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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by DeCausa (talk | contribs) at 10:09, 13 April 2024 (→‎Map). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Map

Until the late 1990s, the United Kingdom was highly centralised,[a] with the UK government and parliament exercising authority over all important matters.[3] The next layer of governance, the origins of which were medieval, was based on a patchwork of counties and urban areas, with elected local councils administering a wide range of everyday but essential public services.[4]

The four countries of the United Kingdom

Beginning in 1998, a process of devolution transferred legislative and executive powers previously held by United Kingdom institutions to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.[3] As a result, a Scottish Government and Parliament, Welsh Government and Senedd (Parliament) and Northern Ireland Executive and Assembly have been created.[5] A similar process has not taken place for England.[3]

Under the constitutional doctrine of Parliamentary sovereignty, the UK Parliament has the power to abolish the Scottish parliament and the Senedd. However, because they were established following referenda approving their creation, it would be politically difficult for them to be abrogated without further referenda.[6] Abolishing the Northern Ireland Assembly would have the additional difficulty that it was established not only following a referendum but also as a result of an inter-governmental agreement with Ireland. Abolition would, therefore, require negotiation with the Irish government as well as consultation within Northern Ireland.[7] Devolution may, therefore, be considered to be constitutionally entrenched and an exception to Parliamentary sovereignty.[6]

Notes

  1. ^ Northern Ireland had been an exception to the centralised structure. With its own parliament and government under the Government of Ireland Act 1920, it was given the ability to exercise some autonomy.[1] However, this came to an end in 1972 when the British government imposed direct rule as a result of the Troubles.[2]

References

  1. ^ Bradley, John (2008). "Resolving Self-Determination Disputes Using Complex Power-sharing: The Role of Economic Policies". In Weller, Marc; Metzger, Barbara (eds.). Settling Self-determination Disputes. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers (Brill). p. 538. ISBN 978-9004-16482-6.
  2. ^ Gowland, David (2017). Britain and the European Union. Routledge. p. 180. ISBN 978-1-138-82509-3.
  3. ^ a b c Le Sueur, Andrew; Sunkin, Maurice; Murkens, Jo Eric Khushal (2023). Public Law: Text, Cases, and Materials (5th ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-19-287061-2.
  4. ^ Painter, Joe (2000). "Local government and governance". In Gardiner, Vince; Mathews, Hugh (eds.). The Changing Geography of the United Kingdom (3rd ed.). Routledge. pp. 299–302. ISBN 978-0-415-17900-3.
  5. ^ Le Sueur, Andrew; Sunkin, Maurice; Murkens, Jo Eric Khushal (2023). Public Law: Text, Cases, and Materials (5th ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-19-287061-2.
  6. ^ a b Gamble, A. (2006). "The Constitutional Revolution in the United Kingdom". Publius. 36 (1): 19–35 [p. 29]. doi:10.1093/publius/pjj011. The British parliament has the power to abolish the Scottish parliament and the Welsh assembly by a simple majority vote in both houses, but since both were sanctioned by referenda, it would be politically difficult to abolish them without the sanction of a further vote by the people. In this way, several of the constitutional measures introduced by the Blair government appear to be entrenched and not subject to a simple exercise of parliamentary sovereignty at Westminster.
  7. ^ Meehan, E. (1999). "The Belfast Agreement – Its Distinctiveness and Points of Cross-Fertilization in the UK's Devolution Programme". Parliamentary Affairs. 52 (1): 19–31 [p. 23]. doi:10.1093/pa/52.1.19. [T]he distinctive involvement of two governments in the Northern Irish problem means that Northern Ireland's new arrangements rest upon an intergovernmental agreement. If this can be equated with a treaty, it could be argued that the forthcoming distribution of power between Westminster and Belfast has similarities with divisions specified in the written constitutions of federal states...Although the Agreement makes the general proviso that Westminster's 'powers to make legislation for Northern Ireland' remains 'unaffected', without an explicit categorical reference to reserved matters, it may be more difficult than in Scotland or Wales for devolved powers to be repatriated. The retraction of devolved powers would not merely entail consultation in Northern Ireland backed implicitly by the absolute power of parliamentary sovereignty but also the renegotiation of an intergovernmental agreement.

