commercial]],<ref name=FAQ /><ref name=Brit /><ref name="PBS infographic" /><ref name="Station Index" /><ref name="About PBS">{{Cite web |title=About PBS – Overview |url=http://pbs.org/about/about-pbs/overview/ |website=PBS |access-date=September 10, 2018 |archive-date=September 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907224131/http://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/overview/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Terrestrial television|free-to-air]] [[television network]] based in [[Crystal City, Virginia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=About PBS – Leadership Team |url=http://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/leadership/ |website=PBS |access-date=June 11, 2018 |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143632/http://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/leadership/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Boyer |first=Peter J. |date=January 3, 1986 |title=Hartford N. Gunn Jr. is Dead; Public Broadcasting Founder |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/03/obituaries/hartford-n-gunn-jr-is-dead-public-broadcasting-founder.html |url-access=subscription |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=June 11, 2018 |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612222110/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/03/obituaries/hartford-n-gunn-jr-is-dead-public-broadcasting-founder.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Miss>{{cite web |title=Mission & Values |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/mission-values/ |website=PBS |access-date=July 18, 2022 |archive-date=July 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718060856/https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/mission-values/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) – USA TV Channel |url=https://www.mondotimes.com/2/topics/5/102/6139 |website=[[Print circulation#Concept|Mondo Times]]}}</ref> PBS is a publicly funded [[nonprofit organization]] and the most prominent provider of [[educational television|educational programs]] to public television stations in the United States,<ref>{{cite web |title=Video Documentaries |url=https://www.teslamemorialsociety.org/TMSud_Documentaries.htm |website=Tesla Memorial Society |quote="Tesla, Master of Lightning", New Voyage Communications for PBS Television Network, 2000, 90 minutes. |access-date=June 26, 2023 |archive-date=March 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326025950/http://www.teslamemorialsociety.org/TMSud_Documentaries.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ray Suarez |url=https://www.carnegiecouncil.org/people/ray-suarez |website=www.carnegiecouncil.org |quote=Suarez joined the PBS NewsHour in 1999 and was a senior correspondent for the evening news program on the PBS television network until 2013. |access-date=July 14, 2022 |archive-date=June 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612035410/https://www.carnegiecouncil.org/people/ray-suarez |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PBS Television Broadcasts |url=https://www.insidepeacemovie.com/pbs/ |website=Inside Peace |quote=We are pleased to announce the release of Inside Peace throughout the PBS television network in the United States. |access-date=July 14, 2022 |archive-date=June 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628122359/https://www.insidepeacemovie.com/pbs/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wfyi.org/federal-funding-for-public-broadcasting |title=Federal Funding for Public Broadcasting |access-date=October 26, 2021 |archive-date=November 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111083755/https://www.wfyi.org/federal-funding-for-public-broadcasting |url-status=live}}</ref> distributing shows such as ''[[Frontline (American TV program)|Frontline]]'', ''[[Nova (American TV series)|Nova]]'', ''[[PBS NewsHour]]'', [[Arthur (TV series)|''Arthur'']], ''[[Sesame Street]]'', and ''[[This Old House]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/shows/ |title=All Shows – PBS |website=PBS |access-date=June 11, 2018 }}</ref> PBS is funded by a combination of [[List of PBS member stations|member station]] dues, the [[Corporation for Public Broadcasting]], [[pledge drive]]s, and donations from both [[Private foundation (United States)|private foundations]] and individual citizens. All proposed funding for programming is subject to a set of standards to ensure the program is free of influence from the funding source.<ref>{{cite web |title=PBS Funding Standards |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/producing-pbs/funding/ |url-status=live |access-date=May 19, 2018 |website=PBS |quote=Public television is a major participant in the great tradition of a free and independent American press. To protect public television's journalistic integrity, PBS's funding standards are premised on core principles that ensure the complete editorial independence of producers from influence by underwriters. While funding and fundraising are necessary to support the development and production of content, producers must be free from the influence of funders. This firewall is essential to maintaining the public's trust. |archive-date=May 20, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520030857/http://www.pbs.org/about/producing-pbs/funding/}}</ref> PBS has over 350 [[Network affiliate#Member stations|member television stations]], many owned by [[educational institution]]s, nonprofit groups both independent or affiliated with one particular local [[Public School District|public school district]] or collegiate educational institution, or entities owned by or related to [[State governments of the United States|state government]].<ref name="Station Index">{{cite web |title=Network Profile: PBS |url=http://www.stationindex.com/tv/by-net/pbs |website=Station Index |access-date=February 4, 2016 |archive-date=February 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201042930/http://www.stationindex.com/tv/by-net/pbs |url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2020|post=,}} PBS has nearly 350 member stations around the United States.<ref name=AED>{{cite web |date=30 January 2019 |editor=Cara O'Donnell |title=PBS Moves to New Crystal City HQ |url=https://www.arlingtoneconomicdevelopment.com/resources/blog/pbs-moves-to-new-crystal-city-hq/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228044036/https://www.arlingtoneconomicdevelopment.com/resources/blog/pbs-moves-to-new-crystal-city-hq/ |archive-date=December 28, 2019 |access-date=10 September 2020 |publisher=Arlington Economic Development}}</ref> ==History== [[File:2100 Crystal Dr, Arlington, VA April 2019.jpg|thumb|Former PBS headquarters in [[Crystal City, Virginia]]]] PBS was established on November 3, 1969, by [[Hartford N. Gunn Jr.]] (president of [[WGBH Educational Foundation|WGBH]]), [[John Macy]] (president of [[Corporation for Public Broadcasting|CPB]]), [[James Day (journalist)|James Day]] (last president of [[National Educational Television]]), and Kenneth A. Christiansen (chairman of the department of broadcasting at the [[University of Florida]]).<ref>{{cite news |date=January 14, 2000 |title=Articles of Incorporation of Public Broadcasting Service |url=http://www.current.org/pbpb/documents/PBSarticles69.html |newspaper=[[Current (newspaper)|Current]] |access-date=January 12, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010406090018/http://www.current.org/pbpb/documents/PBSarticles69.html |archive-date=April 6, 2001 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It began operations on October 5, 1970, taking over many of the functions of its predecessor, [[National Educational Television]] (NET), which later merged with [[Newark, New Jersey]] station WNDT to form [[WNET]]. In 1973, it merged with [[Educational Television Stations]].<ref name="JARVIK">{{cite book |title=PBS, behind the screen |author=Laurence Ariel Jarvik |publisher=Forum |location=[[Rocklin, California]] |year=1997 |isbn=0-7615-0668-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Public TV Faces Fund Struggles |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=SelHAAAAIBAJ&pg=805,469633&dq=hartford+public+broadcasting+television+gunn&hl=en |newspaper=[[Record-Journal|The Morning Record]] |via=[[Google News]] |access-date=October 28, 2013 |archive-date=September 6, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906010404/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=SelHAAAAIBAJ&sjid=n_8MAAAAIBAJ&pg=805,469633&dq=hartford+public+broadcasting+television+gunn&hl=en |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Vanishing Vision: The Inside Story of Public Television |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dKYZynRiU6YC&q=hartford+n+gunn+jr&pg=PA137 |author=James Day |via=[[Google Books]] |date=September 16, 1969 | publisher=University of California Press |access-date=October 23, 2013 |isbn=978-0-520-08659-3 |archive-date=June 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628045327/https://books.google.com/books?id=dKYZynRiU6YC&q=hartford+n+gunn+jr&pg=PA137 |url-status=live}}</ref> Around the same time, the groups started out the National Public Affairs Broadcast Center (later National Public Affairs Center for Television), which offered news and national affairs to the service.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1971-08-30 |title=Public broadcasting gets it together |pages=46 |work=[[Broadcasting & Cable|Broadcasting Magazine]] |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/71-OCR/1971-08-30-BC-OCR-Page-0046.pdf |access-date=2023-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1971-09-27 |title=NPACT hires former NBC newsman |pages=38 |work=[[Broadcasting & Cable|Broadcasting Magazine]] |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/71-OCR/1971-09-27-BC-OCR-Page-0038.pdf |access-date=2023-07-15}}</ref> The group was later merged into member station [[WETA-TV]] in 1972.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1972-04-05 |title=Public Affairs Center and Capital's WETA to Join (Published 1972) |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/04/05/archives/public-affairs-center-and-capitals-weta-to-join.html |access-date=2021-01-01 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1972-04-10 |title=NPACT, Washington's WETA-TV to merge |pages=42 |work=[[Broadcasting & Cable|Broadcasting Magazine]]}}</ref> Immediately after public disclosure of the [[Watergate scandal]], on May 17, 1973, the [[United States Senate Watergate Committee]] commenced proceedings; PBS broadcast the proceedings nationwide, with [[Robert MacNeil]] and [[Jim Lehrer]] as commentators. Although all of the [[Big Three TV Networks]] ran coverage of the hearings, PBS re-broadcast them on [[prime time]].<ref>Graff, Garrett M. (2022). ''Watergate: A New History'' (1 ed.). New York: Avid Reader Press. pp. 443-444. {{ISBN|978-1-9821-3916-2}}. {{OCLC|1260107112}}</ref> For seven months, nightly "gavel-to-gavel" broadcasts drew great public interest, and raised the profile of the fledgling PBS network.<ref>[https://americanarchive.org/exhibits/watergate/watergate-and-public-broadcasting "'Gavel-to-Gavel': The Watergate Scandal and Public Television", ''American Archive of Public Broadcasting''. Retrieved November 10, 2019.]</ref> In 1991, the [[Corporation for Public Broadcasting]] resumed funding for most PBS shows that debuted prior to 1977, with the exceptions of ''[[Washington Week|Washington Week in Review]]'' and ''[[Wall Street Week]]'' (CPB resumed funding of ''Washington Week'' in 1997). In 1994, ''[[The Chronicle of Philanthropy]]'' released the results of the largest study on the popularity and credibility of charitable and non-profit organizations. PBS ranked as the 11th "most popular charity/non-profit in America" from over 100 charities researched in the study conducted by the industry publication, with 38.2% of Americans over the age of 12 choosing "love" and "like a lot" for PBS.