From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Northeast Caucasian language spoken in Dagestan, Russia
Not to be confused with with the Kajtak dialect of
Judeo-Tat.
A speaker of Kaitag.
Kaitag (Kaitag: Хайдакьан кув [χɑjdɑqʼɑn kʰuβ]; also Kaidak, Karakaitak, Karkaidak, Qaidaqlan) is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken in Dagestan, Russia. It has sometimes been considered a divergent dialect of Dargwa due to it being part of the Dargin dialect continuum. The Routledge Ethnographic Handbook (2017) divided Kaitag into two dialects: northern (Magalis-Kaitak) and southern (Karakaitak).[2] Recent results of the Association of the Russian Sociolinguists (2021) further developed it into three dialects: Lower Kaitag, Upper Kaitag and Shari.[3]
The languages consists of eight varieties, forming three dialects. Each of the Upper varieties corresponds to a historical province of the region.[4]
- Upper Kaitag – Хъар Хайдакь (south-west).
- Shurkkant – "The Cliff Dwellers" – Шурккант.
- Qattagan – "The Gorge Dwellers" – Къаттагне.
- Irchamul – "The Land of Nine" – Ирчӏамул.
- Lower Kaitag – Ххьар Хайдакь.
- Barshamai – Баршамаӏъган.
- Karatsan – Гъаӏрцӏнила.
- Jibahni – Чӏивгьаӏн.
- Sanchi – Сунклан.
- Shari – Шаӏръи.
Consonants form by series of voiced, aspirated, fortis, ejective, and labialized variants. The palatal fricative [ç] might be the voiceless post-palatal fricative, which can be more precisely transcribed as [ç̠] or [x̟].[5]
The Kaitag language is usually written in the Cyrillic script. The letters of the alphabet are (with their pronunciation given below in IPA transcription):
а
[ɑ~a]
|
аӏ
[æ]
|
б
[b]
|
в
[β]
|
г
[g]
|
гв
[gʷ]
|
гъ
[ʁ]
|
гъв
[ʁʷ]
|
гь
[h]
|
гьв
[hʷ]
|
д
[d]
|
е
[ɛ~e]
|
ж
[ʒ]
|
жв
[ʒʷ]
|
з
[z]
|
и
[ɪ~i]
|
й
[j]
|
к
[kʰ]
|
кв
[kʰʷ]
|
кк
[kː]
|
ккв
[kːʷ]
|
кӏ
[kʼ]
|
кӏв
[kʼʷ]
|
хъ
[qʰ]
|
хъв
[qʰʷ]
|
къ
[qː]
|
къв
[qːʷ]
|
кь
[qʼ]
|
кь
[qʼʷ]
|
л
[l]
|
м
[m]
|
н
[n]
|
п
[pʰ]
|
пп
[pː]
|
пӏ
[pʼ]
|
с
[s]
|
сс
[sː]
|
т
[tʰ]
|
тт
[tː]
|
тӏ
[tʼ]
|
у
[u]
|
х
[χ]
|
хв
[χʷ]
|
хх
[χː]
|
ххв
[χːʷ]
|
хь
[ç]
|
хьв
[çʷ]
|
ххь
[çː]
|
ххьв
[çːʷ]
|
ц
[t͡sʰ]
|
цц
[t͡sː]
|
цӏ
[t͡sʼ]
|
ч
[t͡ʃʰ]
|
чв
[t͡ʃʰʷ]
|
чч
[t͡ʃː]
|
ччв
[t͡ʃːʷ]
|
чӏ
[t͡ʃʼ]
|
чӏв
[t͡ʃʼʷ]
|
ш
[ʃ]
|
шв
[ʃʷ]
|
шш
[ʃː]
|
шшв
[ʃːʷ]
|
ъ
[ʔ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Most of Kaitag's vocabulary stems from proto-Northeast-Caucasian roots. Like with other languages of Dagestan, there is a considerable number of Arabic, Iranian, Turkic and recently Russian loanwords.
