Examine individual changes

[ 0 => '{{short description|Egyptian Pharaoh}}', 1 => '{{Infobox pharaoh', 2 => '| name = Horemheb', 3 => '| alt_name = Horemhab, Haremhab', 4 => '| image = StatueOfHoremhebAndTheGodHorus-DetailOfHoremheb01 KunsthistorischesMuseum Nov13-10.jpg', 5 => '| ImageSize = 200', 6 => '| image_alt =', 7 => '| caption = Detail of a statue of Horemheb, at the [[Kunsthistorisches Museum]], Vienna', 8 => '| role =', 9 => '| reign = 1306&nbsp;BC (most likely) or 1319&nbsp;BC until 1292&nbsp;BC', 10 => '| dynasty = [[Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt|18th&nbsp;Dynasty]]', 11 => '| coregency =', 12 => '| predecessor = [[Ay]]', 13 => '| successor = [[Ramesses I]]', 14 => '', 15 => '| notes =', 16 => '| prenomen = Djeserkheperure Setepenre <br />''Ḏsr-ḫprw-Rˁ-stp-n-Rˁ''<br>''Holy are the manifestations of [[Ra]], the chosen one of Ra''<br><hiero>M23:t-L2:t-<-ra:Dsr-xpr:Z2-ra-stp:n-></hiero>', 17 => '| prenomen_hiero =', 18 => '| nomen = Horemheb Meryamun<br>''Ḥr-m-ḥb-mrj-Jmn''<br>''[[Horus]] is in jubilation, beloved of [[Amun]]''', 19 => '| nomen_hiero = <hiero>M17-Y5:N35-U6-G5-S3-Aa15:W3</hiero>', 20 => '| horus = Kanakht Sepedkheru <br> ''K3-nḫt-Spd-ḫrw''<br />''Strong bull, whose plans are effective''', 21 => '| horus_hiero = <hiero>E2:D40-M44-G43-G13-S29-P8-Z7</hiero>', 22 => '| horus_prefix = <!-- Default is <hiero>G5</hiero> -->', 23 => '| nebty = Werbiawet-em-Ipetsut <br>''Wr-bj3wt-m-Jptswt'' <br />''He who is great of miracles in [[Karnak|Ipetsut]]''', 24 => '| nebty_hiero = <hiero>G36:D21-U16:X1*Z2-G17-M17-Q3:X1-Q1-Q1-Q1</hiero>', 25 => '| golden = Heruhermaat Sekhepertawy <br />''Ḥrw-ḥr-m3ˁ.t-sḫpr-t3wj'' <br />''He who is satisfied with the [[Maat]], he who makes the two lands come to existence''', 26 => '| golden_hiero = <hiero>O4:D21-Y1:D2*Z1-C10-S29-L1-N17:N17</hiero>', 27 => '', 28 => '| spouse = [[Amenia, Wife of Horemheb|Amenia]], [[Mutnedjmet]]', 29 => '| children =', 30 => '| father =', 31 => '| mother =', 32 => '| birth_date =', 33 => '| death_date = 1292&nbsp;BC', 34 => '| burial = [[KV57|KV&nbsp;57]]', 35 => '| monuments = [[Tomb of Horemheb (Memphis)|Memphite Tomb]]', 36 => '}}', 37 => ''''Horemheb''', also spelled '''Horemhab''' or '''Haremhab''' ({{lang-egy|ḥr-m-ḥb}}, meaning "[[Horus]] is in Jubilation")<ref name="Ranke 1935 248">{{cite book |last1=Ranke |first1=Hermann |title=Die Ägyptischen Personennamen, Bd. 1: Verzeichnis der Namen |date=1935 |publisher=J.J. Augustin |location=Glückstadt | url= http://gizamedia.rc.fas.harvard.edu/images/MFA-images/Giza/GizaImage/full/library/ranke_personennamen_1.pdf| accessdate= 24 July 2020 |page=248}}</ref> was the last [[pharaoh]] of the [[Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt|18th&nbsp;Dynasty of Egypt]]. He ruled for 14&nbsp;years somewhere between 1319&nbsp;BC and 1292&nbsp;BC.<ref>{{cite book |editor-first1=Erik |editor-last1=Hornung |editor-first2=Rolf |editor-last2=Krauss |editor-first3=David |editor-last3=Warburton |title=Ancient Egyptian Chronology |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientegyptianc00horn_842 |url-access=limited |series=Handbook of Oriental Studies |publisher=Brill |year=2006 |page=[https://archive.org/details/ancientegyptianc00horn_842/page/n505 493] |chapter=Chronology table}}</ref> He had no relation to the preceding royal family other than by marriage to [[Mutnedjmet]], who is thought (though disputed) to have been the daughter of his predecessor [[Ay]]; he is believed to have been of common birth.', 38 => '', 39 => 'Before he became pharaoh, Horemheb was the commander in chief of the army under the reigns of [[Tutankhamun]] and [[Ay]]. After his accession to the throne, he reformed the Egyptian state and it was under his reign that official action against the preceding [[Amarna Period|Amarna]] rulers began. Due to this, he is considered the ruler who restabilized his country after the troublesome and divisive Amarna Period.', 40 => '', 41 => 'Horemheb demolished monuments of [[Akhenaten]], reusing the rubble in his own building projects, and usurped monuments of Tutankhamun and Ay. Horemheb presumably had no surviving