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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Wikiuser1314 (talk | contribs) at 18:01, 8 April 2024 (→‎Ancient West Eurasian). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

West Liao River (Bronze Age)

Geographic location and dates of ancient individuals in Northern East Asia.
Proto-Macro-Koreanic arrived after Proto-Japanic from Liaodong and the Changbaishan region with the introduction of bronze daggers around 300 BC[1]

The Bronze Age West Liao River farmers (WLR_BA) display long-term genetic continuity with modern Koreans. Modern Koreans can be modelled to be derived primarily from Bronze Age farmers from the West Liao River.[2] West Liao River farmers of the Bronze Age themself can be modelled to be derived from the combination of two Ancient Northern East Asian lineages, namely "Neolithic Yellow River farmers" and Ancient Northeast Asians (Amur hunter-gatherers) during the Neolithic period. The spread of Proto-Koreanic can be linked to the expansion of Bronze Age West Liao River farmers. It is also suggested that this type of ancestry was introduced into the Japanese gene pool by early Koreanic-speakers, during the Kofun period.[3] WLR_BA ancestry is also associated with the Upper Xiajiadian culture, which in turn can be used as source proxy for Bronze Age and modern Koreans.[4][5]

Archaeologic evidence point to a connection between the pottery-making style of the Late Neolithic to Bronze Age cultures in the West Liao River basin and the Korean peninsula.[6]

Yayoi-Mumun

The Yayoi people are generally associated with the Proto-Japonic-speakers and the introduction of Japonic languages into Japan during the Yayoi period from the southern Korean peninsula. They are suggested to have been closely related to the pre-Koreanic Mumun pottery period populations of the southern Korean penisular, which are linked to the presence of Peninsular Japonic.[7][8] Genetic analyses on ancient remains from southern Korea revealed elevated Jōmon ancestry at c. 37%, while Yayoi remains in Japan were found carry nearly equal amounts of Jōmon ancestry (35–60%) and Ancient Northeast Asian-like ancestry (40–65%). These results suggest the presence of a Jōmon-like population on the Korean peninsula and their significant contribution to the formation of early Japonic-speakers. As such, the "agricultural transition in prehistoric Japan involved the process of assimilation, rather than replacement, with almost equal genetic contributions from the indigenous Jomon" and mainland Asian migrants of the Mumun/Yayoi period.[9][10][11][12]

Subsequent migration waves into Japan during the Kofun period, associated with the expansion of Proto-Koreanic-speakers and Han Chinese, and the introduction of Chinese characters, saw a decline of Jōmon ancestry among modern Japanese populations to 13%–15%. A similar decline of Jōmon-like ancestry among ancient southern Korean specimens from c. 37% to nearly 0% among modern Koreans may be linked to the replacement of Peninsular Japonic speakers by early Koreanic-speakers during the Three Kingdoms period of Korea.[9][10]

Diverse archaeogenetic topics

Cisbaikal_LNBA

Possible Cisbaikal_LNBA affinity for Eastern Saka groups (Yeniseian layer?):[13] (supplementary)

The two ancient outliers from the Late Bronze Age Minusinsk Basin from the period of the Karasuk culture that ADMIXTURE and F4-statistics suggest have high levels of ancestry from Cisbaikal_LNBA also require such ancestry in qpAdm; interestingly, the population that succeeds the Karasuk and Lugavskaya cultures in the region, the Tagar culture (Russia_Tagar.SG), also requires ancestry from Cisbaikal_LNBA in qpAdm for all passing models. In addition, Mongolic-speaking Kalmyks and Kazakhstan_CentralKazakhSteppe_Saka also require such ancestry for passing models in this qpAdm setup, but no other populations from their ethnolinguistic or cultural categories behave similarly. All qpAdm models in this section are listed in SI Data 6, Table 4.

Fig. S80 (qpadm; supplementary); Glazkovo; Baikal EBA.

Slab Grave (etc.)

From:[14]

In contrast to other contemporaneous Eastern Steppe populations, we find that individuals associated with these burial types show a clear northeastern-Eurasian (ANA-related) genetic profile lacking both ANE and WSH admixture (Fig. 2; Fig. 3c; Fig. S7). Both groups were ruminant pastoralists, and the EIA Slab Grave culture also milked horses (Wilkin et al., 2019). The genetic profiles of Ulaanzuukh and Slab Grave individuals are genetically indistinguishable (Fig. 2 and Table S16), consistent with the archaeological hypothesis that the Slab Grave tradition emerged out of the LBA Ulaanzuukh (Honeychurch, 2015; Khatanbaatar, 2019). Both groups are also indistinguishable from the earlier eastMongolia_preBA individual dating to ca. 4600 BCE, suggesting a long-term (>4,000 year) stability of this prehistoric eastern Mongolian gene pool (Table S16).