<ref>{{cite news |date=December 13, 1996 |title=The Charities Americans Like Most And Least |work=The Chronicle of Philanthropy}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Karen S. Peterson |date=December 20, 1994 |title=Charity begins with health, Concern over diseases cited |edition=Final |page=01D |newspaper=[[USA Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Laura Castaneda |date=December 13, 1994 |title=Survey helps firms choose charities |edition=Home Final |page=1D |newspaper=[[The Dallas Morning News]] |publisher=[[A. H. Belo|A. H. Belo Corporation]]}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Interview with Lavalle |date=September 7, 2009}}</ref> Since the mid-2000s, [[GfK|Roper Opinion Research]] polls commissioned by PBS have consistently placed the service as the ''most-trusted national institution'' in the United States.<ref name="PBS infographic">{{cite web |title=15 Years As America's Most Trusted Institution |url=http://bento.cdn.pbs.org/hostedbento-prod/filer_public/PBS_About/Files%20and%20Thumbnails/PBS_TrustBrochure2018.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180611073823/http://bento.cdn.pbs.org/hostedbento-prod/filer_public/PBS_About/Files%20and%20Thumbnails/PBS_TrustBrochure2018.pdf |archive-date=June 11, 2018 |access-date=June 11, 2018 |website=PBS}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |title=PBS #1 in public trust for the sixth consecutive year, according to a national Roper survey |url=https://www.pbs.org/aboutpbs/news/20090213_pbsropersurvey.html |website=PBS |date=February 13, 2009 |access-date=July 14, 2009 |archive-date=July 5, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705213550/http://www.pbs.org/aboutpbs/news/20090213_pbsropersurvey.html |url-status=live}}</ref> A 2016{{ndash}}2017 study by [[Nielsen Media Research]] found 80% of all US television households view the network's programs over the course of a year.<ref name="About PBS" /> However, PBS is not responsible for all programming carried on public television stations, a large proportion of which may come from its [[Network affiliate|member stations]]—including [[WGBH-TV]], [[WETA-TV]], [[WNET]], [[WTTW]], [[WQED (TV)|WQED]], [[WHYY-TV]], [[Twin Cities PBS]]—[[American Public Television]], and independent producers. This distinction regarding the origin of different programs on the service presents a frequent source of viewer confusion.<ref>{{cite web |author=Michael Getler |author-link=Michael Getler |date=May 15, 2008 |title=Caution: That Program May Not Be From PBS |url=https://www.pbs.org/ombudsman/2008/05/caution_that_program_may_not_be_from_pbs.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304103738/http://www.pbs.org/ombudsman/2008/05/caution_that_program_may_not_be_from_pbs.html |archive-date=March 4, 2012 |access-date=December 30, 2008 |website=PBS}}</ref> In December 2009, PBS signed up for the [[Nielsen ratings]] [[audience measurement]] reports, and began to be included in its primetime and daily "Television Index" reports, alongside the major commercial broadcast networks.<ref>{{cite web |author=Bill Gorman |date=December 20, 2009 |title=PBS Signs Up For Nielsen Ratings |url=http://tvbythenumbers.com/2009/12/20/pbs-signs-up-for-nielsen-ratings/36822 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222215318/http://tvbythenumbers.com/2009/12/20/pbs-signs-up-for-nielsen-ratings/36822 |archive-date=December 22, 2009 |access-date=March 10, 2011 |work=[[TV by the Numbers]]}}</ref> In May 2011, PBS announced that it would incorporate breaks containing underwriter spots for corporate and foundation sponsors, [[promo (media)|program promotions]] and identification spots within four breaks placed within episodes of ''[[Nature (TV series)|Nature]]'' and ''[[Nova (American TV series)|NOVA]]'', airing episodes broken up into segments of up to 15 minutes, rather than airing them as straight 50- to 55-minute episodes. The strategy began that fall, with the intent to expand the in-program breaks to the remainder of the schedule if successful.<ref>{{cite news |author=Elizabeth Jensen |date=May 30, 2011 |title=PBS Plans Promotional Breaks Within Programs |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/31/business/media/31adco.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=March 12, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402233604/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/31/business/media/31adco.html?_r=0 |archive-date=April 2, 2015}}</ref> In 2011, PBS released [[mobile app|apps]] for [[iOS]] and [[Android (OS)|Android]] to allow viewing of full-length videos on mobile devices.<ref>{{cite web |date=January 7, 2011 |title=PBS Launches Free Full-Length Video App for iPhone and iPod touch and Antiques Roadshow Game App |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/blogs/news/pbs-launches-free-full-length-video-app-for-iphone-and-ipod-touch-and-antiques-roadshow-game-app/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819141455/http://www.pbs.org/about/blogs/news/pbs-launches-free-full-length-video-app-for-iphone-and-ipod-touch-and-antiques-roadshow-game-app/ |archive-date=August 19, 2016 |access-date=July 13, 2016 |website=PBS}}</ref> Vern Seward of ''The Mac Observer'' calls the PBS iPad App, "...cool on so many levels."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seward |first=Vern |date=October 29, 2010 |title=3 iPad Apps to Help Cut the Cable |url=https://www.macobserver.com/tmo/article/3_for_cutting_the_cable |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003191458/https://www.macobserver.com/tmo/article/3_for_cutting_the_cable |archive-date=October 3, 2020 |access-date=2020-04-11 |website=The Mac Observer}}</ref> An update in 2015 added [[Chromecast]] support.<ref>{{cite news |last1=King |first1=Bertel Jr. |date=July 9, 2015 |title=PBS Video For Android Can Now Stream Full Episodes To Your Chromecast |publisher=Android Police |url=http://www.androidpolice.com/2015/06/09/pbs-video-for-android-can-now-stream-full-episodes-to-your-chromecast/ |url-status=live |access-date=July 13, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821171137/http://www.androidpolice.com/2015/06/09/pbs-video-for-android-can-now-stream-full-episodes-to-your-chromecast/ |archive-date=August 21, 2016}}</ref> "PBS UK" was launched as a paid subscription channel in the United Kingdom on 1 November 2011, featuring American documentary programming sourced from PBS. Better identifying its subject matter, this channel was renamed "[[PBS America]]" on 4 July 2012. The channel has subsequently become available in other parts of Europe and Australia. On February 28, 2012, PBS partnered with AOL to launch ''[[Makers: Women Who Make America]]'', a digital documentary series focusing on high-achieving women in male-dominated industries such as war, comedy, space, business, Hollywood and politics.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Dwyer |first=Kate |date=March 28, 2016 |title=How You Can Be in the Music Video for Michelle Obama's Song With Zendaya and Lea Michele |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/makers-stories-app-michelle-obama-music-video |magazine=[[Teen Vogue]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302113908/http://www.teenvogue.com/story/makers-stories-app-michelle-obama-music-video |archive-date=March 2, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=February 28, 2012 |title=AOL and PBS Announce "Makers: Women Who Make America" |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/blogs/news/aol-and-pbs-announce-makers-women-who-make-america/ |publisher=PBS |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805145825/http://www.pbs.org/about/blogs/news/aol-and-pbs-announce-makers-women-who-make-america/ |archive-date=August 5, 2017}}</ref> PBS initially struggled to compete with online media such as [[YouTube]] for market share. In a 2012 speech to 850 top executives from PBS stations, Senior Vice President of Digital [[Jason Seiken]] warned that PBS was in danger of being disrupted by YouTube studios such as [[Maker Studios]]. In the speech, later described as a "seminal moment" for public television,<ref>{{cite news |date=May 29, 2012 |title=GMs take up PBS plan to expand web video output |url=http://current.org/2012/05/gms-take-up-pbs-plan-to-expand-web-video-output-2/ |newspaper=Current |access-date=July 12, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713072343/http://current.org/2012/05/gms-take-up-pbs-plan-to-expand-web-video-output-2/ |archive-date=July 13, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> he laid out his vision for a new style of PBS digital video production. Station leadership rallied around his vision and Seiken formed [[PBS Digital Studios]], which began producing educational but edgy videos, something Seiken called "PBS-quality with a YouTube sensibility".<ref>{{cite web |date=October 23, 2012 |title=Why PBS Autotuned Mr. Rogers |url=http://digiday.com/publishers/why-pbs-autotuned-mr-rogers/ |work=[[Digiday]] |access-date=February 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201042929/http://digiday.com/publishers/why-pbs-autotuned-mr-rogers/ |archive-date=February 1, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The studio's first hit, an auto-tuned version of the theme from one of their most famous television programs, ''[[Mister Rogers' Neighborhood]]'', was one of YouTube's 10 most viral videos of 2012.<ref>{{cite web |last=Stampler |first=Laura |date=December 3, 2012 |title=The 20 Most Viral Ads Of 2012 |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/these-are-the-20-most-viral-ads-of-2012-2012-12?op=1&IR=T |work=Business Insider |access-date=July 12, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924143854/http://www.businessinsider.com/these-are-the-20-most-viral-ads-of-2012-2012-12?op=1&IR=T |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> By 2013, monthly video views on PBS.org had risen from 2 million to a quarter-billion, PBS.org traffic had surpassed that of the CBS, NBC, and ABC web sites, PBSKids.org had become the dominant US children's site for video, and PBS had won more 2013 [[Webby Awards]] than any other media company in the world.<ref>{{cite web |date=June 18, 2013 |title=How PBS Won at Digital |url=http://digiday.com/publishers/pbs-sees-success-with-year-old-digital-studios |work=Digiday |access-date=February 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201042930/http://digiday.com/publishers/pbs-sees-success-with-year-old-digital-studios/ |archive-date=February 1, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> On May 8, 2013, full-length episodes of PBS' prime time, news and children's programs were made available through the [[Roku]] streaming player; programming is available on Roku as separate streaming channels for "PBS" and "[[PBS Kids|PBS KIDS]]" content.<ref>{{cite news |date=May 8, 2013 |title=Roku's PBS, PBS Kids channels go live, stream full episodes |url=http://reviews.cnet.com/8301-33199_7-57583465-221/rokus-pbs-pbs-kids-channels-go-live-stream-full-episodes/ |work=[[CNET]] |publisher=[[CBS Corporation]] |access-date=May 8, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607065553/http://reviews.cnet.com/8301-33199_7-57583465-221/rokus-pbs-pbs-kids-channels-go-live-stream-full-episodes/ |archive-date=June 7, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Some content is only available with a PBS Passport member benefit subscription.<ref>{{cite news |last=Goldsmith |first=Jill |date=December 15, 2015 |title=PBS Passport serves up on-demand content for public TV's members |url=https://current.org/2015/12/pbs-passport-serves-up-on-demand-content-for-public-tvs-members/ |newspaper=Current |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921215304/https://current.org/2015/12/pbs-passport-serves-up-on-demand-content-for-public-tvs-members/ |archive-date=September 21, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> On July 1, 2016, [[Amazon Prime Video]] and PBS Distribution entered into a multi-year agreement which saw several PBS Kids series on other streaming services move to Amazon Prime Video.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Gettell |first=Oliver |date=July 1, 2016 |title='Daniel Tiger' and more PBS Kids shows leaving Netflix, Hulu |url=https://ew.com/article/2016/07/01/amazon-prime-pbs-kids-deal/ |url-status=live |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229225623/https://ew.com/article/2016/07/01/amazon-prime-pbs-kids-deal/ |archive-date=February 29, 2020 |access-date=April 14, 2020}}</ref> PBS Distribution partnered with [[MultiChoice]] to launch [[PBS Kids|PBS KIDS]] on May 22, 2019, on [[DStv]] and [[GOtv]] subscription platforms across its [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] footprint.