Palembang language
| Palembang | |
|---|---|
| Musi, Palembang Malay | |
| باسو ڤليمباڠ Baso Pelémbang | |
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | South Sumatra |
| Ethnicity | Palembang Malay |
Native speakers | 3.1 million (2000 census)[1] |
Austronesian
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | mui [a] |
| Glottolog | musi1241pale1264 |
| Linguasphere | 33-AFA-dh |
Palembang, also known as Palembang Malay (Baso Pelémbang), or Musi, is a Malayic language primarily spoken in about two thirds of South Sumatra Province in Indonesia, especially along the Musi River. It consists of two separate but mutually intelligible dialect chains: Musi and Palembang.[1] The urban Palembang dialect is a koiné that emerged in Palembang, the capital city of South Sumatra. It has become a lingua franca throughout major population centers in the province, and is often used polyglossically with Indonesian and other regional languages and dialects in the area.[2] Since parts of South Sumatra used to be under direct Malay and Javanese rule for quite a long time, the speech varieties of Palembang and its surrounding area are significantly influenced by Malay and Javanese, down to their core vocabularies.[3]
The name Palembang can refer both to the urban Palembang dialect, distinct from Musi dialect proper, or to the whole Palembang/Musi dialect group.[1] This term is also the most popular endonym for the language and is prominently used in the academic literature.[4]
Phonology
Dunggio (1983) lists 26 phonemes for the Palembang dialect; specifically, there are 20 consonants and 6 vowels.[5] However, another study by Aliana (1987) states that there are only 25 phonemes in Palembang, reanalyzing /z/ as an allophone of /s/ and /d͡ʒ/ instead.[6]
Vowels
| front | central | back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| close | i | u | |
| mid | e | ə | o |
| open | a |
In closed syllables, /i/ and /u/ are realized as [ɪ] and [ʊ], respectively.[7]
Consonants
| bilabial | alveolar | postalv./ palatal |
velar | glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| stop | voiceless | p | t | t͡ʃ | k | ʔ |
| voiced | b | d | d͡ʒ | g | ||
| fricative | voiceless | s | h | |||
| voiced | (z) | ɣ~ʀ | ||||
| approximant | semivowel | w | j | |||
| lateral | l | |||||
Orthography
An orthography has been made by the local office of Language Development and Fostering Agency. It is closely related to the Indonesian Spelling System, and uses the Latin alphabet with the addition of the letter é.[8]
Example text
| Palembang (Sari-Sari) | Indonesian | Malay | Minangkabau | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deklarasi Universal Pasal Hak Asasinyo Wong | Pernyataan Umum tentang Hak-Hak Asasi Manusia | Perisytiharan Hak Asasi Manusia Sejagat | Deklarasi Sadunia Hak-Hak Asasi Manusia | Universal Declaration of Human Rights |
| Pasal 1 | Pasal 1 | Perkara 1 | Pasal 1 | Article 1 |
| Wong tu dilaherke merdeka galo, jugo samo-samo punyo martabat dengen hak galo. Wong-wong beroleh karunia akal dengen nurani, dan mestinyo besuo sikok samo laen dengen caro bedulur. | Semua orang dilahirkan merdeka dan mempunyai martabat dan hak-hak yang sama. Mereka dikaruniai akal dan hati nurani dan hendaknya bergaul satu sama lain dalam semangat persaudaraan | Semua manusia dilahirkan merdeka dan mempunyai martabat dan hak-hak yang sama. Mereka mempunyai pemikiran dan hati nurani dan hendaklah bergaul antara satu sama lain dengan semangat persaudaraan. | Sadonyo manusia dilahiakan mardeka dan punyo martabat sarato hak-hak nan samo. Mareka dikaruniai aka jo hati nurani, supayo satu samo lain bagaul sarupo urang badunsanak. | All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. |
References
- ^ a b c Musi language at Ethnologue (22nd ed., 2019)
- ^ McDonnell 2016, p. 13.
- ^ Tadmor, Uri (16–17 June 2001). Language Contact and Historical Reconstruction: The Case of Palembang Malay. 5th International Symposium on Malay/Indonesian Linguistics. Leipzig.
- ^ Alsamadani, Mardheya; Taibah, Samar (2019). "Types and Functions of Reduplication in Palembang". Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. 12 (1): 113.
- ^ Dunggio 1983, pp. 7–10.
- ^ Aliana 1987, p. 14.
- ^ Dunggio 1983, pp. 21–22.
- ^ Trisman, Bambang; Amalia, Dora; Susilawati, Dyah (2007). Twilovita, Nursis (ed.). Pedoman Ejaan Bahasa Palembang [Palembang Spelling System Guidelines] (in Indonesian). Palembang: Balai Bahasa Palembang, Provinsi Sumatera Selatan, Pusat Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional. OCLC 697282757.
Bibliography
- Aliana, Zainul Arifin (1987). Morfologi dan sintaksis bahasa Melayu Palembang [The morphology and syntax of Palembang Malay] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Pursat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
- Dunggio, P.D. (1983). Struktur bahasa Melayu Palembang [The structure of Palembang Malay] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
- McDonnell, Bradley (2016). Symmetrical voice constructions in Besemah: a usage-based approach (PhD Dissertation). Santa Barbara: University of California Santa Barbara.
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