PoW

The term was first used in the Treaty of Montgomery of 1267.[1]

Llywelyn and his heirs were granted both the principality of Wales and the title to give "constitutional recognition" to his hegemony.[2] The first and only Welsh ruler to be recognised by the English crown in this way.[3]

later

continuity of unit post conquest.[1]

  1. ^ Waller, Philip; Peberdy, Robert, eds. (2021). "Principality of Wales". A Dictionary of British and Irish History. Wiley Blackwell. p. 515. ISBN 978-0-631-20155-7.
  2. ^ Pryce, Huw (2011). "Anglo-Welsh Agreements 1201-1277". In Griffiths, R. A.; Schofield, P. R. (eds.). Wales and the Welsh in the Middle Ages. University of Wales Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-7083-2446-2.
  3. ^ Price, Huw (2010). The Acts of Welsh Rulers, 1120-1283. University of Wales Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-7083-2387-8.

Draft 1

The first known use of the title 'prince of Wales'[note 1] was in the 1160s by Owain Gwynedd, ruler of Gwynedd, in a letter to Louis VII of France.[2] In the 12th century, Wales was a patchwork of Anglo-Norman lordships and native Welsh principalities – notably Deheubarth, Powys and Gwynedd – competing among themselves for hegemony.[3] Owain's aim in using the title in his letter to Louis was probably to claim pre-eminence over the other native Welsh rulers.[4] Following Owain's death in 1170 no other ruler, with the exception of Rhys ap Gruffydd of Deheubarth, is known to have adopted the title until 1245.[5] Rhys used several titles, sometimes concurrently, and in two charters from the 1180s he is referred to as 'prince of Wales' or 'prince of the Welsh'.[6][7]

The title was revived in 1245 when Dafydd ap Llywelyn, ruler of Gwynedd, began using it in the final months of his reign. In the intervening years, Owen Gwynedd's successors in Gwynedd, including Dafydd, had, instead, adopted the titles 'prince of North Wales' or 'prince of Aberffraw and lord of Snowdon'.[8]

However, it is in the reign of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, Dafydd's nephew and successor in Gwynedd, that the title is consistently used over an extended period. From 1261[note 2] to his death in 1282, Llywelyn used no other style except 'prince of Wales and lord of Snowdon'.[10] This was accompanied by Llywelyn making the principality of Wales (encompassing Gwynedd, Deheubarth, Powys and parts of the Marches) a political reality.[11][12] He had achieved this by significantly expanding his directly ruled territories into mid- and south Wales and inducing all the other remaining native Welsh rulers to do him homage and acknowledge him as overlord by 1263.[13] Additionally, Llywelyn developed governance structures which made his authority effective across the entire principality of Wales, including in the territories of the Welsh rulers that owed him allegiance.[14] The process culminated with Henry III of England recognising his title and authority in the Treaty of Montgomery of 1267.[13] As J. Beverley Smith has noted, Llywelyn's title "at once, acknowledged and proclaimed a status unique in Welsh political history".[15]

Llywelyn's principality was destroyed as a result of the conquest of Wales by Edward I (1277-1283), during which Llewylyn was killed in 1282.[16] After his death, his brother, Dafydd, adopted Llywelyn's title and continued resistance for a few months.[17] However, Dafydd was defeated and executed in 1283 and the principality was permanently annexed by Edward I.[16]

Notes

  1. ^ In fact, the term used was, in Latin, princeps Walliarum ('prince of the Waleses'). However, the form of address in letters Owain received from Thomas Becket and Pope Alexander III suggests that by 1169 he was also using the titles princeps Wallie ('prince of Wales') and Wallensium princeps ('prince of the Welsh').[1]
  2. ^ From his accession in 1246 until 1258, Llywelyn appears to have avoided using any title.[9] Instead, he adopted a style in formal documents that only referenced his descent from Gruffudd ap Llywelyn ap Iorwerth. However, he briefly changed this approach in 1258 when, in an agreement between the Scottish and Welsh lords, he used the title 'prince of Wales' for the first time.[8]