Derived from? Mongolia_North_N? Amur_N? WLR_BAo? Amur_EN? YR_N? - Average G25: 17,6% YR_N, 59,4% MNG_North_N, 22,1% Argun_River_Meso ... meaning?? Relevance of Yumin_N vs Amur_N?? Inconclusive per Copper Axe... too few samples, substructure, close but different pop further East,... compare Yamnaya/CWC case...

The predominant Y-DNA haplogroup in Slab-grave males has been identified as Q (5/8 Q-M120 and 1/8 Q-L330), with a minority belonging to N-M231 (2/8).[15] The Q-M120 clade is mostly confined to Sino-Tibetan speaking groups, and associated with Han-like geneflow during the Neolithic period, while other clades of Q are commonly found among Yeniseian-speaking peoples and Indigenous peoples of the Americas. The subclades of haplogroup N1a expanded from western Northeast China during the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age periods, with N1a2a-F1101 being confined to Sino-Tibetan speaking groups. Q-M120 and N1a2a1-F1101 are suggested to have had an in-situ origin among the early Huaxia confederation.[16][17]

Yumin_N

The Yumin archaeological site is located in Huade County, Ulanqab city, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China. Yumin culture is the earliest Neolithic culture found in Inner Mongolia thus far. Radiocarbon analysis of charcoal samples associated with the remains of a house were dated to ~8,400 cal BP (62). We sequenced a single individual (M1) from this site, identified to be female, and she was directly radiocarbon dated to 8,415-8,335 cal BP.

Yumin: 8,500-year-old newly sampled individual from Inner Mongolia belonging to the inland nEastAsia_EN group. = distinct ANEA branch; not identical to Amur_N. Cite:[18] supplementary information

38-40% Tianyuan ancestry for Yana in supplementary models, 32% in main article (Fig. 2).

Xiongnu

Next to Iranic and Turkic..., albeit Turkic becoming the main/elite linguistic heritage of the Xiongnu...:[19]

Recent work shows that Yeniseian speakers were likely among the elite members of the multiethnic Xiongnu (Hun) confederation, and thus Yeniseian-speaking peoples must have played a more prominent (than heretofore recognized) role in the history of Eurasia during the first millennium of the Common Era [81,82]. We should not dismiss a possible Xiongnu vector for Yeniseian cultural and linguistic influence in the North Pacific Rim just prior to the arrival of the Asian War Complex in Alaska.

Ancient Siberian mythology - Deer Goddess

Deer images, carvings, paintings, and monolithic stelae of South Siberia and northern Central Asia.[20]

Ancient Iranian

Not to be confused with Indo-Iranians or Iranian peoples.

The term Ancient Iranian or "Iranian hunter-gatherers" is used to referr to a population genomics lineage representing the Mesolithic to early Neolithic population of the Iranian plateau, and to some extent regions of South-Central Asia and the Caucasus. The Ancient Iranian lineage is represented by Mesolithic hunter-gatherers and Neolithic herders and early farmers, such as remains excavated from the Hotu and Kamarband Caves and Ganj Dareh. An early branch of Ancient Iranians represented by remains from Shahr-i-Sokhta, formed one of the dominant ancestry components of the Indus Valley Civilisation, in tandem with an Ancient East Eurasian lineage (specifically South Asian hunter-gatherers/AASI) indigenous to South Asia. The Ancient Iranians also contributed significantly to the formation of the Central Asian gene pool, primarily via the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex. They displayed close genetic affinities to Caucasus hunter-gatherers.

Origins

A possible admixture graph of deep Eurasian lineages in context of modern West Eurasians[21]
Relationship and legacy of the West and East Eurasian Core populations; WHG, Iran_N, and Levantines occupy the area below the bisector, compatible with an admixture between EEC and WEC, or below the blue axis, further complicated by the presence of Basal Eurasian or African components in these populations.
Principal Components Analysis of Ancient West Eurasians: Eigenvectors were inferred using present-day populations (gray points) and the ancient samples (colored shapes) were projected onto the plot.