<ref>{{cite news |date=May 20, 2020 |title=More Children's Entertainment added to DStv and GOtv with the launch of PBS KIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://namibiadailynews.info/more-childrens-entertainment-added-to-dstv-and-gotv-with-the-launch-of-pbs-kids-in-sub-saharan-africa/ |newspaper=[[Namibia Daily News]] |access-date=May 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925193220/https://namibiadailynews.info/more-childrens-entertainment-added-to-dstv-and-gotv-with-the-launch-of-pbs-kids-in-sub-saharan-africa/ |archive-date=September 25, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> In mid-2021, the channel was added to Australia's [[Foxtel]] subscription platform.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 25, 2021 |title=Foxtel expands family offering with two new dedicated kids channels - DreamWorks and PBS KIDS |url=https://tvblackbox.com.au/page/2021/06/25/foxtel-expands-family-offering-with-two-new-dedicated-kids-channels-dreamworks-and-pbs-kids/ |website=TV Blackbox |access-date=June 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625163224/https://tvblackbox.com.au/page/2021/06/25/foxtel-expands-family-offering-with-two-new-dedicated-kids-channels-dreamworks-and-pbs-kids/ |archive-date=June 25, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> At the summer 2019 [[Television Critics Association]] press tour day for PBS on July 29, 2019, it was announced that MVPD [[YouTube TV]] would begin to carry PBS programming and member stations in the fall of 2019. Member stations have the choice of having their traditional channel on the service with its full programming schedule received by Google over-the-air and uploaded to the service, a YouTube TV-only feed provided by the station with some programming substitutions due to lack of digital rights, or a PBS-provided feed with limited localization, though with no local programming or pledge drive programming.<ref>{{cite news |last=Goldsmith |first=Jill |date=July 29, 2019 |title=PBS forges deal with YouTube TV for localized live streams |url=https://current.org/2019/07/pbs-forges-deal-with-youtube-tv-for-localized-live-streams/ |newspaper=Current |access-date=August 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730133745/https://current.org/2019/07/pbs-forges-deal-with-youtube-tv-for-localized-live-streams/ |archive-date=July 30, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, PBS announced plans to move its headquarters to another building in the Crystal Gateway complex, while remaining in [[Crystal City, Arlington, Virginia|Crystal City, Virginia]], and did so in 2020, which included a top building sign visible off the [[U.S. Route 1 in Virginia|Richmond Highway]].<ref>{{cite web |date=September 9, 2020 |title=Sign Proposed for Top of New PBS Headquarters in Crystal City |url=https://www.arlnow.com/2020/09/09/sign-proposed-for-top-of-new-pbs-headquarters-in-crystal-city/ |publisher=ARLnow |access-date=10 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914044828/https://www.arlnow.com/2020/09/09/sign-proposed-for-top-of-new-pbs-headquarters-in-crystal-city/ |archive-date=September 14, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |editor-last=Koma |editor-first=Alex |date=January 15, 2019 |title=PBS Agrees to Keep Headquarters in Crystal City, Plans to Relocate to New Building |url=https://www.arlnow.com/2019/01/15/pbs-agrees-to-keep-headquarters-in-crystal-city-plans-to-relocate-to-new-building/ |publisher=ARLnow |access-date=September 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620084011/https://www.arlnow.com/2019/01/15/pbs-agrees-to-keep-headquarters-in-crystal-city-plans-to-relocate-to-new-building/ |archive-date=June 20, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=AED /> On August 4, 2020, the [[Amazon Prime Video]] platform added a "PBS Documentaries" package.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 29, 2020 |title=PBS to launch documentary streamer via Prime Video Channels in boost to Amazon |url=https://www.digitaltveurope.com/2020/07/29/pbs-to-launch-documentary-streamer-via-prime-video-channels-in-boost-to-amazon/ |website=Digital TV Europe |access-date=September 10, 2022 |archive-date=September 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910010904/https://www.digitaltveurope.com/2020/07/29/pbs-to-launch-documentary-streamer-via-prime-video-channels-in-boost-to-amazon/ |url-status=live }}</ref> As of that time it offered four separately-subscribible selections of PBS programming in the United States, "PBS Documentaries", "PBS Living" (also on Apple TV), "PBS Masterpiece" (also in Canada) and "PBS KIDS".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watching PBS videos on other streaming services. |url=https://help.pbs.org/support/solutions/articles/12000060278-watching-pbs-videos-on-other-streaming-services- |website=PBS Help |access-date=September 10, 2022 |archive-date=September 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910002940/https://help.pbs.org/support/solutions/articles/12000060278-watching-pbs-videos-on-other-streaming-services- |url-status=live }}</ref> In the UK, a "PBS America" documentaries package is available on Amazon Prime Video.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SVOD Channels |url=https://pbsdistribution.org/services/svod-channels/ |website=PBS Distribution |access-date=September 10, 2022 |archive-date=September 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910003815/https://pbsdistribution.org/services/svod-channels/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On September 3, 2020, PBS began to offer a livestream of their member stations for free via its website (as well as the websites from the member stations), on smart TVs, and on their mobile apps. However, only a small handful of stations currently do not have a livestream of their stations set up.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gurwin |first=Jason |date=September 3, 2020 |title=PBS Launches Free Live Local Streaming of PBS Stations |url=https://thestreamable.com/news/pbs-launches-live-local-streaming-of-pbs-stations |publisher=The Streamable |access-date=December 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022153209/https://thestreamable.com/news/pbs-launches-live-local-streaming-of-pbs-stations |archive-date=October 22, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Jefferson Graham of ''[[USA Today]]'' called it, "Arguably the best bargain in streaming".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=Jefferson |date=January 15, 2020 |title=Sure, PBS is now on YouTubeTV, but free streaming app a better deal |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2020/01/15/pbs-now-youtube-tv-but-not-sling-and-hulu-live-tv/4454284002/ |website=USA Today |access-date=January 6, 2023 |archive-date=January 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106005019/https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2020/01/15/pbs-now-youtube-tv-but-not-sling-and-hulu-live-tv/4454284002/ |url-status=live }}</ref> July 1, 2021 saw a PBS Julia Child channel be added to [[Pluto TV]] in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PBS Distribution |url=https://www.facebook.com/PBSDistribution.org/posts/940198203213362 |date=6 July 2021 |work=Facebook |access-date=September 10, 2022}}</ref> ==Operations== Even with its status as a non-profit<ref name=Miss /><ref name=Brit>{{cite encyclopaedia |title=Public Broadcasting Service |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Public-Broadcasting-Service |encyclopaedia=Britannica|date=September 15, 2023 }}</ref> and educational television network, PBS engages in program distribution, providing television content and related services to its member stations, each of which together cooperatively owns the network.<ref name=FAQ /> Unlike the affiliates for commercial TV networks, each non-profit PBS member station is charged with the responsibility of programming local content such as news, interviews, cultural, and [[public affairs (broadcasting)|public affairs]] programs for its individual market or state that supplements content provided by PBS and other public television distributors. In a [[commercial broadcasting|commercial broadcast]] [[television network]] structure, affiliates give up portions of their local advertising airtime in exchange for carrying network programming, and the network pays its affiliates a share of the revenue it earns from advertising. By contrast, PBS member stations pay fees for the shows acquired and distributed by the national organization. Under this relationship, PBS member stations have greater latitude in local scheduling than their commercial broadcasting counterparts. Scheduling of PBS-distributed series may vary greatly depending on the market. This can be a source of tension as stations seek to preserve their localism, and PBS strives to market a consistent national lineup. However, PBS has a policy of "common carriage", which requires most stations to clear the national prime time programs on a common [[broadcast programming|programming]] schedule to market them nationally more effectively. Management at former [[Los Angeles]] member [[KCET]] cited unresolvable financial and programming disputes among its major reasons for leaving PBS after over 40 years in January 2011, although it would return to PBS in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Los Angeles PBS affiliate KCET exits network fold to go independent |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/showtracker/2010/10/sorry-charlie-rose-los-angeles-pbs-affiliate-kcet-exits-network-fold-to-go-independent-.html |author=Scott Collins |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=October 8, 2010 |access-date=March 12, 2015 |archive-date=April 15, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415153244/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/showtracker/2010/10/sorry-charlie-rose-los-angeles-pbs-affiliate-kcet-exits-network-fold-to-go-independent-.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Although PBS has a set schedule of programming, particularly in regard to its [[prime time]] schedule, member stations reserve the right to schedule PBS-distributed programming in other time slots or not clear it at all if they choose to do so; few of the service's members carry all its programming. Most PBS stations [[Timeshift channel|timeshift]] some distributed programs. Once PBS accepts a program offered for distribution, PBS, rather than the originating member station, retains exclusive rebroadcasting rights during an agreed period. Suppliers, however, retain the right to sell the program's intellectual property in non-broadcast media such as [[DVD]]s, books, and sometimes PBS-[[merchandising|licensed merchandise]]. ==Programming== {{Unreferenced section|date=January 2022}} {{Main|List of programs broadcast by PBS}} The evening and primetime schedule on PBS features a diverse array of programming including [[fine arts]] (''[[Great Performances]]''); [[drama]] (''[[Masterpiece (TV series)|Masterpiece]]'', ''[[Downton Abbey]]'', ''[[American Family (2002 TV series)|American Family: Journey of Dreams]]''); [[science]] (''[[Nova (American TV series)|Nova]]'', ''[[Nature (TV series)|Nature]]''); [[history]] (''[[American Experience]]'', ''[[American Masters]]'', ''[[History Detectives]]'', ''[[Antiques Roadshow (U.S. TV series)|Antiques Roadshow]]''); [[music]] (''[[Austin City Limits]]'', ''[[Soundstage (TV series)|Soundstage]]''); [[Public affairs (broadcasting)|public affairs]] (''[[Frontline (U.S. TV series)|Frontline]]'', ''[[PBS NewsHour]]'', ''[[Washington Week]]'', [[Nightly Business Report]]); [[independent film]]s and [[documentary film|documentaries]] (''[[POV (TV series)|P.O.V.]]'', ''[[Independent Lens]]''); [[home improvement]] (''[[This Old House]]''); and [[talk show|interviews]] (''[[Amanpour & Company]]'', ''[[Tavis Smiley (TV series)|Tavis Smiley]]'', ''[[The Dick Cavett Show]]''). In 2012, PBS began organizing much of its prime time programming around a genre-based schedule (for example, drama series encompass the Sunday schedule, while science-related programs are featured on Wednesdays). PBS broadcasts children's programming under the [[PBS Kids]] branding as part of the service's (and including content supplied by other distributors not programmed by the service, its member stations') morning and afternoon schedule. As the children's programs it distributes are intended to educate as well as entertain its target audience, PBS and its stations have long been in compliance with [[E/I|educational programming]] guidelines set by the [[Federal Communications Commission]] in response to the enactment of the [[Children's Television Act|Children's Television Act of 1990]]. Many member stations have historically also broadcast [[distance education]] and other [[instructional television]] programs, typically during daytime slots; though with the advent of digital television, which has allowed stations to carry these programs on [[digital subchannel]]s in lieu of the main PBS feed or exclusively over online, many member stations/networks have replaced distance education content with children's and other programming. Unlike its radio counterpart, [[National Public Radio]], PBS does not have a central program production arm or news division. All of the programming carried by PBS, whether news, documentary or entertainment, is created by (or in most cases produced under contract with) other parties, such as individual member stations. [[Boston]] member [[WGBH-TV]] is one of the largest producers of [[educational television]] programming, including shows like ''[[American Experience]]'', ''[[Arthur (TV series)|Arthur]]'' (with Canada-based [[Cookie Jar Group|CINAR]]), ''[[Masterpiece Theatre]]'', ''[[Nova (American TV series)|Nova]]'', ''[[Antiques Roadshow (American TV program)|Antiques Roadshow]]'' and ''[[Frontline (U.S. TV series)|Frontline]]'', as well as many other children's and lifestyle programs. News programs are produced by [[WETA-TV]] (''[[PBS Newshour]]'') in [[Washington, D.C.]], [[WNET]] in [[New York City]] and [[WPBT]] in [[Miami, Florida|Miami]]. Newark, New Jersey/[[New York City]] member [[WNET]] produces or distributes programs such as ''[[Secrets of the Dead]]'', ''[[Nature (TV series)|Nature]],'' and ''[[Cyberchase]]''. PBS also works with other networks for programming such as [[CNN International]] for ''[[Amanpour & Company]]'' which is a co-production of CNN International and WNET. PBS member stations are known for rebroadcasting British television [[costume drama]]s, [[Britcoms|comedies]] and [[science fiction on television|science fiction]] programs (acquired from the [[BBC]] and other sources) such as ''[[Downton Abbey]]''; ''[['Allo 'Allo!]]''; ''[[Are You Being Served?]]''; ''[[The Benny Hill Show]]'', ''[[Red Dwarf]]''; ''[[The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin]]''; ''[[Father Ted]]''; ''[[Fawlty Towers]]''; ''[[Harry Enfield and Chums]]''; ''[[Keeping Up Appearances]]''; ''[[Monty Python's Flying Circus]]''; ''[[Mr. Bean]]'', ''[[The Vicar of Dibley]]'', the original run of ''[[Doctor Who]]'', and ''[[Sherlock (TV series)|Sherlock]]''. However, a significant amount of sharing takes place. The BBC and British broadcasters such as [[Channel 4]] often cooperate with PBS stations, producing material that is shown on both sides of the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]]. Less frequently, Canadian, Australian and other international programming appears on PBS stations (such as ''[[The Red Green Show]]'', currently distributed by syndicator Executive Program Services); public broadcasting syndicators are more likely to offer this programming to U.S.-based public television stations. PBS is not the only distributor of public television programming to the member stations. Other distributors have emerged from the roots of companies that maintained loosely held regional public television stations in the 1960s. [[Boston]]-based [[American Public Television]] (which, among other names, was formerly known as Eastern Educational Network and the American Program Service) is second only to PBS for distributing programs to U.S. non-commercial stations. Another distributor is NETA (formerly SECA), whose properties have included ''[[The Shapies]]'' and ''Jerry Yarnell School of Fine Art''. In addition, the member stations themselves also produce a variety of local shows, some of which subsequently receive national distribution through PBS or other distributors. [[Rerun|Rerun programming]], especially domestic programming not originally produced for public television, is generally uncommon on PBS or its member stations. The most prominent exception to this is ''[[The Lawrence Welk Show]]'', which has aired continuously in reruns on PBS (through the [[Oklahoma Educational Television Authority]]) almost every weekend since 1986. Reruns of programs originally produced for public television are common, especially with former PBS shows whose hosts have retired or died (for example, ''[[The Joy of Painting]]'' and ''[[Mister Rogers' Neighborhood]]''). Children's programming (such as ''[[Clifford the Big Red Dog (2000 TV series)|Clifford the Big Red Dog]]'' and ''[[DragonflyTV]]'', the latter of which is also syndicated on commercial television) is rerun extensively. Since 2020, PBS has served as the over-the-air home to select specials from the [[Peanuts filmography|''Peanuts'' library]], under sublicense from [[Apple Inc.|Apple]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-to-broadcast-three-peanuts-specials-this-holiday-season/ |title=PBS to Broadcast Three Peanuts Specials This Holiday Season |website=PBS |access-date=October 18, 2021 |archive-date=October 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018234238/https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-to-broadcast-three-peanuts-specials-this-holiday-season/ |url-status=live}}</ref> ===PBS Kids=== {{Main|PBS Kids}} Launched as PTV on July 11, 1994, PBS Kids is the brand for [[children's programming|children's programs]] aired by PBS. The PBS Kids Channel, launched in 1999 and operated until 2005, was largely funded by satellite provider [[DirecTV]]. The channel ceased operations on September 26, 2005, in favor of [[Universal Kids|PBS Kids Sprout]], a commercial [[digital cable]] and [[satellite television]] channel originally operated as a joint venture with [[Comcast]], [[Sesame Workshop]] and [[Apax Partners]] ([[NBCUniversal]], which Comcast acquired in 2011, later acquired the other partners' interests in the channel in 2012). However, the original programming block still exists on PBS, filling daytime and in some cases, weekend morning schedules on its member stations; many members also carry 24-hour locally programmed children's networks featuring PBS Kids content on one of their digital subchannels. A revived version of the PBS Kids Channel was launched on January 16, 2017. As of 2019, PBS Kids is the only children's programming block on U.S. broadcast television. As PBS is often known for doing, PBS Kids has broadcast imported series from other countries; these include British series originally broadcast by the [[BBC]] and [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]]. Through American Public Television, many PBS stations also began airing the Australian series ''[[RAGGS Kids Club Band|Raggs]]'' on June 4, 2007. Some of the programs broadcast as part of the service's children's lineup or through public broadcast syndication directly to its members have subsequently been syndicated to commercial television outlets (such as ''[[Ghostwriter (1992 TV series)|Ghostwriter]]'' and ''[[The Magic School Bus (TV series)|The Magic School Bus]]''). ===Sports=== Many PBS member stations and networks—including [[Mississippi Public Broadcasting]] ([[Mississippi High School Activities Association|MHSAA]]), [[Georgia Public Broadcasting]] ([[Georgia High School Association|GHSA]]), [[Maine Public Broadcasting Network]] ([[Maine Principals' Association|MPA]]), [[Iowa PBS]] ([[Iowa Girls High School Athletic Union|IGHSAU]]), [[Nebraska Public Media]] ([[Nebraska School Activities Association|NSAA]]), and [[WKYU-TV]] ([[Western Kentucky Hilltoppers]])—locally broadcast [[high school]] and college sports. From the 1980s onward, the national PBS network has not typically carried sporting events, mainly because the broadcast rights to most sporting events have become more cost-prohibitive in that timeframe, especially for nonprofits with limited revenue potential; in addition, starting with the respective launches of the [[MountainWest Sports Network]] (now defunct) and [[Big Ten Network]] in 2006 and 2007 and the later launches of the [[Pac-12 Network]] and [[ESPN|ESPN's]] [[SEC Network]] and [[ACC Network]], [[athletic conference]]s have acquired rights for all of their member university's sports programs for their cable channels, restricting their use from PBS member stations, even those associated with their own universities. From 1976 to 1989, [[KQED (TV)|KQED]] produced a series of [[Bundesliga]] matches under the banner ''[[Soccer Made in Germany]]'', with [[Toby Charles]] announcing. PBS also carried [[tennis]] events, as well as [[Ivy League]] football. Notable football commentators included [[Upton Bell]], [[Marty Glickman]], [[Bob Casciola]], [[Brian Dowling (American football)|Brian Dowling]], [[Sean McDonough]] and [[Jack Corrigan (sportscaster)|Jack Corrigan]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Mark |title=Penn Football Tapes 1980–1989 |url=http://www.letsgoquakers.com/football1980s.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021004075329/http://www.letsgoquakers.com/football1980s.htm |archive-date=4 October 2002 |access-date=March 10, 2011 |publisher=Letsgoquakers.com}}</ref> Other sports programs included interview series such as ''[[The Way It Was (TV series)|The Way It Was]]'' and ''The Sporting Life''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jim Palmer jockeys from underwear to PBS |url=http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl/1985_251842/jim-palmer-jockeys-from-underwear-to-pbs.html |newspaper=[[Houston Chronicle]] |date=April 17, 1985 |access-date=October 15, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119133716/http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl/1985_251842/jim-palmer-jockeys-from-underwear-to-pbs.html |archive-date=November 19, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Governance== The board of directors is responsible for governing and setting policy for PBS, consisting of 27 members: 14 professional directors (station managers), 12 general directors (outside directors), and the PBS president.<ref name=about-board>{{cite web |title=Board of Directors |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/board-directors/ |author=PBS |website=PBS |access-date=October 27, 2015 |archive-date=October 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024092447/http://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/board-directors/ |url-status=live}}</ref> All PBS Board members serve three-year terms, without pay.