sons, as he appointed his vizier Paramesse as his successor, who would assume the throne as [[Ramesses I]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.carlos.emory.edu/RAMESSES/1_introduction.html |title=Ramesses |publisher=carlos.emory.edu |access-date=2015-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628000129/http://www.carlos.emory.edu/RAMESSES/1_introduction.html |archive-date=2017-06-28 |df=dmy-all |url-status=dead}}</ref>', 42 => '', 43 => '==Early career==', 44 => 'Horemheb is believed to have originally come from Hnes,{{efn|''Hnes'' is the city's ancient Egyptian name; it was later called ''[[Herakleopolis Magna]]'' by classical authors; its modern name is ''Ihnasya el-Medina''.}} on the west bank of the [[Nile]], near the entrance to the [[Al Fayyum|Fayum]], since his coronation text formally credits the god [[Horus]] of Hnes for establishing him on the throne.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Alan |last=Gardiner |author-link=Alan H. Gardiner |title=The coronation of king Haremhab |journal=Journal of Egyptian Archaeology |volume=39 |year=1953 |pages=14, 16, 21}}</ref>', 45 => '[[File:Horemheb Ashershow1.JPG|thumb|left|130px|A statue of Horemheb as a scribe]]', 46 => 'His parentage is unknown but he is believed to have been a commoner. According to the French Egyptologist [[Nicolas Grimal]], Horemheb does not appear to be the same person as Paatenemheb (''[[Aten]] Is Present In Jubilation'') who was the commander-in-chief of Akhenaten's army.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.virtual-egyptian-museum.org/Collection/FullVisit/Collection.FullVisit-JFR.html?../Content/STO.XL.00896.html&0 |publisher=Virtual Egyptian Museum |title=The Full Collection |website=virtual-egyptian-museum.org}}</ref> Grimal notes that Horemheb's political career first began under Tutankhamun where he "is depicted at this king's side in his own tomb chapel at Memphis."<ref name=Grimal1992>{{cite book |first=Nicolas |last=Grimal |title=A History of Ancient Egypt |publisher=Blackwell |year=1992}}</ref>{{rp|page=242}}', 47 => '', 48 => 'In the earliest known stage of his life, Horemheb served as "the royal spokesman for [Egypt's] foreign affairs" and personally led a diplomatic mission to visit the [[Nubia]]n governors.<ref name=Grimal1992/>{{rp|page=242}} This resulted in a reciprocal visit by "the Prince of Miam ([[Aniba (Nubia)|Aniba]])" to Tutankhamun's court, "an event [that is] depicted in the tomb of the Viceroy Huy."<ref name=Grimal1992/>{{rp|page=242}} Horemheb quickly rose to prominence under [[Tutankhamun]], becoming commander-in-chief of the army and advisor to the pharaoh. Horemheb's specific titles are spelled out in his Saqqara tomb, which was built while he was still only an official: "Hereditary Prince, [[Fan-bearer on the Right Side of the King]], and Chief Commander of the Army"; the "attendant of the King in his footsteps in the foreign countries of the south and the north"; the "King's Messenger in front of his army to the foreign countries to the south and the north"; and the "Sole Companion, he who is by the feet of his lord on the battlefield on that day of killing Asiatics."<ref>{{cite book |first=John A. |last=Wilson |article=Texts from the tomb of general Hor-em-heb |title=Ancient Near Eastern Texts (ANET) relating to the Old Testament |publisher=Princeton University Press |edition=2nd |year=1955 |pages=250–251}}</ref>', 49 => '', 50 => '[[File:Saqq Horemheb 07.jpg|thumb|Relief from Horemheb's tomb. Receiving 'gold of honour' collars.]]', 51 => 'When Tutankhamun died while a teenager, Horemheb had already been officially designated as the ''rpat'' or ''[[iry-pat]]'' (basically the "hereditary or crown prince") and ''idnw'' ("deputy of the king" in the entire land) by the child pharaoh; these titles are found inscribed in Horemheb's then private Memphite tomb at Saqqara which dates to the reign of Tutankhamun since the child king's', 52 => '{{quotation|...