ref

  1. ^ Price, Huw (2010). The Acts of Welsh Rulers, 1120-1283. University of Wales Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-7083-2387-8.
  2. ^ Huw, Pryce (1998). "Owain Gwynedd And Louis VII: The Franco-Welsh Diplomacy of the First Prince of Wales". Welsh History Review. 19 (1): 2.
  3. ^ Insley, Charles (2015). "Imitation and Independence in Native Welsh Administrative Culture, c.1180-1280". In Crook, David; Wilkinson, Louise J. (eds.). The Growth of Royal Government Under Henry III. Boydell Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-1-78327-067-5.
  4. ^ Huw, Pryce (1998). "Owain Gwynedd And Louis VII: The Franco-Welsh Diplomacy of the First Prince of Wales". Welsh History Review. 19 (1): 23.
  5. ^ Price, Huw (2010). The Acts of Welsh Rulers, 1120-1283. University of Wales Press. pp. 75–79. ISBN 978-0-7083-2387-8.
  6. ^ Insley, Charles (2000). "From Rex Wallie to Princeps Wallie: Charters and State Formation in Thirteenth Century Wales". In Maddicott, John; Palliser, David (eds.). The Medieval State: Essays Presented to James Campbell. Bloomsbury. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-8264-4349-6.
  7. ^ Price, Huw (2010). The Acts of Welsh Rulers, 1120-1283. University of Wales Press. pp. 96–98. ISBN 978-0-7083-2387-8.
  8. ^ a b Price, Huw (2010). The Acts of Welsh Rulers, 1120-1283. University of Wales Press. pp. 78–79. ISBN 978-0-7083-2387-8.
  9. ^ Smith, J. Beverley (2014). Llywelyn Ap Gruffudd: Prince of Wales. University of Wales Press. p. 284. ISBN 978-1-7831-6006-8.
  10. ^ Smith, J. Beverley (2014). Llywelyn Ap Gruffudd: Prince of Wales. University of Wales Press. pp. 188–189, 284–285. ISBN 978-1-7831-6006-8.
  11. ^ Insley, Charles (2000). "From Rex Wallie to Princeps Wallie: Charters and State Formation in Thirteenth Century Wales". In Maddicott, John; Palliser, David (eds.). The Medieval State: Essays Presented to James Campbell. Bloomsbury. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-8264-4349-6.
  12. ^ Jones, J. Graham (2014). The History of Wales. University of Wales Press. pp. 30–31. ISBN 978-1-78316-169-0.
  13. ^ a b Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Llywelyn ap Gruffydd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
  14. ^ Smith, J. Beverley (2014). Llywelyn Ap Gruffudd: Prince of Wales. University of Wales Press. p. 285. ISBN 978-1-7831-6006-8.
  15. ^ Smith, J. Beverley (2014). Llywelyn Ap Gruffudd: Prince of Wales. University of Wales Press. p. 285. ISBN 978-1-7831-6006-8.
  16. ^ a b Stephenson, David (2019). Medieval Wales c.1050-1332: Centuries of Ambiguity. University of Wales Press. pp. 26–28. ISBN 978-1-78683-387-7.
  17. ^ Smith, J. Beverley (2014). Llywelyn Ap Gruffudd: Prince of Wales. University of Wales Press. p. 189. ISBN 978-1-7831-6006-8.

note

I've WP:BOLDly re-written this sub-section for the following reasons:

  • It was inaccurate eg Llywelyn ab Iorwerth never used the Prince of Wales title.
  • The potted bios of each of the princes aren't relevant to this article. What needs to be discussed is specifically how the prince of Wales title was used in relation to each of them - this article is about the title. (Per WP:SUMMARYSTYLE readers can click through to the bios).