<ref name=about-board/> PBS member stations elect the 14 professional directors; the board elects the 12 general directors and appoints the PBS president and CEO; and the entire board elects its officers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Donald A. Baer Elected Chair of PBS Board of Directors |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/blogs/news/donald-a-baer-elected-chair-of-pbs-board-of-directors/ |author=PBS |website=PBS |access-date=October 27, 2015 |archive-date=February 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201042929/http://www.pbs.org/about/blogs/news/donald-a-baer-elected-chair-of-pbs-board-of-directors/ |url-status=live}}</ref> ==Member stations== {{main|List of PBS member stations}} {{As of|March 2015}}, PBS maintains current memberships with 354 television stations encompassing 50 states, the District of Columbia and four U.S. possessions;<ref name="Station Index" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Stations for Network - PBS |url=http://www.rabbitears.info/search.php?request=network_search&network=PBS |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817201438/http://www.rabbitears.info/search.php?request=network_search&network=PBS |archive-date=17 August 2011 |access-date=March 12, 2015 |work=RabbitEars.info}}</ref> as such, it is the only television broadcaster in the United States—commercial or non-commercial—which has station partners licensed in every U.S. state (by comparison, none of the five major commercial broadcast networks has affiliates in certain states where PBS has members, most notably [[New Jersey]]). The service has an estimated national reach of 93.74% of all households in the United States (or 292,926,047 Americans with at least one television set). PBS stations are commonly operated by [[nonprofit organization]]s, state agencies, local authorities (such as municipal boards of education), or [[university|universities]] in their [[city of license]]; this is similar (albeit more centralized in states where a licensee owns multiple stations rebroadcasting the main PBS member) to the early model of commercial broadcasting in the U.S., in which network-affiliated stations were initially owned by companies that owned few to no other television stations elsewhere in the country. In some U.S. states, a group of PBS stations throughout the entire state may be organized into a single regional "subnetwork" (such as [[Alabama Public Television]] and [[Arkansas PBS]]); in this model, PBS programming and other content is distributed by the originating station in the subnetwork to other [[broadcast relay station|full-power stations that serve as satellites as well as any low-power translators]] in other areas of the state. Some states may be served by such a regional network and simultaneously have PBS member stations in a certain city (such as the case with secondary member [[KBDI-TV]] in [[Denver]], which is not related to [[Colorado]] member network [[Rocky Mountain PBS]] and its [[flagship (broadcasting)|flagship station]] and primary Denver PBS member, KRMA-TV) that operate autonomously from the regional member network. As opposed to the present commercial broadcasting model in which network programs are often carried exclusively on one television station in a given market, PBS may maintain more than one member station in certain markets, which may be owned by the licensee of the market's primary PBS member station or owned by a separate licensee (as a prime example, [[KOCE-TV]], [[KLCS]] and [[KVCR-DT]]—which are all individually owned—serve as PBS stations for the Los Angeles [[media market|market]]; KCET served as the market's primary PBS member until it left the service in January 2011,<ref>{{cite news |title=KOCE takes over as top PBS station after KCET cuts ties with network |url=http://pedrowatcher.ocregister.com/2010/10/08/koce-takes-over-as-top-pbs-station-after-kcet-cuts-ties-with-network/28174/ |author=Peter Larsen |newspaper=[[Orange County Register]] |publisher=[[Freedom Communications]] |date=October 8, 2010 |access-date=March 12, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010023551/http://pedrowatcher.ocregister.com/2010/10/08/koce-takes-over-as-top-pbs-station-after-kcet-cuts-ties-with-network/28174/ |archive-date=October 10, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> at which time it was replaced by KOCE). KCET rejoined PBS in 2019, thus giving the Los Angeles area four different member stations. For these cases, PBS utilizes the Program Differentiation Plan, which divides by percentage the number of programs distributed by the service that each member can carry on their schedule; often, this assigns a larger proportion of PBS-distributed programming to the primary member station, with the secondary members being allowed to carry a lesser number of program offerings from the service's schedule. Unlike public broadcasters in most other countries, PBS cannot own any of the stations that broadcasts its programming; therefore it is one of the few television programming bodies that does not have any [[owned-and-operated station]]s. This is partly due to the origins of the PBS stations themselves, and partly due to historical [[broadcast license]] issues. ===Participating stations=== Most PBS member stations have produced at least some nationally distributed programs. Current regularly scheduled programming on the [[PBS Satellite Service|PBS national feed]] is produced by a smaller group of stations, including: * [[WGBH-TV]] (''[[Arthur (TV series)|Arthur]]'', ''[[Nova (American TV series)|NOVA]]'', ''[[Masterpiece (TV series)|Masterpiece]]'', ''[[Frontline (U.S. TV series)|Frontline]]'', ''[[Martha Speaks (TV series)|Martha Speaks]]'', ''[[Peep and the Big Wide World]]'', ''[[Curious George (TV series)|Curious George]]'', ''[[Lidia's Kitchen]]'', ''[[Design Squad]]'', ''[[Jamie Oliver]]'', etc.) * [[WNET]] (''[[Nature (TV series)|Nature]]'', ''[[PBS NewsHour|PBS NewsHour Weekend]]'', ''[[Cyberchase]]'', ''[[Amanpour & Company]]'', ''[[Wishbone (TV Series)|Wishbone]]'' etc.) ** Previously [[Connecticut Public Television]] and now WNET (''[[Barney & Friends]]'', ''[[Bob the Builder]]'', ''[[Thomas & Friends]]'', etc.) * [[WETA-TV]] (''[[PBS NewsHour]]'', ''[[Washington Week]]'', ''[[A Capitol Fourth]] (annually)'', ''[[America's Test Kitchen]]'', ''[[This Old House]]'', ''[[Pati Jinich|Pati's Mexican Table]]'', ''[[BBC World News]]'', etc.) * [[WTTW]] (''[[Nature Cat]]'', ''[[WordWorld]]'', ''[[Kidsongs]]'') * [[Maryland Public Television]] (''[[MotorWeek]]'', ''[[Space Racers]]'', ''[[Wimzie's House]]'', ''[[Zoboomafoo]]'', ''[[Julia Child]]'') * [[KLRU]] (''[[Austin City Limits]]'') * [[KCET]] (''[[Sid the Science Kid]]'', ''[[Lost L.A.]]'') * [[KQED (TV)|KQED]] (''[[The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!]]'', ''[[Yan Can Cook|Yan Can Cook: Spice Kingdom]]'') * [[Oregon Public Broadcasting]] (''[[History Detectives]]'', ''[[Rick Steves' Europe]]'' (season 10)) * [[PBS North Carolina]] (''[[The Woodwright's Shop]]'') * [[South Carolina ETV]] (''[[Studio See]]'', ''[[The Magic School Bus (TV series)|The Magic School Bus]]'', ''[[A Chef's Life]]'') * [[WXXI-TV]] (''[[Biz Kid$]]'') * [[WQED (TV)|WQED]] (''[[Mister Rogers' Neighborhood]]'') * [[Twin Cities PBS]] (KTCA-TV/KTCI-TV) (''[[Newton's Apple]]'', ''[[SciGirls]]'', ''[[Hero Elementary]]'') * [[KCTS-TV]] (''[[Rick Steves' Europe]]'') * [[Arkansas PBS]] (''[[State of the Art]]'') * [[WYES-TV]] (''[[Kevin Belton]]'') ==PBS networks== {| class= "wikitable" |- ! Network !! Notes |- |style="text-align:center;| [[File:PBS Kids logo (2022).svg|frameless|126x126px]]<br />'''[[PBS Kids]]''' | A programming block that provides [[children's television program]]s. The block was formerly called PTV Park. Launched as a 24/7 network in 1999 that was dissolved in 2005 and subsequently revived in 2017. |- |style="text-align:center;|'''[[PBS Satellite Service]]''' || A 24-hour alternate network feed that provides a mixed variety of programming selected from the main PBS service, as well as for carriage on programming tiers of satellite providers. |} PBS has [[Corporate spin-off|spun off]] a number of [[television network]]s, often in partnership with other media companies. [[PBS YOU]], a distance education and how-to service operated until January 2006, and was largely succeeded by [[Create (TV network)|Create]] (a similarly formatted network owned by American Public Television); PBS Kids Channel was superseded by Sprout at the start of October 2005. The PBS Kids Channel relaunched January 16, 2017. [[World (TV network)|World]] began operations in 2007 as a service operated by PBS but is now managed by American Public Television. PBS has also restructured its satellite feed system, simplifying [[PBS-HD|HD02 (PBS West)]] into a timeshift feed for the [[Pacific Time Zone]], rather than a high-definition complement to its formerly primary SD feed. [[PBS Kids Go!]] was proposed as a replacement broadcast network for PBS Kids Channel; however, plans to launch the network were folded in 2006. Programming from the PBS Satellite Service has also been carried by certain member stations or regional member networks to fill their overnight schedules (particularly those that have transitioned to a 24-hour schedule since the late 1990s), in lieu of providing programming sourced from outside public television distributors or repeats of local programming (program promotions shown on the satellite feed advertise upcoming programs as being aired on PBS during the timeslot card normally used as a placeholder for member outlets to insert local airtime information). Some or all of these services are available on a digital cable tier of many cable providers, on a [[FTA receiver|free-to-air (FTA) satellite receiver]] receiving from [[PBS Satellite Service]], as well as via subscription-based [[direct broadcast satellite]] providers. With the exception of Sprout, some of these services, including those from PBS member stations and networks, have not made contracts with Internet-distributed [[over-the-top content|over-the-top]] [[multichannel video programming distributor|MVPD]] services such as [[Sling TV]] and the now defunct [[PlayStation Vue]]. With the transition to over-the-air [[digital television]] broadcasts, many of the services are also often now available as standard-definition [[Multicast#Television|multicast]] channels on the digital signals of some member stations, while HD02 (PBS West) serves as a secondary HD feed. With the absence of [[advertising]], network identification on these PBS networks was limited to utilization at the end of the program, which includes the standard series of [[Commercial bumper|bumpers]] from the "Be More" campaign. ===Independent networks=== While not operated or controlled by PBS proper, additional public broadcasting networks are available and carried by PBS member stations. The following three are also distributed by PBS via satellite. {| class= "wikitable" |- ! Channel !! Programming !! Origin |- || [[Create (TV network)|Create]] || Educational and artistic programming || rowspan="2"|American Public Television |- || [[World Channel|World]] || News and documentaries |- || [[First Nations Experience]] || Indigenous programming || [[San Bernardino Community College District]] |} From 2002 to 2011, [[Buffalo, New York]] member station [[WNED-TV]] operated [[ThinkBright|ThinkBright TV]], a service that was carried on several stations in upstate [[New York (state)|New York]]. Several state networks also offer a [[Public affairs (broadcasting)|public affairs]] subchannel network offering full-time coverage of state government events and legislative/judicial proceedings in the same vein as [[C-SPAN]]'s coverage of the federal government. Many PBS stations also carried MHz Worldview from the [[MHz Networks]] until 2020 when MHz Networks announced its discontinuation of the network on March 1, 2020. Since then, many stations has switched to World Channel as well as [[First Nations Experience]]. A separate but related concept is the state network, where a group of stations across a state simulcast a single programming schedule from a central facility, which may include specialty subchannels unique to that broadcaster. == Visual identity == {{multiple image | direction = vertical | width = 125 | image1 = PBS 1971 id.svg | alt1 = PBS logo from 1971 to 1984 | caption1 = PBS's second logo, the first iteration to include the "P-Head" element. | image2 = PBS (1984-2019) logo.svg | alt2 = PBS logo from 1984 to 2019, as seen in 2002. | caption2 = PBS's third logo, as used from 1984 to 2019. The logo pictured is the 2002 version. | image3 = PBS logo 1970.svg | alt3 = PBS logo from 1970 to 1971. | caption3 = PBS logo from 1970 to 1971, with the same colors as the NET logo from 1967. | image4 = PBS with Wordmark 1984.svg | alt4 = PBS logo from 1984 to 1989. | caption4 = PBS logo from 1984 to 1989. | image5 = PBS print 1989.png | alt5 = PBS logo from 1989 to 1992. | caption5 = PBS logo from 1989 to 1992. | image6 = PBS print 1992.png | alt6 = PBS logo from 1992 to 1996. | caption6 = PBS logo from 1992 to 1996. | image7 = PBS (Alt) logo.svg | alt7 = PBS Alternate logo from 1984 to 2019. | caption7 = PBS Alternate logo from 1984 to 2019. }} PBS introduced its first iconographic logo in 1971, a multi-colored [[wordmark]] of the network's initials with the P designed to resemble a [[silhouette]] of a human face. The logo was designed by Ernie Smith and [[Herb Lubalin]] of the Lubalin Smith Carnase design firm.