&nbsp;cartouches, although later usurped by Horemheb as king, have been found on a block which adjoins the famous gold of honour scene, a large portion of which is in Leiden. The royal couple depicted in this scene and in the adjacent scene&nbsp;76, which shows Horemheb acting as an intermediary between the king and a group of subject foreign rulers, are therefore to be identified as Tut'ankhamun and 'Ankhesenamun. This makes it very unlikely from the start that any titles of honours claimed by Horemheb in the inscriptions in the tomb are fictitious.<ref name=vanDijk1993>{{cite thesis |title=The New Kingdom Necropolis of Memphis |series=Historical and Iconographical Studies |first=Jacobus |last=van&nbsp;Dijk |publisher=University of Groningen |type=dissertation |place=Groningen, NL |year=1993 |chapter=Chapter&nbsp;One: Horemheb, Prince Regent of Tutankh'amun |chapter-url=http://www.jacobusvandijk.nl/docs/Horemheb_chapter.pdf}}</ref>{{rp|pages=17–18 / PDF pp.&nbsp;9–10}} }}', 53 => '', 54 => 'The title ''iry-pat'' (Hereditary Prince) was used very frequently in Horemheb's Saqqara tomb but not combined with any other words. When used alone, the Egyptologist [[Alan H. Gardiner|Alan Gardiner]] has shown that the ''iry-pat'' title contains features of ancient descent and lawful inheritance which is identical to the designation for a "Crown Prince."<ref>{{cite journal |first=Alan |last=Gardiner |author-link=Alan H. Gardiner |title=The coronation of King Haremhab |journal=Journal of Egyptian Archaeology |volume=39 |year=1953 |pages=13–31}}</ref> This means that Horemheb was the openly recognised heir to Tutankhamun's throne, and not Ay, Tutankhamun's immediate successor. As the Dutch Egyptologist Jacobus van&nbsp;Dijk observes:', 55 => '', 56 => '{{quotation|There is no indication that Horemheb always intended to succeed Tut'ankhamun; obviously not even he could possibly have predicted that the king would die without issue. It must always have been understood that his appointment as crown prince would end as soon as the king produced an heir, and that he would succeed Tut'ankhamun only in the eventuality of an early and / or childless death of the sovereign. There can be no doubt that nobody outranked the Hereditary Prince of Upper and Lower Egypt and Deputy of the King in the Entire Land except the king himself, and that Horemheb was entitled to the throne once the king had unexpectedly died without issue. This means that it is Ay's, not Horemheb's accession which calls for an explanation. Why was Ay able to ascend the throne upon the death of Tut'ankhamun, despite the fact that Horemheb had at that time already been the official heir to the throne for almost ten years?<ref name=vanDijk1993/>{{rp|pages=48–49 / PDF pp.&nbsp;40–41}} }}', 57 => '', 58 => '[[File:Submission of West Asiatics on the tomb of Horemheb circa 1300 BCE.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Submission of West Asiatic foreigners on the tomb of Horemheb circa 1300 BCE]]', 59 => 'The aged Vizier [[Ay]] sidelined Horemheb's claim to the throne and instead succeeded Tutankhamun, probably because Horemheb was in Asia with the army at the time of Tutankhamun's death. No objects belonging to Horemheb were found in Tutankhamun's tomb, but items among the tomb goods donated by other high-ranking officials, such as [[Maya (Egyptian)|Maya]] and [[Nakhtmin]], were identified by Egyptologists. Further, Tutankhamun's queen, [[Ankhesenamun]], refused to marry Horemheb, a commoner, and so make him king of Egypt.<ref name=vanDijk1993/>{{rp|pages=50–51, 56–60 / PDF pp.&nbsp;42–43, 48–52}} Having pushed Horemheb's claims aside, Ay proceeded to nominate the aforementioned Nakhtmin, who was possibly Ay's son or adopted son, to succeed him rather than Horemheb.<ref name=Helck1984>{{cite book |first=Wolfgang |last=Helck |title=Urkunden der 18&nbsp;Dynastie: Texte der Hefte&nbsp;20–21 |place=Berlin |publisher=Akademie-Verlag |year=1984 |pages=1908–1910}}</ref><ref name=vanDijk1993/>{{rp|pages=59–62 / PDF pp.&nbsp;51–54}}', 60 => '', 61 => 'After Ay's reign, which lasted for a little over four years, Horemheb managed to seize power, presumably thanks to his position as commander of the army, and to assume what he must have perceived to be his just reward for having ably served Egypt under Tutankhamun and Ay. Horemheb quickly removed Nakhtmin's rival claim to the throne and arranged to have Ay's [[WV23|WV&nbsp;23]] tomb desecrated by smashing the latter's sarcophagus, systematically chiselling Ay's name and figure out of the tomb walls and probably destroying Ay's mummy.