DeCausa (talk) 23:19, 20 November 2023 (UTC)

Draft 2

Until the middle of the 12th century, the multiplicity of native Welsh rulers used a variety of titles in the Welsh language, all of which were translated into Latin as rex or 'king'. However, these titles were gradually replaced with the title 'prince'.[1] 'Prince', in Latin princeps, with its Roman echoes and literal meaning of "principal ruler", at this time suggested a higher status than the ubiquitous and possibly devalued rex.[2] The rulers of Gwynedd were, from the early 13th century, the first consistently to use the new title, ostensibly with the aim of asserting their pre-eminence amongst the Welsh rulers.[3]

In the 12th and 13th centuries the Welsh rulers gradually adopted the title princeps or 'prince' in place of rex or 'king'.[4] The number of Welsh kings, the title rex had lost its distinctiveness.[5] Although conventionally a prince is of a lower status, in the Welsh context of the time, initially it signified a differentiation from the other rulers in Wales and, therefore, a claim of pre-eminence.[4]

The first known use of the title 'prince of Wales' was by Owain Gwynedd, in about 1165, letters to Louis VII of France.[6][7]

Post-conquest claimants

In the fourteenth century, two pretenders to the title of 'prince of Wales' attempted to make good their claims: Owain Lawgoch, a descendant of the princes of Gwynedd, and Owain Glyndŵr, whose ancestors included the former rulers of Powys and Deheubarth.[note 1] Owain Lawgoch's abortive attempt at invading Wales in 1372 was followed by Glyddŵr's much more serious revolt beginning in 1400.[9] Although the revolt began with Glyndŵr's supporters proclaiming him 'prince of Wales'[10] it is unclear how important this was in his initial motivation.[11][12] By 1401 he appeared to have dropped the claim to the title. However, with the rebellion's military successes of 1402-1403, his ambitions grew as did his support within the Welsh population. In 1404 he had himself crowned as prince of Wales and he began putting in place the state institutions of a new principality. This phase of the rebellion was short-lived. From 1406, the rebellion began to fail militarily, and, from 1409, Glyndŵr had to exchange the trappings of a ruling prince for a hunted outlaw. He died probably around 1415.[13]

  1. ^ Crouch, David (2005). The Image of Aristocracy In Britain, 1000-1300. Taylor & Francis. p. 64. ISBN 978-1-134-97794-9.
  2. ^ Price, Huw (2010). The Acts of Welsh Rulers, 1120-1283. University of Wales Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-7083-2387-8.
  3. ^ Insley, Charles (2000). "From Rex Wallie to Princeps Wallie: Charters and State Formation in Thirteenth Century Wales". In Maddicott, John; Palliser, David (eds.). The Medieval State: Essays Presented to James Campbell. Bloomsbury. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-8264-4349-6.
  4. ^ a b Stephenson, David (2019). Medieval Wales c.1050-1332: Centuries of Ambiguity. University of Wales Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-78683-387-7.
  5. ^ Insley, Charles (2000). "From Rex Wallie to Princeps Wallie: Charters and State Formation in Thirteenth Century Wales". In Maddicott, John; Palliser, David (eds.). The Medieval State: Essays Presented to James Campbell. Bloomsbury. pp. 192–193. ISBN 978-0-8264-4349-6.
  6. ^ Huw, Pryce (1998). "Owain Gwynedd And Louis VII: The Franco-Welsh Diplomacy of the First Prince of Wales". Welsh History Review. 19 (1): 2.
  7. ^ Turvey, Roger (2013). Owain Gwynedd: Prince of the Welsh. Y Lolfa. pp. 84–86. ISBN 978-1-84771-694-1.
  8. ^ Carr, Antony D. (2017). The Gentry of North Wales in the Later Middle Ages. University of Wales Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-1-78683-136-1.
  9. ^ Davies, R. R. (2000). The Age of Conquest: Wales 1063-1415. Oxford University Press. pp. 436–438. ISBN 978-0-19-820878-5.
  10. ^ Davies, R. R. (1997). The Revolt of Owain Glyn Dŵr. Oxford University Press. p. 102.
  11. ^ Davies, R. R. (1997). The Revolt of Owain Glyn Dŵr. Oxford University Press. pp. 153–155.
  12. ^ Williams, Glanmor (1993). Renewal and Reformation: Wales c. 1415-1642. Oxford University Press. pp. 3–4. ISBN 978-0-19-285277-9.
  13. ^ Williams, Glanmor (1993). Renewal and Reformation: Wales c. 1415-1642. Oxford University Press. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-0-19-285277-9.

Brunodam

User:Brunodam

Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/Brunodam/Archive
Boca Raton IP: Bruno D’Ambrosio, University “di Genova”


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