While the exact origin of the Mesolithic and Neolithic Iranians remains unclear, they are often described as having formed as combination of two deep lineages, specifically a lineage represented by Basal Eurasians and a lineage closer to Ancient North Eurasians and or Eastern European Hunter-Gatherers (EHG). In this scenario, the Mesolithic/Neolithic Iranian lineage derives significant amounts of their ancestry from Basal Eurasians (c. 48%; 45-66%), with their remainder ancestry being closer to Ancient North Eurasians (ANE). The related CHG displayed a higher ANE-like and Upper Paleolithic Caucasus component than the Neolithic Iranians do, suggesting contact with Eastern Hunter-Gatherers (EHG) to their North and Anatolian groups to their West. The geographically adjacent Natufians from the Levant were found to derive their ancestry primarily from the same Basal Eurasian lineage, but their remainder ancestry from a population closer to Western European Hunter-Gatherers (WHG).[22][23]

Vallini et al. 2024 presented a revised model, suggesting that Ancient Iranians (Iranian hunter-gatherers) formed from a deep Ancient West Eurasian lineage ('WEC2', at least 50%), and from varying degrees of Ancient East Eurasian and Basal Eurasian components. The Ancient West Eurasian component associated with Iranian hunter-gatherers ('WEC2') is inferred to have diverged from the West Eurasian Core lineage (represented by Kostenki-14; 'WEC'), with the WEC2 component staying in the region of the Iranian Plateau, while the proper WEC component expanded into Europe and contributed to the formation of later Western Hunter-Gatherer and Ancient North Eurasian lineages.[24]

While Ancient Iranians fall into the wider 'West Eurasian' cluster, and display close genetic affinities to the Mesolithic Caucasus hunter-gatherers, they are only distantly related to the geographical close Anatolian or Levantine lineages, taking up an "extreme position" within a PCA of ancient and modern West Eurasian populations.[25][26][27][28]

Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups found among Neolithic Iranian specimens include haplogroup R2a, haplogroup CT (unknown subclade), haplogroup G2a, and haplogroup J. The oldest sample of haplogroup R2a to date was observed in one of the remains from Ganj Dareh in western Iran.[29][30][31]

Contributions to other populations

West Asia

The later Chalcolithic Iranians are modeled to have formed from a merger of Neolithic Iranians and a Levant and or Anatolian source population, and additional Caucasus hunter-gatherer-like geneflow.[32][33] During the Late Neolithic/Early Chalcolithic period they formed a cline stretching from Western Anatolia along the lowlands of the Southern Caucasus to the Zagros mountains, reaching as far as to Southern Central Asia, as well as southwards to the Southern Levant. This cline was primarily characterized by expansive Anatolian-like ancestry and secondarily by the spread of Neolithic Iranian and Levantine-like ancestries.[34]

A Neolithic Iranian-like contribution is needed in models for modern Middle Eastern and certain Eastern African populations. This geneflow may have happened primarily via a population from the Levant or Mesopotamia.[35]

South Asia

A divergent (>12kya) lineage (Eastern Iranian hunter-gatherers), sharing a recent common ancestor with Neolithic Iranians, but diverging from them prior to the development of agriculture, forms the one of the two main ancestry components of the Indus Valley Civilisation. The remaining ancestry is made up by a local South Asian hunter-gatherer population associated with the 'East Eurasian Core' lineage. The spread of Ancient Iranian-like ancestry may be related to the dispersal of early Dravidian languages, althought an indigenous origin and association with the 'ASI' component has been proposed as well.[36][37][30][38][39]

Central Asia

Neolithic Iranians, in tandem with Anatolian Farmers, also contributed to the formation of the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex, which subsequently contributed to other Central Asian populations, and possibly later Tarim mummies from Alwighul (700–1 BCE) and Krorän (200 CE).[40][41][42]

Europe

Neolithic Iranians, in contrast to the related Caucasus hunter-gatherers, did only made little contributions to the European gene pool.[43] Neolithic Iranians instead represent a better source of geneflow among most West Asian populations when compared against Caucasus hunter-gatherers, while the contrary is true for European populations.[44]

Relevant:[45]

Ancient West Eurasian

Ancient West Eurasian

The term Ancient West Eurasian, alternatively also known as West Eurasian or Western Eurasian, is used in population genomics to describe the genetic ancestry and phylogenetic relationship of diverse populations primarily living in the western and northern parts of Eurasia as well as parts of Northern and Northeastern Africa, deriving large amounts of their ancestry from the "West Eurasian Core" of human genetic diversity, and which can be associated with the Upper Paleolithic (UP) wave outgoing from Paleolithic Western Asia and Europe (eg. Kostenki-14-like WEC and WEC2), following the earlier Initial Upper Paleolithic (IUP) wave associated with the "East Eurasian Core" populatios (EEC), and ultimately the Out of Africa migration (>60kya).