<ref>Ay's tomb WV&nbsp;23 in the western annex of the Valley of the Kings; see {{cite book |author1=Porter |author2=Moss |name-list-style=amp |title=Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyph Texts, Reliefs and Parts |volume=1 |at=Part&nbsp;2 pp.&nbsp;550–551 |place=Oxford, UK |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1960}}</ref> However, he spared Tutankhamun's tomb from vandalism presumably because it was Tutankhamun who had promoted his rise to power and chosen him to be his heir. Horemheb also usurped and enlarged Ay's mortuary temple at [[Medinet Habu (temple)|Medinet Habu]] for his own use and erased Ay's titulary on the back of a 17&nbsp;foot colossal statue by carving his own titulary in its place.', 62 => '', 63 => '==Internal reform==', 64 => '[[File:Statue of Horemheb with Amun (Museo Egizio).jpg|thumb|Horemheb with Amun at the [[Museo Egizio]] of [[Turin]], [[Italy]].]]', 65 => 'Upon his accession, Horemheb initiated a comprehensive series of internal transformations to the power structures of [[Akhenaten]]'s reign, due to the preceding transfer of state power from Amun's priests to Akhenaten's government officials. Horemheb "appointed judges and regional tribunes ... reintroduced local religious authorities" and divided legal power "between [[Upper and Lower Egypt|Upper Egypt]] and [[Upper and Lower Egypt|Lower Egypt]]" between "the [[Vizier (Ancient Egypt)|Vizier]]s of [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]] and [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]] respectively."<ref name=Grimal1992/>{{rp|page=243}}', 66 => '', 67 => 'These deeds are recorded in a stela which the king erected at the foot of his Tenth Pylon at Karnak. Occasionally called ''The Great Edict of Horemheb'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/texts/edict_of_horemheb.htm |title=The Great Edict of Horemheb |publisher=reshafim.org.il |access-date=2008-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817035720/http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/texts/edict_of_horemheb.htm |archive-date=2018-08-17 |df=dmy-all |url-status=dead}}</ref> it is a copy of the actual text of the king's decree to re-establish order to the Two Lands and curb abuses of state authority. The stela's creation and prominent location emphasizes the great importance which Horemheb placed upon domestic reform.', 68 => '', 69 => 'Horemheb also reformed the Army and reorganized the [[Deir el-Medina]] workforce in his 7th&nbsp;year while Horemheb's official Maya renewed the tomb of [[Thutmose IV]], which had been disturbed by tomb robbers in his 8th&nbsp;year. While the king restored the priesthood of Amun, he prevented the Amun priests from forming a stranglehold on power, by deliberately reappointing priests who mostly came from the Egyptian army since he could rely on their personal loyalty.<ref>{{cite book |first=Peter |last=Clayton |title=Chronicle of the Pharaohs |url=https://archive.org/details/chronicleofphara00clay |url-access=limited |publisher=Thames & Hudson Ltd |year=1994 |page=[https://archive.org/details/chronicleofphara00clay/page/137 137]}}</ref>', 70 => 'Horemheb was a prolific builder who erected numerous temples and buildings throughout Egypt during his reign. He constructed the Second, Ninth, and Tenth [[Pylon (architecture)|Pylons]] of the [[Great Hypostyle Hall, Karnak|Great Hypostyle Hall]], in the [[Karnak|Temple at Karnak]], using recycled [[talatat]] blocks from [[Akhenaten]]'s own monuments here, as building material for the first two Pylons.