Swadesh list for Kaitag
No.
|
English
|
Kaitag
|
1
|
I
|
ду [du]
|
2
|
you (singular)
|
и [(ʔ)ɪ]
|
3
|
he
|
гье [hɛ]
|
4
|
we
|
нисса [nisːɑ] (excl.), ниххьва [niçːʷɑ] (incl.)
|
5
|
you (plural)
|
нишша [niʃːɑ]
|
6
|
they
|
гьетти [hetːɪ]
|
7
|
this
|
гьеж [hɛʒ]
|
8
|
that
|
гьет [hɛtʰ]
|
9
|
here
|
гьежин [hɛʒɪn]
|
10
|
there
|
гьетин [hɛtʰɪn]
|
11
|
who
|
ча [t͡ʃʰɑ]
|
12
|
what
|
ци [t͡sʰɪ]
|
13
|
where
|
квацци [kʰʷɑt͡sːɪ]
|
14
|
when
|
цикъел [t͡sʰɪqːɛl]
|
15
|
how
|
цигле [t͡sʰɪglɛ]
|
16
|
not
|
аккву [ɑkːʷu] (n.), а(й)- [ɑ(j)-] (v.)
|
17
|
all
|
сукке [sukːɛ]
|
18
|
many
|
дахъ [dɑqʰ]
|
19
|
some
|
чумилра [t͡ʃʰumɪlrɑ]
|
20
|
few
|
кам [kʰɑm]
|
21
|
other
|
дикӏар [dɪkʼɑr]
|
22
|
one
|
ца [t͡sʰɑ]
|
23
|
two
|
чӏве [t͡ʃʼʷɛ]
|
24
|
three
|
аӏв [æβ]
|
25
|
four
|
угъ [uʁ]
|
26
|
five
|
шве [ʃʷɛ]
|
27
|
big
|
хвала [χʷɑlɑ]
|
28
|
long
|
ухъен [uqʰɛn]
|
29
|
wide
|
баӏъу[bæʔu]
|
30
|
thick
|
буцц [but͡sː]
|
31
|
heavy
|
декӏ [dɛkʼ]
|
32
|
small
|
никӏва [nɪkʼʷɑ]
|
33
|
short
|
кутӏ [kutʼ]
|
34
|
narrow
|
гъваӏрцӏ [ʁʷærcʼ]
|
35
|
thin
|
букӏал [bukʼɑl]
|
36
|
woman
|
ххьулум [çːulum]
|
37
|
man (adult male)
|
мургул[murgul]
|
38
|
man (human being)
|
мейдам [mɛjdɑm]
|
39
|
child
|
даӏргьаӏ [dærhæ]
|
40
|
wife
|
ххьади [çːɑdɪ]
|
41
|
husband
|
сув [suβ]
|
42
|
mother
|
уба [ubɑ]
|
43
|
father
|
атта [ɑtːɑ]
|
44
|
animal
|
мицӏираг [mɪcʼɪrɑg]
|
45
|
fish
|
кӏас [kʼɑs]
|
46
|
bird
|
ахьлиъаӏн [ɑçlɪʔæn]
|
47
|
dog
|
ххваӏ [χːʷæ]
|
48
|
louse
|
нез [nɛz]
|
49
|
snake
|
цӏецӏи [cʼɛcʼɪ]
|
50
|
worm
|
милкъваӏ [mɪlqːʷæ]
|
51
|
tree
|
ккалкка [kːɑlkːɑ]
|
52
|
forest
|
дуцца [dut͡sːɑ]
|
53
|
stick
|
миргъаӏ [mɪrʁæ]
|
54
|
fruit
|
удар [udɑr]
|
55
|
seed
|
шва [ʃʷɑ]
|
56
|
leaf
|
кӏаппар [kʼɑpːɑr]
|
57
|
root
|
йамппа [jɑmpːɑ]
|
58
|
bark (of a tree)
|
кам [kɑm]
|
59
|
flower
|
жуже [ʒuʒɛ]
|
60
|
grass
|
кьар [qʼɑr]
|
61
|
rope
|
{{{wrd061}}}
|
62
|
skin
|
{{{wrd062}}}
|
63
|
meat
|
{{{wrd063}}}
|
64
|
blood
|
{{{wrd064}}}
|
65
|
bone
|
{{{wrd065}}}
|
66
|
fat (noun)
|
{{{wrd066}}}
|
67
|
egg
|
{{{wrd067}}}
|
68
|
horn
|
{{{wrd068}}}
|
69
