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Regnal numbers are a modern convention applied by modern scholars. There is particular confusion surrounding the name 'Constantine III' as it has been also applied to the later Eastern emperor Heraclius Constantine.[1] Edward Gibbon (1737–1794), the first historian to assign regnal numbers to the emperors, explicitally refers to the Western emperor as an usurper and gives the numeral to the Eastern one.[2][3] Charles le Beau (1701–1778), who established the convention of numbering 11 Constantines, likewise uses the numeral only for the Eastern emperor.[4][5] Justin Sabatier (1792–1869) and Félicien de Saulcy (1807–1880) notably enumerate Heraclius Constantine as "Heraclius II", a numeral often used for his brother Heraclonas, but refer to the next Constantine as Constantine IV, thus counting the Western emperor.[6][7] Warwick William Wroth (1858–1911) uses no numeral for Heraclius Constantine, but rather uses "Constantine III" as an alternative name for Constans II.[8] The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire (1980) uses the numeral solely for the Eastern emperor,[9] while the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (1991) uses it solely for the Western emperor.[10] Philip Grierson (1910–2006) applies the numeral to both emperors, but treats "Constantine III" more like an alternate name for Heraclius Constantine, who is not given a numeral in the index.[11][12] The Roman Imperial Coinage, which ends with the fall of the West, uses the numeral for the Western emperor, which has now become standard.[13] Strangely enough, both Constantines had a son called Constans. Neither the RIC, PLRE nor Grierson give him a numeral,[13][9][12] yet he's still often called Constans II.
- ^ Foss 2005, pp. 93–94.
- ^ Gibbon, Edward (1781). "Chapters XXX, Part IV – XXXII, Part VI". The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Vol. III. pp. 174, 262ff.
- ^ "Chapter XLVIII, I". The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Vol. V. W. Strahan and T. Cadell. 1788.
- ^ Beau, Charles Le (1826). Histoire du Bas-Empire (in French). Vol. 5. F. Didot. pp. 277–466ff.
- ^ Beau, Charles Le (1830). Histoire du Bas-Empire (in French). Vol. 11. F. Didot. pp. 285–288ff.
- ^ Sabatier, Justin (1862). Description générale des monnaies byzantines frappées sous les empereurs d'Orient depuis Arcadius jusqu'à la prise de Constantinople par Mahomet II (in French). Vol. 1. Rollin et Feuardent. pp. 4–5, 288ff.
- ^ Saulcy, Félicien de (1836). Essai de classification des suites monétaires byzantines (in French). S. Lamort, imprimeur. pp. 74, 104, 481–488.
- ^ Warwick, W. Wroth (1908). Catalogue of the Imperial Byzantine Coins in the British Museum. Рипол Классик. pp. v, 184, 255. ISBN 978-5-87507-093-8.
- ^ a b Jones, A. H. M.; Martindale, J. R.; Morris, John, eds. (1971–1992). Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire. II, p. 310, 316, IIIA, p. 349: Cambridge University Press.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) - ^ Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991). Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. pp. 500, 917. ISBN 978-0195046526.
- ^ Grierson, Philip (1966). Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection. Dumbarton Oaks. p. 385. ISBN 978-0-88402-024-0.
- ^ a b Philip, Grierson (1992). Catalogue of Late Roman Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection: From Arcadius and Honorius to the Accession of Anastasius. Dumbarton Oaks. pp. 214–218. ISBN 978-0-88402-193-3.
- ^ a b Kent, John (2018) [1984]. Roman Imperial Coinage. Volume X. Spink Books. pp. 143, 23. ISBN 978-1-912667-37-6.