<ref name=Grimal1992/>{{rp|page=243, 303}}', 71 => '', 72 => 'Because of his unexpected rise to the throne, Horemheb had two tombs constructed for himself: the [[Tomb of Horemheb (Memphis)|first]] – when he was a mere nobleman – at [[Saqqara]] near [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]], and the other in the [[Valley of the Kings]], in [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]], in tomb [[KV57|KV&nbsp;57]] as king. His chief wife was Queen [[Mutnedjmet]], who may have been [[Nefertiti]]'s younger sister. They had no surviving children, although examinations of Mutnedjmet's mummy show that she gave birth several times, and she was buried with an infant, suggesting that she and her last child died in childbirth. Horemheb is not known to have any children by his first wife, [[Amenia, Wife of Horemheb|Amenia]], who died before Horemheb assumed power.<ref>{{cite book |first=Joyce |last=Tyldesley |title=Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt |url=https://archive.org/details/chroniclequeense00tyld |url-access=limited |publisher=Thames & Hudson |year=2006 |page=[https://archive.org/details/chroniclequeense00tyld/page/n139 140]}}</ref>', 73 => '', 74 => '==Disputed reign length==', 75 => '[[File:La tombe de Horemheb (KV.57) (Vallée des Rois Thèbes ouest) -6.jpg|thumb|The sarcophagus of Horemheb and wall reliefs in his [[KV57]] tomb.]]', 76 => 'Scholars long disputed whether Horemheb reigned for 14 or 27&nbsp;years. [[Manetho]]'s Epitome assigns a reign length of 4&nbsp;years and 1&nbsp;month to Horemheb. Scholars previously assigned this reign-length to Ay; however, evidence from excavations in Horemheb's tomb (KV57) indicates that this figure should be raised by a decade to [1]4&nbsp;years and 1&nbsp;month and attributed to Horemheb. These excavations, conducted under G.T. Martin in 2006 and 2007, uncovered a large hoard of 168&nbsp;inscribed wine sherds and dockets, below densely compacted debris in a great shaft (called Well Room&nbsp;E) in KV&nbsp;57. Of the 46&nbsp;wine sherds with year dates, 14&nbsp;have nothing but the year date formula, 5&nbsp;dockets have year&nbsp;10+X, 3&nbsp;dockets have year&nbsp;11+X, 2&nbsp;dockets preserve year&nbsp;12+X and 1&nbsp;docket has a year&nbsp;13+X inscription. 22&nbsp;dockets "mention year&nbsp;13 and 8 have year&nbsp;14 [of Horemheb]" but none mention a higher date for Horemheb.<ref name=vanDijk2008>{{cite journal |first=Jacobus |last=van&nbsp;Dijk |title=New evidence on the length of the reign of Horemheb |journal=Journal of the American Research Centre in Egypt (JARCE) |volume=44 |year=2008 |page=195}}</ref>', 77 => '', 78 => 'The full texts of the docket readings are identical and read as:', 79 => ':{{quotation|Year&nbsp;13. Wine of the estate of Horemheb-meren-Amun, L.P.H., in the domain of Amun. Western River. Chief vintner ''Ty''.<ref name=vanDijk2008/>}}', 80 => '', 81 => 'Meanwhile, the year&nbsp;14 dockets, in contrast, are all individual and mention specific wines such as "very good quality wine" or, in one case "sweet wine" and the location of the vineyard is identified.<ref name=vanDijk2008/> A general example is this text on a year&nbsp;14 wine docket:', 82 => ':{{quotation|Year&nbsp;14, Good quality wine of the estate of Horemheb-meren-Amun, L.P.H., in the domain of Amun, from the wineyard of [[Atfih]], Chief vintner ''Haty''.<ref name=vanDijk2008/>}}', 83 => 'Other year&nbsp;14 dockets mention Memphis (?), the Western River while their vintners are named as Nakhtamun, [Mer-]seger-men, Ramose, and others.<ref name=vanDijk2008/>{{rp|page=196}}', 84 => '', 85 => 'The "quality and consistency of the KV&nbsp;57 dockets strongly suggest that Horemheb was buried in his year&nbsp;14, or at least before the wine harvest of his year&nbsp;15 at the very latest."<ref name=vanDijk2008/>{{rp|page=196}} This evidence is consistent "with the Horemheb dockets from Deir el-Medina which mention years&nbsp;2, 3, 4, 6, 13, and 14, but again no higher dates&nbsp;..." while a docket ascribed to Horemheb from [[Sedment]] has year&nbsp;12."{{refn|van&nbsp;Dijk (2008)<ref name=vanDijk2008/>{{rp|page=197–198}} cites Nagel (1938), for year&nbsp;2;<ref>{{cite book |first=G. |last=Nagel |title=La ceramique du Nouvel Empire a Deir Medineh |place=Cairo |year=1938 |volume=15 |page=6}}</ref> Koenig (1979–1980)<ref>{{cite book |first=Y. |last=Koenig |title=Catalogues des etiquettes de jarres hieratiques de Deir el Medineh |place=Cairo |year=1979–1980}}</ref> for year&nbsp;3 (no.