|
tail
|
{{{wrd069}}}
|
70
|
feather
|
{{{wrd070}}}
|
71
|
hair
|
{{{wrd071}}}
|
72
|
head
|
{{{wrd072}}}
|
73
|
ear
|
{{{wrd073}}}
|
74
|
eye
|
{{{wrd074}}}
|
75
|
nose
|
{{{wrd075}}}
|
76
|
mouth
|
{{{wrd076}}}
|
77
|
tooth
|
{{{wrd077}}}
|
78
|
tongue (organ)
|
{{{wrd078}}}
|
79
|
fingernail
|
{{{wrd079}}}
|
80
|
foot
|
{{{wrd080}}}
|
81
|
leg
|
{{{wrd081}}}
|
82
|
knee
|
{{{wrd082}}}
|
83
|
hand
|
{{{wrd083}}}
|
84
|
wing
|
{{{wrd084}}}
|
85
|
belly
|
{{{wrd085}}}
|
86
|
guts
|
{{{wrd086}}}
|
87
|
neck
|
{{{wrd087}}}
|
88
|
back
|
{{{wrd088}}}
|
89
|
breast
|
{{{wrd089}}}
|
90
|
heart
|
{{{wrd090}}}
|
91
|
liver
|
{{{wrd091}}}
|
92
|
to drink
|
{{{wrd092}}}
|
93
|
to eat
|
{{{wrd093}}}
|
94
|
to bite
|
{{{wrd094}}}
|
95
|
to suck
|
{{{wrd095}}}
|
96
|
to spit
|
{{{wrd096}}}
|
97
|
to vomit
|
{{{wrd097}}}
|
98
|
to blow
|
{{{wrd098}}}
|
99
|
to breathe
|
{{{wrd099}}}
|
100
|
to laugh
|
{{{wrd100}}}
|
101
|
to see
|
{{{wrd101}}}
|
102
|
to hear
|
{{{wrd102}}}
|
103
|
to know
|
{{{wrd103}}}
|
104
|
to think
|
{{{wrd104}}}
|
105
|
to smell
|
{{{wrd105}}}
|
106
|
to fear
|
{{{wrd106}}}
|
107
|
to sleep
|
{{{wrd107}}}
|
108
|
to live
|
{{{wrd108}}}
|
109
|
to die
|
{{{wrd109}}}
|
110
|
to kill
|
{{{wrd110}}}
|
111
|
to fight
|
{{{wrd111}}}
|
112
|
to hunt
|
{{{wrd112}}}
|
113
|
to hit
|
{{{wrd113}}}
|
114
|
to cut
|
{{{wrd114}}}
|
115
|
to split
|
{{{wrd115}}}
|
116
|
to stab
|
{{{wrd116}}}
|
117
|
to scratch
|
{{{wrd117}}}
|
118
|
to dig
|
{{{wrd118}}}
|
119
|
to swim
|
{{{wrd119}}}
|
120
|
to fly
|
{{{wrd120}}}
|
121
|
to walk
|
{{{wrd121}}}
|
122
|
to come
|
{{{wrd122}}}
|
123
|
to lie (as in a bed)
|
{{{wrd123}}}
|
124
|
to sit
|
{{{wrd124}}}
|
125
|
to stand
|
{{{wrd125}}}
|
126
|
to turn (intransitive)
|
{{{wrd126}}}
|
127
|
to fall
|
{{{wrd127}}}
|
128
|
to give
|
{{{wrd128}}}
|
129
|
to hold
|
{{{wrd129}}}
|
130
|
to squeeze
|
{{{wrd130}}}
|
131
|
to rub
|
{{{wrd131}}}
|
132
|
to wash
|
{{{wrd132}}}
|
133
|
to wipe
|
{{{wrd133}}}
|
134
|
to pull
|
{{{wrd134}}}
|
135
|
to push
|
{{{wrd135}}}
|
136
|
to throw
|
{{{wrd136}}}