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dunning |first=Jennifer |date=April 4, 2004 |title=Ernie Smith, 79, Jazz and Dance Authority |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/14/arts/ernie-smith-79-jazz-and-dance-authority.html |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=December 2, 2019 |quote=He worked at several advertising agencies in New York. Among them were Sudler & Hennessy and Lubalin, Smith & Carnase, where he developed a logo for PBS. |archive-date=December 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202230546/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/14/arts/ernie-smith-79-jazz-and-dance-authority.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sandomir |first=Richard |date=March 23, 2018 |title=Lawrence K. Grossman, Head of PBS and Then NBC News, Dies at 86 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/23/obituaries/lawrence-k-grossman-head-of-pbs-and-then-nbc-news-dies-at-86.html |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=December 2, 2019 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=December 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202230543/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/23/obituaries/lawrence-k-grossman-head-of-pbs-and-then-nbc-news-dies-at-86.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Lubalin's human face "P", known internally at PBS as "Everyman", but more commonly known as the "P-Head", became the basis for all subsequent PBS logos.<ref name=Identify>{{cite book |last1=Chermayeff |first1=Ivan |last2=Geismar |first2=Tom |last3=Haviv |first3=Sagi |year=2011 |title=Identify: Basic Principles of Identity Design in the Iconic Trademarks of Chermayeff & Geismar |url={{GBurl|zlfQMDP8LpoC|pg=PA68}} |page=68 |publisher=[[F+W]] |isbn=978-1-440-31032-4}}</ref> In 1984, PBS introduced a new version of the logo, designed by [[Tom Geismar]] of [[Chermayeff & Geismar & Haviv|Chermayeff & Geismar]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Heller |first=Steven |date=December 14, 2003 |title=ART; A Laboratory for Sign Language |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/14/books/art-a-laboratory-for-sign-language.html |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=December 2, 2019 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=December 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202230544/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/14/books/art-a-laboratory-for-sign-language.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Chermayeff & Geismar felt that the Lubalin-designed logo was too similar to those of the three dominant commercial networks of the time, and they sought "to develop a symbol that could stand for the more inclusive concept of 'public television{{' "}}. They inverted Lubalin's Everyman "P" to face to the right instead of the left, and repeated the outline as a series to represent a "multitude" of people. The symbol was subsequently renamed "Everyone".<ref name="Identify"/> The repeated outline of the face has also been interpreted to suggest a degree of [[multiculturalism]], as well as the public service aspect of the PBS mission.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gernsheimer |first=Jack |year=2008 |title=Designing Logos: The Process of Creating Symbols that Endure |url={{GBurl|E9w61v7UyR4C|pg=PA125}} |page=125 |publisher=[[Skyhorse Publishing|Allworth Press]] |isbn=978-1-581-15649-2}}</ref> The logo has been used in various forms since: from 1998 onward, the Geismar logo has been rendered in white on a circle.<ref name=Identify /> On November 4, 2019, in honor of the network's 50th anniversary, PBS unveiled a revamped [[brand identity]] by [[Lippincott (brand consultancy)|Lippincott]], intended to be better-suited for use on digital platforms. The Geismar logo was tweaked, a new custom [[sans-serif]] typeface was commissioned for the logo and other branding elements (which replaces the [[slab serif]] typeface used in the PBS logo since 1984), and [[electric blue (color)|electric blue]] and white were adopted as corporate colors.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Smith |first=Lilly |date=November 4, 2019 |title=PBS's new brand is anything but radical—and that's the whole point |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90425497/pbs-unveils-a-new-brand-for-a-new-media-landscape |magazine=[[Fast Company]] |access-date=December 2, 2019 |archive-date=December 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213085631/https://www.fastcompany.com/90425497/pbs-unveils-a-new-brand-for-a-new-media-landscape |url-status=live}}</ref> The network is allowing flexibility in implementation, but is no longer allowing the logo to be displayed independently of the PBS name. Upon the launch of the new logo, some members rebranded themselves to include PBS in their name for the first time, such as Wisconsin Public Television rebranding as [[PBS Wisconsin]].<ref name=Goldsmith>{{Cite news |last=Goldsmith |first=Jill |date=November 4, 2019 |title=PBS begins rollout of electric-blue brand refresh |url=https://current.org/2019/11/pbs-begins-rollout-of-electric-blue-brand-refresh/ |newspaper=Current |access-date=December 3, 2019 |archive-date=November 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112173243/https://current.org/2019/11/pbs-begins-rollout-of-electric-blue-brand-refresh/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Faw |first=Larissa |date=November 5, 2019 |title=PBS Overhauls Logo For 2020 |url=https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/342923/pbs-overhauls-logo-for-2020.html |agency=Mediapost |access-date=December 2, 2019 |archive-date=November 6, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106230117/https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/342923/pbs-overhauls-logo-for-2020.html |url-status=live}}</ref> PBS is paying out grants to at least 100 members to cover costs associated with the rebranding.<ref name=Goldsmith /> ==Reception== ===Critical response=== ''PBS'' has been praised by critics for its variety of programming.<ref name=Framke>{{Cite magazine |last=Framke |first=Caroline |date=August 1, 2018 |url=https://variety.com/2018/tv/columns/pbs-tca-2018-ann-curry-finding-your-roots-1202892459/ |title=PBS: An Appreciation for the Vegetables of TV (Column) |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=December 16, 2019 |archive-date=December 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216165939/https://variety.com/2018/tv/columns/pbs-tca-2018-ann-curry-finding-your-roots-1202892459/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Tim Goodman of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' marked PBS' airing of ''[[Downton Abbey]]'' as a turning point for the network's reputation and program variety''.''<ref name=Goodman>{{Cite magazine |last=Goodman |first=Tim |date=July 29, 2016 |title=Tim Goodman's TCA Journal No. 3: A Love Letter to PBS |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/bastard-machine/tim-goodmans-tca-journal-no-915615 |magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=December 16, 2019 |archive-date=December 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216163252/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/bastard-machine/tim-goodmans-tca-journal-no-915615 |url-status=live}}</ref> He also wrote, "It's PBS's time to shine"<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Goodman |first=Tim |date=July 22, 2012 |title=TCA 2012: It's PBS' Time to Shine (Analysis) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/bastard-machine/pbs-downton-abbey-sherlock-emmys-352843 |magazine=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=December 16, 2019 |archive-date=December 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216163911/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/bastard-machine/pbs-downton-abbey-sherlock-emmys-352843 |url-status=live}}</ref> and said that the network "is an endless bounty of riches...Ain't this great?"<ref name=Goodman /> Stevenonymous of ''[[BuzzFeed]]'' wrote, "PBS isn't just TV anymore."<ref>{{Cite web |author=Stevenonymous |date=August 23, 2013 |title=10 Reasons Why '90s Kids Should Still Love PBS |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/dstein/10-reasons-why-90s-kids-should-still-love-pbs-e37w |work=[[BuzzFeed]] |access-date=May 25, 2022 |archive-date=December 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216163809/https://www.buzzfeed.com/dstein/10-reasons-why-90s-kids-should-still-love-pbs-e37w |url-status=live }}</ref> David Zurawik of ''[[The Baltimore Sun]]'' wrote, "If you want a reason to believe in PBS...here it is."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Zurawik |first=David |date=October 28, 2014 |title=Frontline offers harrowing, revealing look into ISIS tonight |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/opinion/columnists/zurawik/bal-frontline-chilling-revealing-look-isis-pbs-20141028-story.html |newspaper=[[Baltimore Sun]] |access-date=May 25, 2022 |archive-date=December 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208002326/https://www.baltimoresun.com/opinion/columnists/zurawik/bal-frontline-chilling-revealing-look-isis-pbs-20141028-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Mekeisha Madden Toby of ''[[TheWrap]]'' wrote, "There is a lot to love...on PBS."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Toby |first=Mekeisha Madden |date=September 27, 2015 |title='Indian Summers' Review: PBS' New Period Piece is Soapy, Sexy Goodness |url=https://www.thewrap.com/indian-summers-review-pbs-new-period-piece-is-soapy-sexy-goodness/ |work=[[TheWrap]] |access-date=May 25, 2022 |archive-date=December 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216163915/https://www.thewrap.com/indian-summers-review-pbs-new-period-piece-is-soapy-sexy-goodness/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Kristen McQuinn of ''Book Riot'' wrote, "PBS is awesome in every way."<ref>{{Cite web |last=McQuinn |first=Kristen |date=August 7, 2017 |title=PBS is Searching for The Great American Book |url=https://bookriot.com/the-great-american-book/ |work=[[Book Riot]] |access-date=May 25, 2022 |archive-date=May 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525211038/https://bookriot.com/the-great-american-book/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Caroline Framke of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' wrote, "There's still no beating PBS."<ref name=Framke /> Alyssa Rosenburg of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' wrote, "PBS is a unifying thread...through our cultural fabric."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rosenburg |first=Alyssa |date=October 4, 2020 |title=Opinion {{!}} In 50 years of PBS programming, content for Americans of all classes and political views |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/10/04/50-years-pbs-programming-content-americans-all-classes-political-views/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=May 25, 2022 |archive-date=March 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031141/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/10/04/50-years-pbs-programming-content-americans-all-classes-political-views/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Margaret Renkl of ''[[The New York Times]]'' wrote, "By aiming to unite...PBS might save us yet."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Renkl |first=Margaret |date=September 27, 2020 |title=Opinion {{!}} Happy Birthday, PBS. Please Save Us. |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/27/opinion/pbs-50th-anniversary.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=May 25, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525212532/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/27/opinion/pbs-50th-anniversary.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Margie Barron of ''Entertainment Today'' wrote, "PBS remains a beacon...that inspires."