&nbsp;6299), year&nbsp;4 (no.&nbsp;6295), year&nbsp;6 (no.&nbsp;6403), year&nbsp;13 (no.&nbsp;6294), and year&nbsp;14 (no.&nbsp;6345); Martin (1988)<ref>{{cite book |first=G.T. |last=Martin |contribution=Three Objects of New Kingdom Date from the Memphite Area and Sidmant: 3.&nbsp;An inscribed amphora from Sidmant |editor1-first=J. |editor1-last=Baines |display-editors=etal |title=Pyramid Studies and Other Essays presented to I.E.S.&nbsp;Edwards |place=London |year=1988}}</ref>{{rp|at=pl.&nbsp;21, pp.&nbsp;118–120}} }} The lack of dated inscriptions for Horemheb after his year&nbsp;14 also explains the unfinished state of Horemheb's royal KV&nbsp;57 tomb – "a fact not taken into account by any of those [scholars] defending a long reign [of 26 or 27&nbsp;years]. The tomb is comparable to that of Seti&nbsp;I in size and decoration technique, and Seti&nbsp;I's tomb is far more extensively decorated than that of Horemheb, and yet Seti managed to virtually complete his tomb within a decade, whereas Horemheb did not even succeed in fully decorating the three rooms he planned to have done, leaving even the burial hall unfinished. Even if we assume that Horemheb did not begin the work on his royal tomb until his year&nbsp;7 or 8, ... it remains a mystery how the work could not have been completed had he lived on for another 20 or more years."<ref name=vanDijk2008/>{{rp|page=198}} Therefore, most scholars now accept a reign of 14&nbsp;years and 1&nbsp;month.', 86 => '', 87 => '[[File:Karnak9.JPG|thumb|A wall relief of Horemheb making an offering to [[Amun]] on the 10th pylon at Karnak.]]', 88 => 'The argument for a 27&nbsp;year reign derived from two texts. The first is an anonymous [[hieratic]] [[Graffito (archaeology)|graffito]] written on the shoulder of a now fragmented statue from his mortuary temple in Karnak which mentions the appearance of the king himself, or a royal cult statue representing the king, for a religious feast. The ink graffito reads ''Year&nbsp;27, first Month of Shemu day&nbsp;9, the day on which Horemheb, who loves Amun and hates his enemies, entered'' [the temple for the event]. It was disputed whether this was a contemporary text or a reference to a festival commemorating Horemheb's accession written in the reign of a later king.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Rolf |last=Krauss |title=Nur ein kurioser Irrtum oder ein Beleg für die Jahr&nbsp;26 und 27 von Haremhab? |journal=Discussions in Egyptology |volume=30 |year=1994 |pages=73–85}}</ref> The second text is the Inscription of Mes, from the reign of [[Ramesses II]], which records that a court case decision was rendered in favour of a rival branch of Mes' family in year&nbsp;59 of Horemheb.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/texts/mes.htm |title=Inscription of Mes |publisher=reshafim.org.il |access-date=2009-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121144717/http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/texts/mes.htm |archive-date=2016-11-21 |df=dmy-all |url-status=dead}}</ref> It was argued that the year&nbsp;59 Horemheb date included the reigns of all the rulers between Amenhotep&nbsp;III and Horemheb. Subtracting the nearly 17&nbsp;year reign of Akhenaten, the 2&nbsp;year reign of Neferneferuaten, the 9&nbsp;year reign of Tutankhamun and the reign of Ay suggested a reign of 26–27&nbsp;years for Horemheb. However, the length of Ay's reign is not actually known and Wolfgang Helck argues that there was no standard Egyptian practice of including the years of all the rulers between Amenhotep&nbsp;III and Horemheb.