Repetitive expansions into Eurasia from a population Hub OoA. (A) Zlatý Kůň can be described as a putative early expansion from the population formed after the major expansion OoA and hybridization with Neanderthals, and could be linked with non-Mousterian and non-IUP cultures found in Europe 48–45 ka or with IUP. (B) Representative samples dated between 45 and 40 ka across Eurasia can be ascribed to a population movement with uniform genetic features and material culture consistent with an IUP affiliation and which can also explain Oase1 after allowing for additional Neanderthal contributions; modern Papuans may be genetically seen as an extreme extension of this movement. (C) Following local genetic differentiation, a subsequent population expansion could explain the genetic components found in ancient samples <38 ka which contain it in unadmixed form (Kostenki14, Sunghir) or admixed with preexisting IUP components (Goyet Q116-1, Yana1, Mal’ta).
Inferred phylogenetic structure of West Eurasian lineages, taking admixture events into account.

Modern humans of the Upper Paleolithic wave (UP) associated with the "West Eurasian Core", are suggested to have expanded from a population hub located in the Iranian Plateau (c. 38kya) after an earlier "Initial Upper Paleolithic" wave. This UP wave is are linked to the "West Eurasian" ancestry represented by the Kostenki-14 specimen, and broadly ancestral to historical and modern populations in the Middle East/Western Asia, Northern and Northeastern Africa, Europe, and partially Siberia, Central Asia, and Southern Asia. Unadmixed Early West Eurasians are currently represented by several Upper Paleolithic European remains such as Kostenki-14 and Sungir. Other early Western Eurasian lineages in Europe and elsewhere displayed varying degrees of contact/admixture with preceeding IUP Ancient East Eurasian and or Basal Eurasian lineages. The expansion of early West Eurasian ancestry can be associated with Upper Paleolithic material culture distinct from previous IUP material culture.

Ancient West Eurasians can be divided into two deep early branches, specifically 'WEC' (represented by Ice Age Europeans) and 'WEC2' (making up a significant amount of ancestry of ancient Iranian hunter-gatherers. In tandem with varying amounts of East and Basal Eurasian components, these two branches gave rise to historical and modern West Eurasian lineages/populations.

Primary sources:[21][46]

Secondary sources and reviews:[47][48]

Vallini et al. 2024:

"West Eurasians, North Western South Asians, and Levantines occupy the area below the bisector, compatible with an admixture between EEC and WEC, or below the blue axis, further complicated by the presence of Basal Eurasian or African components in these populations."

"We simulated two different West Eurasian populations: WEC and WEC2, with WEC2 staying in the Hub longer than WEC (and Kostenki14), and hence closer to it from a genetic point of view. We then have each of these populations acting as a source for admixture events with Basal Eurasians (BEA) and East Eurasians in different proportions (Supplementary Data 9)."

African ancestries

African ancestries

In population genomics, the term African ancestries is used loosely to describe the various indigenous African ancestry components, which are to be differentiated from later "non-African" or "Eurasian" components, which migrated back to Africa at multiple points of time. While some of these African lineages display deep divergence, inline with the observed genetic diversity among different African populations and the recent African origin of modern humans, others display coherent genetic affinity inline with more recent expansions paralleling linguistic affinities.[42][49][50][51][52]

African ancestries can broadly be differentiated into the following groupings, which display different phylogenetic affinities to each other:

  • Khoe-San or Southern African hunter-gatherers, represented by the Khoisan peoples; associated with the deepest divergence (c. 270,000 years ago) of human genetic diversity, forming a distinct cluster of their own. They subsequently diverged into a Northern and Southern subgroup, c. 30,000 years ago.
  • Rainforest hunter-gatherers (Pygmies) of Central Africa, represented by Biaka and Mbuti; associated with another deep divergence (c. 220,000 years ago). They subsequently diverged into an Eastern and Western subgroup, c. 20,000 years ago.
  • Eastern African hunter-gatherers, represented by Hadza, Sandawe, Omotic-speakers, and the ancient Mota specimen. Their phylogenetic relationship to other populations is not clear, but they display affinity to modern East and West African populations, and harbor Khoesan-like geneflow along a Northeast to Southwest cline, as well as later (West) Eurasian admixture.
  • West African and Saharan/Nile farmers and pastoralists, represented by Niger-Congo and Nilo-Saharan-speaking peoples. They represent the dominant and most widespreaded ancestry component of Africa, and are associated with relative recent population expansions linked to agriculture and pastoralist lifestyles. The ancestors of Niger-Congo and Nilo-Saharan speakers are inferred to have diverged from each other c. 28,000 years ago, or formed from similar admixture events of previous groups. Genetic data supports an earlier divergence from EAHG groups in East Africa, following a westwards expansion of the common ancestor of both Niger-Congo and Nilo-Saharan speakers (regardless of their linguistic affiliation), which subsequently diverged from each other.