|
137
|
to tie
|
{{{wrd137}}}
|
138
|
to sew
|
{{{wrd138}}}
|
139
|
to count
|
{{{wrd139}}}
|
140
|
to say
|
{{{wrd140}}}
|
141
|
to sing
|
{{{wrd141}}}
|
142
|
to play
|
{{{wrd142}}}
|
143
|
to float
|
{{{wrd143}}}
|
144
|
to flow
|
{{{wrd144}}}
|
145
|
to freeze
|
{{{wrd145}}}
|
146
|
to swell
|
{{{wrd146}}}
|
147
|
sun
|
{{{wrd147}}}
|
148
|
moon
|
{{{wrd148}}}
|
149
|
star
|
{{{wrd149}}}
|
150
|
water
|
{{{wrd150}}}
|
151
|
rain
|
{{{wrd151}}}
|
152
|
river
|
{{{wrd152}}}
|
153
|
lake
|
{{{wrd153}}}
|
154
|
sea
|
{{{wrd154}}}
|
155
|
salt
|
{{{wrd155}}}
|
156
|
stone
|
{{{wrd156}}}
|
157
|
sand
|
{{{wrd157}}}
|
158
|
dust
|
{{{wrd158}}}
|
159
|
earth
|
{{{wrd159}}}
|
160
|
cloud
|
{{{wrd160}}}
|
161
|
fog
|
{{{wrd161}}}
|
162
|
sky
|
{{{wrd162}}}
|
163
|
wind
|
{{{wrd163}}}
|
164
|
snow
|
{{{wrd164}}}
|
165
|
ice
|
{{{wrd165}}}
|
166
|
smoke
|
{{{wrd166}}}
|
167
|
fire
|
{{{wrd167}}}
|
168
|
ash
|
{{{wrd168}}}
|
169
|
to burn
|
{{{wrd169}}}
|
170
|
road
|
{{{wrd170}}}
|
171
|
mountain
|
{{{wrd171}}}
|
172
|
red
|
{{{wrd172}}}
|
173
|
green
|
{{{wrd173}}}
|
174
|
yellow
|
{{{wrd174}}}
|
175
|
white
|
{{{wrd175}}}
|
176
|
black
|
{{{wrd176}}}
|
177
|
night
|
{{{wrd177}}}
|
178
|
day
|
{{{wrd178}}}
|
179
|
year
|
{{{wrd179}}}
|
180
|
warm
|
{{{wrd180}}}
|
181
|
cold
|
{{{wrd181}}}
|
182
|
full
|
{{{wrd182}}}
|
183
|
new
|
{{{wrd183}}}
|
184
|
old
|
{{{wrd184}}}
|
185
|
good
|
{{{wrd185}}}
|
186
|
bad
|
{{{wrd186}}}
|
187
|
rotten
|
{{{wrd187}}}
|
188
|
dirty
|
{{{wrd188}}}
|
189
|
straight
|
{{{wrd189}}}
|
190
|
round
|
{{{wrd190}}}
|
191
|
sharp (as a knife)
|
{{{wrd191}}}
|
192
|
dull (as a knife)
|
{{{wrd192}}}
|
193
|
smooth
|
{{{wrd193}}}
|
194
|
wet
|
{{{wrd194}}}
|
195
|
dry
|
{{{wrd195}}}
|
196
|
correct
|
{{{wrd196}}}
|
197
|
near
|
{{{wrd197}}}
|
198
|
far
|
{{{wrd198}}}
|
199
|
right
|
{{{wrd199}}}
|
200
|
left
|
{{{wrd200}}}
|
201
|
at
|
{{{wrd201}}}
|
202
|
in
|
{{{wrd202}}}
|
203
|
with
|
{{{wrd203}}}
|
204
|
and
|
{{{wrd204}}}
|
205
|
if
|
{{{wrd205}}}
|
206
|
because
|
{{{wrd206}}}
|
207
|
name
|
{{{wrd207}}}
|