<ref name=Helck1984/>{{rp|at='''IV''':2162}}<ref name=vanDijk2008/>{{rp|page=198–199}}', 89 => '', 90 => '==Succession==', 91 => '{{see also|Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree}}', 92 => '[[File:La tombe de Horemheb (KV.57) (Vallée des Rois Thèbes ouest) -4.jpg|thumb|[[KV57|KV&nbsp;57]]: the Tomb of Horemheb]]', 93 => '[[File:Saq Horemheb 01.jpg|thumb|The forecourt of Horemheb's Memphite [[Tomb of Horemheb (Memphis)|tomb]] at Saqqara.]]', 94 => '', 95 => 'Under Horemheb, Egypt's power and confidence were once again restored after the internal chaos of the [[Amarna|Amarna period]]; this situation set the stage for the rise of the 19th&nbsp;Dynasty under such ambitious Pharaohs as [[Seti I]] and [[Ramesses II]]. Geoffrey Martin in his excavation work at Saqqara states that the burial of Horemheb's second wife [[Mutnedjmet]], as well as that of an unborn or newborn baby, was located at the bottom of a shaft to the rooms of Horemheb's Saqqara tomb. He notes that "a fragment of an [[alabaster]] vase inscribed with a funerary text for the chantress of Amun and King's Wife, Mutnodjmet, as well as pieces of a statuette of her [was found here] ... The funerary vase in particular, since it bears her name and titles would hardly have been used for the burial of some other person."<ref name="Martin">{{cite book |first=G. |last=Martin |title=The Hidden Tombs of Memphis |publisher=Thames & Hudson |year=1991 |pages=97–98}}</ref><blockquote>Eugene Strouhal studied a skull and other bones and concluded that they belonged to the queen. According to his analysis, the queen lost her teeth at an early age. She died at around age forty, possibly in childbirth, as the remains of a fetus were found with her body.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b4N9DAAAQBAJ&q=queen+mutnodjmet+buried+with+fetus&pg=PA143 |via=Google Books |title=Scanning the Pharaohs: CT Imaging of the New Kingdom Royal Mummies |last1=Hawass |first1=Zahi A. |author1-link=Zahi Hawass |last2=Saleem |first2=Sahar |year=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-977-416-673-0 |language=en}}</ref></blockquote>Since Horemheb had no surviving son, he appointed his [[Vizier (Ancient Egypt)|Vizier]], Paramesse, to succeed him upon his death, both to reward Paramesse's loyalty and because the latter had both a son and grandson to secure Egypt's royal succession. Paramesse employed the name [[Ramesses I]] upon assuming power and founded the [[Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt|19th Dynasty]] of the New Kingdom. While the decoration of Horemheb's KV&nbsp;57 tomb was still unfinished upon his death, this situation is not unprecedented: [[Amenhotep II]]'s tomb was also not fully completed when he was buried, even though this ruler enjoyed a reign of 26&nbsp;years.', 96 => '', 97 => '==Tomb and excavation==', 98 => 'Horemheb's tomb was excavated in the early 20th&nbsp;century by [[Theodore M. Davis]]. Davis discovered it in a poor state due to robbers and earth movements over the centuries. The lid of the [[sarcophagus]] had been taken off and smashed by robbers.<ref>{{cite media |medium=video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7jrjNcBNF7A |title=Haremhab, Pharaoh and Conqueror: New Investigations in His Royal Tomb in the Valley of the Kings |publisher=The Met}}</ref>', 99 => '', 100 => '==Cultural depictions==', 101 => '===Film===', 102 => '* Horemheb was portrayed by [[Victor Mature]] in ''[[The Egyptian (film)|The Egyptian]]'' (1954), the film adaptation of [[Mika Waltari]]'s bestselling novel.', 103 => '', 104 => '===Television===', 105 => '* Horemheb was portrayed by British actor [[Nonso Anozie]] in the 2015 mini-TV series ''[[Tut (miniseries)|Tut]]'' which aired on [[Spike (TV network)|Spike]] in the US, and on [[Channel 5 (UK)|Channel 5]] in the UK.', 106 => '', 107 => '===Music===', 108 => 'Horemhab is a character in the opera ''[[Akhnaten (opera)|Akhnaten]]'' by [[Philip Glass]]; he is sung by a baritone.', 109 => '', 110 => '===Literature===', 111 => '* Horemheb is a major character in Nick Drake's trilogy of mystery novels, ''The Book of the Dead'', ''Tutankhamun'' and ''The Book of Chaos''.