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barron |first=Margie |date=August 4, 2020 |title=PBS' stellar lineup for 50th anniversary season announced at Zoom-friendly TCA press tour |url=https://entertainmenttoday.net/tv/21334/2020/08/pbs-stellar-lineup-for-50th-anniversary-season-announced-at-zoom-friendly-tca-press-tour/ |access-date=May 25, 2022 |website=Entertainment Today |archive-date=July 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706110758/https://entertainmenttoday.net/tv/21334/2020/08/pbs-stellar-lineup-for-50th-anniversary-season-announced-at-zoom-friendly-tca-press-tour/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The ''Marketing & Research Resources'' survey, said that PBS is the "#1 most trusted media 19 years in a row."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-17 |title=PBS and Member Stations Named "Most Trusted" Media Organization for 19 Consecutive Years |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-and-member-stations-named-most-trusted-media-organization-for-19-consecutive-years/ |access-date=September 21, 2022 |website=PBS |archive-date=September 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921172708/https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-and-member-stations-named-most-trusted-media-organization-for-19-consecutive-years/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021, the network had 14 [[News and Documentary Emmy Awards|News & Documentary Emmy Award]] nominations, more than any other organization.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-30 |title=PBS Leads With 14 News & Documentary Emmy® Awards |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-leads-with-14-news-documentary-emmy-awards/ |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=PBS |language=en}}</ref> Matt Roush of ''[[TV Insider]]'' wrote, "PBS is and always has been a bright light."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roush |first=Matt |date=2022-02-01 |title=Ask Matt: More Ghosts on 'Ghosts'? |url=https://www.tvinsider.com/1029924/ask-matt-ghosts-amazing-race-ordinary-joe-streaming/ |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=TV Insider |archive-date=September 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921172707/https://www.tvinsider.com/1029924/ask-matt-ghosts-amazing-race-ordinary-joe-streaming/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ===On-air fundraising=== Since 53% to 60% of public television's revenues come from private membership donations and [[Grant (money)|grants]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Public Broadcasting Revenue Fiscal Year 2005 |url=http://www.cpb.org/stations/reports/revenue/2005PublicBroadcastingRevenue.pdf |publisher=[[Corporation for Public Broadcasting]] |access-date=March 10, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515140419/http://www.cpb.org/stations/reports/revenue/2005PublicBroadcastingRevenue.pdf |archive-date=May 15, 2011}}</ref> most stations solicit individual donations by methods including [[fundraising]], [[pledge drive]]s or [[telethon]]s, which disrupt regularly scheduled programming. This has been perceived as potentially annoying since regularly scheduled programming is often replaced with specials aimed at a wider audience (such as music specials aimed at the [[Baby Boom]]er generation and financial, health and motivational programs) to solicit new members and donations; during fundraising events, these programs are often interrupted within the broadcast by long-form segments (of six to eight minutes in length) encouraging viewers to donate to their PBS member.<ref>{{cite web |last=Getler |first=Michael |title=Pledging Allegiance, or March Madness? |url=https://www.pbs.org/ombudsman/2006/03/pledging_allegiance_or_march_madness.html |publisher=PBS Ombudsman |date=March 24, 2006 |access-date=May 22, 2006 |archive-date=April 8, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060408140959/http://www.pbs.org/ombudsman/2006/03/pledging_allegiance_or_march_madness.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Underwriting spot]]s are aired at the end of each program, which differ from traditional commercials in several ways.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rule 5: Content Guidelines |url=https://www.pbs.org/producers/guidelines/onair_rule5.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414070210/https://www.pbs.org/producers/guidelines/onair_rule5.html |archive-date=April 14, 2014 |access-date=April 13, 2014 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Each spot must be approved to meet several guidelines.<ref>{{cite web |title=PBS Guidelines for On-Air Announcements Promoting Program-Related Goods and Services |url=https://www.pbs.org/producers/guidelines/onair.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414090628/https://www.pbs.org/producers/guidelines/onair.html |archive-date=April 14, 2014 |access-date=April 13, 2014 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> The main guidelines state that underwriting spots cannot be qualitative in any way, nor can they have any call to action.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rule 5.4: Voice-Over Copy Guidelines |url=https://www.pbs.org/producers/guidelines/onair_rule5.html#5.4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030923073228/https://www.pbs.org/producers/guidelines/onair_rule5.html#5.4 |archive-date=23 September 2003 |access-date=April 13, 2014 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> ==Controversies== ===Accusations of political/ideological bias=== A 1982 broadcast of the [[United States Information Agency]] program ''Let Poland be Poland'' about the [[Martial law in Poland|martial law declared in Poland in 1981]] was widely viewed in the U.S., but met with skepticism on the part of eastern European broadcasters (communist countries at the time) due to concerns that the program's "provocative and anticommunist" tone was intended as propaganda.<ref>{{cite web |title=Let Poland Be Poland (1982, TV) |date=January 31, 1982 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0785022/ |publisher=[[IMDb]] |access-date=February 4, 2016 |archive-date=February 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201042929/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0785022/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=US Public Diplomacy in Hungary: Past and Present |url=http://www.publicdiplomacycouncil.org/uploads/Eichler_Public_Diplomacy_Hungary.pdf |author=Edward Eichler |work=Public Diplomacy Council |date=April 25, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225051216/http://www.publicdiplomacycouncil.org/uploads/Eichler_Public_Diplomacy_Hungary.pdf |archive-date=February 25, 2009}}</ref> In 1999, at least three public television stations were caught selling or trading their mailing lists with the [[Democratic National Committee]]. Under [[Internal Revenue Service|IRS]] regulations, [[nonprofit organization]]s are prohibited from participating in political actions. Officials from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting condemned the practice and conducted an investigation into the matter. The stations involved were in New York, Boston, and Washington.<ref>{{cite news |last=Seelye |first=Katharine Q. |date=July 17, 1999 |title=PBS Stations Shared Donor Lists With Democrats, Stirring Trouble |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/17/us/pbs-stations-shared-donor-lists-with-democrats-stirring-trouble.html |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=March 31, 2017 |archive-date=April 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401061449/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/17/us/pbs-stations-shared-donor-lists-with-democrats-stirring-trouble.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Individual programs aired by PBS have been the targets of organized campaigns by individuals and groups with opposing views, including by former [[United States Secretary of Education]] [[Margaret Spellings]] in 2005.<ref>{{cite news |date=January 26, 2005 |title=Education chief rips PBS for gay character: Network won't distribute episode with animated 'Buster' visiting Vt. |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/6869976 |work=[[NBC News]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=November 10, 2019 |archive-date=November 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121224256/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/6869976/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Nonetheless, in every year since 2004, surveys of Americans have shown PBS to have been consistently ranked as the most trusted institution in comparison to [[Commercial broadcasting|commercial]] [[Broadcasting in the United States|broadcast]] and [[Cable television in the United States|cable television]], [[Newspapers in the United States|newspapers]], and [[Streaming media|streaming services]], and in January 2021, Americans valued tax dollars spent on PBS behind only [[Military budget of the United States|military defense]] and [[Food and Drug Administration|oversight of food and drug safety]].<ref>{{cite news |date=February 2, 2021 |title=PBS and Member Stations Voted 'Most Trusted' Institution for 18 Consecutive Years |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-and-member-stations-voted-most-trusted-institution-for-18-consecutive-years/ |publisher=PBS |access-date=March 23, 2021 |archive-date=March 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316092412/https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-and-member-stations-voted-most-trusted-institution-for-18-consecutive-years/ |url-status=live}}</ref> ====Accusations during Tomlinson tenure==== In September 2003, [[Kenneth Tomlinson]] was chosen as chairman of the CPB board.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Labaton |first=Stephen |date=November 4, 2005 |title=Broadcasting Ex-Chairman Is Removed From Board (Published 2005) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/04/politics/broadcasting-exchairman-is-removed-from-board.html |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=January 8, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=January 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109171104/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/04/politics/broadcasting-exchairman-is-removed-from-board.html |url-status=live}}</ref> He criticized PBS and [[NPR]] for an allegedly "liberal bias".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Farhi |first=Paul |date=July 1, 2005 |title=CPB Liberal Bias Study Flawed, Critics Say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2005/07/01/cpb-liberal-bias-study-flawed-critics-say/f961983c-20fb-41c1-91d1-13866cc20b85/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=January 8, 2021 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=January 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109104756/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2005/07/01/cpb-liberal-bias-study-flawed-critics-say/f961983c-20fb-41c1-91d1-13866cc20b85/ |url-status=live}}</ref> His efforts sparked complaints of political pressure.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Labaton |first1=Stephen |last2=Weisman |first2=Steven R. |date=November 5, 2005 |title=Spending Inquiry For Top Official On Broadcasting |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/05/politics/05broadcast.html |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |archive-date=April 25, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425141741/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/05/politics/05broadcast.html |url-status=live}}</ref> To partially balance out the perceived left-leaning PBS shows, from June 2004 to July 2005, PBS aired ''Tucker Carlson: Unfiltered'' with conservative commentator [[Tucker Carlson]], and from September 2004 to December 2005, PBS aired ''[[The Journal Editorial Report]]'' with [[Paul Gigot]], a conservative editor of ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' editorial page.<ref>{{cite web |date=May 4, 2007 |title=PBS: Back to bias basics |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2007/may/04/20070504-085842-9258r/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Times]] |publisher=[[News World Communications]] |access-date=December 30, 2009 |archive-date=April 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414144501/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2007/may/04/20070504-085842-9258r/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2004, [[Bill Moyers]] resigned as a PBS regular, citing political pressure to alter the content of his program, and saying Tomlinson had mounted a "vendetta" against him.