...

Useful studies and cites:[53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60]

E-Letter 1 - Daniel Shriner (National Human Genome Research Institute):[61] "For the pair of Western and West-Central African ancestries, the point estimate of divergence time was 6,900 years ago. ... Western Africa ancestry is the predominant ancestry among populations from the area around Senegal and the Gambia whereas West-Central African ancestry predominates among populations from the area around Nigeria. ... Comparing two Mandenka and one Gambian to two Esan and one Yoruba, the split time was estimated to be <4,600 years ago, which is expected to be an underestimate compared to the FST-based time because of the presence of 0–11.1% West-Central African ancestry in the Western Africans and 26.7–35.0% Western African ancestry in the West-Central Africans. ... In turn, Eastern African ancestry, which is characteristic of modern Nilotes, and the common ancestor of Western and West-Central African ancestries derived from a common ancestor 18,000 years ago based on decomposition of FST or <13,800 years ago based on msmc analysis of two Dinka compared to either one Gambian and one Mandenka or two Esan. The latter time is relatively underestimated because of the presence of 22.6–26.1% Western or West-Central African ancestry in the Eastern Africans. This common ancestor probably existed in the Nile Valley. ... Currently, insufficient data exist to estimate the (even older) Eastern African-Omotic divergence time."

Other

Pre-prints:[62]

May be relevant:[63][64]

Secondary paper - peopling of Oceania:[65] - Glazkovo culture (Neolithic to EBA Baikal):[66]

Papuan archaic introgression:[67]

Usefull: [https://haplotree.info/maps/ancient_dna/samples.php] & [68]

IUP sites:[69]

Hub OOA:[70]

Reference

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  24. ^ Vallini, Leonardo; Zampieri, Carlo; Shoaee, Mohamed Javad; Bortolini, Eugenio; Marciani, Giulia; Aneli, Serena; Pievani, Telmo; Benazzi, Stefano; Barausse, Alberto; Mezzavilla, Massimo; Petraglia, Michael D.; Pagani, Luca (2024-03-25). "The Persian plateau served as hub for Homo sapiens after the main out of Africa dispersal". Nature Communications. 15 (1): 1882. doi:10.1038/s41467-024-46161-7. ISSN 2041-1723. We simulated two different West Eurasian populations: WEC and WEC2, with WEC2 staying in the Hub longer than WEC (and Kostenki14), and hence closer to it from a genetic point of view. ... Using msprime45, we performed coalescent simulations to obtain the distinct WEC source populations under different demographic scenarios46,47 (Methods, Supplementary Code 1–2, Supplementary Fig. 4). In particular, we simulated WEC populations with different allele sharing with Kostenki14 (i.e., mimicking WEC populations with different distances from the Hub population) and mixed them with the EEC and Basal Eurasians (Supplementary Data 9). We found that our approach retrieves the correct ranking along the K coordinate in the majority of cases, and with an accuracy of >0.9 in all cases where the admixed populations are at least 50% WEC, and the mixing WEC sources have at least 3 ky of differential allele sharing with Kostenki14 (Supplementary Fig. 5A). ... We found that after accounting for East and Basal Eurasian confounders, the populations that harbour the WEC component closer to the Hub population (grayscale gradient of population points in Fig. 2A, Supplementary Data 11) are the ones whose West Eurasian ancestry is related to the hunter gatherers and early farmers from Iran48. ... Along the blue axis of genetic similarity to Kostenki14, these populations come before modern and ancient groups from the Levant and, in turn, before groups from Europe and other areas associated with the Anatolian Neolithic expansion49,51,52,53. The furthermost groups along this axis are post- and pre-LGM European hunter gatherers, which is expected owing to their genetic proximity to Kostenki14.
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  27. ^ Lazaridis, Iosif; Nadel, Dani; Rollefson, Gary; Merrett, Deborah C.; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Fernandes, Daniel; Novak, Mario; Gamarra, Beatriz; Sirak, Kendra; Connell, Sarah; Stewardson, Kristin; Harney, Eadaoin; Fu, Qiaomei; Gonzalez-Fortes, Gloria (2016-08-25). "Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East". Nature. 536 (7617): 419–424. doi:10.1038/nature19310. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 5003663. PMID 27459054. Western Iranian first farmers cluster with the likely Mesolithic HotuIIIb individual and more remotely with hunter-gatherers from the southern Caucasus (Fig. 1b)
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