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}', 112 => '* Horemheb is a major character in [[P. C. Doherty]]'s trilogy of historical novels, ''An Evil Spirit Out of the West'', ''The Season of the Hyaena'' and ''The Year of the Cobra''.', 113 => '* Horemheb is a major character in [[Pauline Gedge]]'s historical novel ''The Twelfth Transforming''.', 114 => '* Horemheb is a major character in Katie Hamstead's trilogy, ''Kiya: Hope of the Pharaoh'', ''Kiya: Mother of the King'' and ''Kiya: Rise of a New Dynasty''.', 115 => '* Horemheb is a key character in Kyah Merritt's historical trilogy ''[[A Legacy of Light (trilogy)]]''.', 116 => '* Horemheb is a minor character in the novels ''Nefertiti'' and '' The Heretic Queen'' by [[Michelle Moran]].', 117 => '* Horemheb appears as a major character in [[Lynda Suzanne Robinson]]'s ''Lord Meren'' series of Egyptian mysteries.', 118 => '* Horemheb is a minor character in [[Chie Shinohara]]'s Japanese graphic novel, ''[[Red River (manga)|Red River]]'', centered around ancient Anatolia and ancient Egypt.', 119 => '* Horemheb is a major character in [[Mika Waltari]]'s 1945 historical fiction international bestseller ''[[The Egyptian]]''<ref>{{cite book |first=Mika |last=Waltari |author-link=Mika Waltari |title-link=The Egyptian |title=Sinuhe Egyptiläinen |language=Finnish |date=November 1945 |trans-title=Sinuhe, The Egyptian |publisher=[[Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö|WSOY]] |place=Helsinki}} (note that many later translations, including the 1949 English edition, were heavily abridged and [[Bowdlerized]])</ref>', 120 => '* Horemheb is a major character, originally named ''Kaires'', in two novels by [[Allen Drury]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Allen |last=Drury |author-link=Allen Drury |title=[[A God Against the Gods]] |publisher=Doubleday |date=July 1976 |isbn=0-385-00199-1}} reprinted by WordFire Press in 2015</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Allen |last=Drury |author-link=Allen Drury |title=[[Return to Thebes]] |publisher=Doubleday |date=February 1977 |isbn=0-385-04199-3}} reprinted by WordFire Press in 2015</ref>', 121 => '', 122 => '==Footnotes==', 123 => '{{notelist|1}}', 124 => '', 125 => '==References==', 126 => '{{reflist|25em}}', 127 => '', 128 => '==Bibliography==', 129 => '* [[Cyril Aldred]], Two monuments of the reign of Ḥoremḥab, in: ''Journal of Egyptian Archaeology'' 54 (1968), 100–106.', 130 => '* [[Jürgen von Beckerath]], Nochmals die Regierungsdauer des Ḥaremḥab, in: SAK 6 (1978), 43–49.', 131 => '* [[Jürgen von Beckerath]], Chronologie des pharaonischen Ägypten, MÄS 46, Philip Von Zabern, Mainz: 1997.', 132 => '* [[Alan Gardiner]], The Inscription of Mes: A Contribution to Egyptian Juridical Procedure, Untersuchungen IV, Pt. 3 (Leipzig: 1905).', 133 => '* Nicholas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, Blackwell Books: 1992.', 134 => '* K.A. Kitchen, The Basis of Egyptian Chronology in relation to the Bronze Age," Volume 1: pp.&nbsp;37–55 in "High, Middle or Low?: Acts of an International Colloquium on absolute chronology held at the University of Gothenburg 20–22 August 1987." (ed: Paul Aström).', 135 => '', 136 => '==External links==', 137 => '{{Commons category-inline}}', 138 => '* {{cite web |url=http://www.archaeowiki.org/Horemheb |title=Horemheb |website=Archaeowiki.org}}', 139 => '* {{cite media |medium=video |via=YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0lLv58zwGhU |title=Symposium on Horemhab |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art}}', 140 => '* {{cite media |medium=video |via=YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7jrjNcBNF7A |title=Haremhab, Pharaoh and Conqueror: New Investigations in His Royal Tomb in the Valley of the Kings (lecture)}}', 141 => '* {{cite media |medium=video |via=YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0lLv58zwGhU |title=A Symposium on Haremhab: General and King of Egypt}}', 142 => '', 143 => '{{Pharaohs}}', 144 => '', 145 => '{{Authority control}}', 146 => '', 147 => '[[Category:Horemheb| ]]', 148 => '[[Category:14th-century BC births]]', 149 => '[[Category:1292 BC deaths]]', 150 => '[[Category:14th-century BC Pharaohs]]', 151 => '[[Category:13th-century BC Pharaohs]]', 152 => '[[Category:Pharaohs of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt]]', 153 => '[[Category:Amarna Period]]', 154 => '[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]', 155 => '[[Category:Tutankhamun]]', 156 => '[[Category:Ay]]', 157 => '[[Category:Fan-bearer on the Right Side of the King]]' ]