<ref>{{cite web |last=Farhi |first=Paul |date=April 22, 2005 |title=PBS Scrutiny Raises Political Antennas |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A8067-2005Apr21.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=September 7, 2017 |archive-date=June 22, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622060245/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A8067-2005Apr21.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2005, two House Democrats requested the CPB inspector general investigate the complaints of political interference.<ref>{{Cite news |last=de Moraes |first=Lisa |date=May 13, 2005 |title=CPB's Inspector General to Pursue Probe of Chairman |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2005/05/13/cpbs-inspector-general-to-pursue-probe-of-chairman/32a405bf-7a62-4534-87e5-a5c852e0db18/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=January 8, 2021 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=January 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110093839/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2005/05/13/cpbs-inspector-general-to-pursue-probe-of-chairman/32a405bf-7a62-4534-87e5-a5c852e0db18/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The inspector general's report was issued in November 2005 and described possible political influence on personnel decisions, including e-mail correspondence between Tomlinson and the White House which indicated that Tomlinson "was strongly motivated by political considerations in filling the president/CEO position", a position filled in June 2005 by former [[Republican National Committee]] co-chair [[Patricia Harrison]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=CNN - Report: Politics may have influenced former public broadcasting chief |date=November 15, 2005 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2005/POLITICS/11/15/tomlinson.cpb/index.html |work=[[CNN]] |access-date=January 8, 2021 |archive-date=January 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111085841/https://www.cnn.com/2005/POLITICS/11/15/tomlinson.cpb/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Tomlinson resigned from the CPB board on November 3, 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Folkenflik |first=David |date=November 3, 2005 |title=Tomlinson Resigns from CPB Ahead of Report |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4989040 |website=[[National Public Radio]] |access-date=January 8, 2021 |archive-date=January 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109183214/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4989040 |url-status=live}}</ref> ====Accusations since the Tomlinson tenure==== In January 2021, Michael Beller, the chief attorney for PBS resigned after being caught on tape suggesting that the children of [[Donald Trump]] supporters should be sent to [[Concentration Camp|re-education camps]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=White |first=Christopher |date=January 14, 2021 |title=PBS attorney resigns after saying Trump voters' children should face 're-education camps' |url=https://wcti12.com/news/nation-world/pbs-attorney-fired-after-video-shows-him-pushing-for-re-education-camps-for-trump-voters |work=[[WCTI-TV]] |access-date=January 25, 2021 |archive-date=January 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127015021/https://wcti12.com/news/nation-world/pbs-attorney-fired-after-video-shows-him-pushing-for-re-education-camps-for-trump-voters |url-status=live}}</ref> ===Lawsuit with Pacific Arts=== In the 1990s, PBS became involved in a dispute over home video licensing rights with [[Pacific Arts Corporation]], a multimedia company owned and operated by former [[The Monkees|Monkees]] guitarist [[Michael Nesmith]]. In 1990, Pacific Arts secured a contract with PBS to distribute their back catalog of programming on VHS under the [[PBS Home Video]] banner. However, in the early 1990s, Pacific Arts and PBS went through a series of serious disagreements. Lawsuits were filed: by Nesmith and Pacific Arts against PBS for breach of contract, intentional misrepresentation, intentional concealment, negligent misrepresentation, and interference with contract; and by PBS against Nesmith and Pacific Arts for lost royalties.<ref name=Behrens>{{cite news |last=Behrens |first=Steve |date=February 8, 1999 |title=Nesmith wins $47 million in video suit against PBS |url=http://current.org/files/archive-site/pbs/pbs902v.html |newspaper=Current |access-date=May 30, 2016 |archive-date=August 18, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818000313/http://current.org/files/archive-site/pbs/pbs902v.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> The lawsuits escalated in 1994 and 1995 into major litigation between the parties over these rights and payments. PBS and Nesmith and Pacific Arts vigorously prosecuted these multimillion-dollar counter-suits. The six plaintiffs included PBS, [[WGBH-TV]], [[WNET]], the [[Ken Burns]]-owned American Documentaries and Radio Pioneers Film Project and the [[Children's Television Workshop]]. They sought approximately $5 million in disputed royalties, advances, guarantees and license fees for programs and the use of the PBS logo from the defendants Pacific Arts and Nesmith. Due to the cost of the litigation, Pacific Arts was forced to cease distribution operations and suspended the use of the PBS logo on the Pacific Arts videos.<ref name=Behrens /> Though Pacific Arts distribution system had ceased operating, the various plaintiffs were counting on capturing a personal financial guarantee Nesmith had made to PBS in the original PBS deal in 1990. The cases went to jury trial in Federal Court in Los Angeles in February 1999. After three days of deliberation, the jury unanimously sided with Nesmith.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mifflin |first=Lawrie |date=February 3, 1999 |title=Jury Rules That PBS Must Pay Video Distributor $47 Million |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/03/business/jury-rules-that-pbs-must-pay-video-distributor-47-million.html |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=May 30, 2016 |archive-date=June 30, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630171648/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/03/business/jury-rules-that-pbs-must-pay-video-distributor-47-million.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The court awarded Pacific Arts $14,625,000 for loss of its rights library, plus $29,250,000 in punitive damages. The jury awarded $3 million to Nesmith personally, including $2 million in punitive damages for a total award to Nesmith and Pacific Arts of $48,875,000. The jury resolved the outstanding license fee issues by ordering Pacific Arts and Nesmith to pay approximately $1.2 million to American Documentaries for ''[[The Civil War (TV series)|The Civil War]]'', about $230,000 to [[WGBH-TV]], and $150,000 to [[WNET]].<ref name=Behrens /> Following the ruling, Nesmith expressed his personal disappointment with PBS and was quoted by [[BBC News]] as stating "It's like finding your grandmother stealing your stereo. You're happy to get your stereo back, but it's sad to find out your grandmother is a thief."<ref>{{cite news |title=Hey, hey, it's a Monkee victory |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/271357.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=May 30, 2016 |archive-date=April 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409001839/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/271357.stm |url-status=live}}</ref> The decision never went to an appeals court and the final amount paid to Pacific Arts and Nesmith was an undisclosed sum agreed to in an out-of-court settlement. ==Warning, Alert and Response Network (WARN)== PBS provides an alternative path for [[Wireless Emergency Alerts]] to wireless carriers through its Warning, Alert and Response Network (WARN). The alerts are transmitted through the PBS satellite network on the [[AMC-21]] satellite to PBS stations, who then broadcast the messages over their transmitters for reception by wireless carriers at their cell sites.<ref name="WARN/PBS">{{cite web |title=WARN |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/warn/ |publisher=PBS |access-date=October 12, 2013 |archive-date=October 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015031734/http://www.pbs.org/about/warn/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The WARN network is funded by a grant through [[National Telecommunications and Information Administration]] (NTIA).<ref name="WARN/PBS" /> ==See also== {{Portal|Television|United States}} * [[American Public Media]] * [[List of United States over-the-air television networks]] * [[PBS America]] * [[Public Radio International]] * [[Public, educational, and government access]] (PEG) * [[Television in the United States]] ===Similar public broadcasting services=== * {{flagicon|CAN}} [[TVOntario]], [[Knowledge Network]] * {{flagicon|PRC}} [[China Education Television]] * {{flagicon|FRA}} {{flagicon|GER}} [[Arte]] * {{Flagicon|France}} [[France 5]] * {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Educational Broadcasting System]] == Footnotes == {{notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== * {{cite book |last=Pachelbel |first=Johann |year=1932 |title=UPI Television Network logo |publisher=Art Scott}} * {{cite book |last=Bullert |first=B.J. |year=1997 |title=Public Television: Politics and the Battle over Documentary Film |url=https://archive.org/details/publictelevision00bull |url-access=registration |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=978-0-813-52470-2}} * {{cite book |last=Dornfeld |first=Barry |year=1998 |title=Producing Public Television, Producing Public Culture |publisher=Princeton University Press}} * {{cite book |last=Engelman |first=Ralph |year=1996 |title=Public Radio and Television in America: A Political History |publisher=Sage Publications}} * {{cite book |last=Ledbetter |first=James |author-link=James Ledbetter |year=1998 |title=Made Possible by: The Death of Public Broadcasting in the United States |url=https://archive.org/details/madepossiblebyde00ledb |url-access=registration |publisher=Verso |isbn=978-1-859-84029-0}} ==External links== {{commons category|PBS (United States)}} * {{Official website}} * [https://www.pbs.org/producers/redbook/index.html PBS "Red Book"] (presentation guidelines for PBS programming) * [https://current.org/ ''Current''], the newspaper about public TV and radio in the United States * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170104174846/http://designinghealthycommunities.org/ Designing Healthy Communities by PBS] * [https://www.pbs.org/about/producing-pbs/editorial-standards.pdf PBS Editorial Standards and Practices] {{PBSTV}} {{Lyndon B. Johnson}} {{Public broadcasting in the United States}} {{American broadcast television}} {{EmmyAward GovernorsAward}} {{Webby Awards|cat=TV|year=1997|type=Nominee|cat2=TV|year2=1998|type2=winner}} {{navboxes |title=Related navigational templates |list= {{flatlist| * [[Template:Sports television in the United States|Sports television in the United States]] * [[Template:American broadcast television|American broadcast television]] * [[Template:World Radio Network|World Radio Network]] }}}} {{authority control}} {{coord|38.8621|N|77.0503|W|display=title}} [[Category:Public Broadcasting Service| ]] [[Category:1969 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:Television networks in the United States]] [[Category:Commercial-free television networks]] [[Category:Companies based in Virginia]] [[Category:Corporation for Public Broadcasting]] [[Category:English-language television stations in the United States]] [[Category:Mass media companies established in 1969]] [[Category:Peabody Award winners]] [[Category:Public television in the United States]] [[Category:Publicly funded English language broadcasters]] [[Category:Educational and instructional television channels]] [[Category:Television channels and stations established in 1969]] [[Category:Webby Award winners]]'