Hispanism

Hispanism (sometimes referred to as Hispanic studies) is the study of the literature and culture of the Spanish-speaking world, principally that of Spain and Latin America. It can also entail studying Spanish language and culture in the United States and in other presently or formerly Spanish-speaking countries in Africa, Asia, and the Pacific, such as Equatorial Guinea and the Philippines. Some include the study of Portuguese and other Iberian languages and cultures under Hispanism. A practicing scholar who specializes in this field is known as a Hispanist.

Origins

During the 16th century, Spain was a motor of innovation in Europe, given its links to new lands, subjects, literary sorts and personages, dances, and fashions. This hegemonic status, also advanced by commercial and economic interests, generated interest in learning the Spanish language, as Spain was the dominant political power and was the first to develop an overseas empire in post-Renaissance Europe. In order to respond to that interest, Spanish writers such as Antonio de Nebrija wrote the Gramática castellana in 1492, the first grammar printed in a Romance language, while Juan de Valdés composed Dialog of the language for his Italian friends who were eager to learn Castilian his. The lawyer Villalón wrote in his Gramática castellana (Antwerp, 1558) that Castilian was spoken by Flemish, Italian, English, and French persons.

For many years, mainly between 1550 and 1670, an impressive number of Spanish grammars and dictionaries were published by European presses that linked Spanish to one or more other languages. Two of the oldest grammars were published anonymously in Louvain: Useful and brief institution to learn the principles and foundations of the Spanish language (1555) and Grammar of the Spanish vulgar language (1559).

Among the more outstanding foreign authors of Spanish grammars were the Italians Giovanni Mario Alessandri (1560) and Giovanni Miranda (1566); the English Richard Percivale (1591), John Minsheu (1599) and Lewis Owen (1605); the French Jean Saulnier (1608) and Jean Doujat (1644); the German Heinrich Doergangk (1614); and the Dutch Carolus Mulerius (1630).

Dictionaries were composed by the Italian Girolamo Vittori (1602), the Englishman John Torius (1590) and the Frenchmen Jacques Ledel (1565), Jean Palet (1604) and François Huillery (1661). The lexicographical contribution of the German Heinrich Hornkens (1599) and of the Franco-Spaniard Pere Lacavallería (1642) were also important to French Hispanism.

Others combined grammars and dictionaries. The works of the Englishman Richard Percivale (1591), Frenchman Cesar Oudin (1597, 1607), Italians Lorenzo Franciosini (1620, 1624) and Arnaldo de la Porte (1659, 1669) and Austrian Nicholas Mez von Braidenbach (1666, 1670) were especially relevant. Franciosini and Oudin also translated Don Quixote. This list is far from complete and the grammars and dictionaries in general had a great number of versions, adaptations, reprintings and even translations (Oudin's Grammaire et observations de langue espagnolle, for example, was translated into Latin and English). This is why it is not possible to exaggerate the great impact that the Spanish language had in the Europe of the 16th and 17th centuries.

In the 19th century, coinciding with the loss of the Spanish colonial empire and the birth of new Latin American republics, there was a renewed interest in Europe and the United States in Hispanic history, literature and culture of the declining great power and its now independent colonies.

During Romanticism, the image of a Moorish and exotic medieval Spain, a fictional country and a racially mixed culture seduced the imagination of many writers. This led many to become interested in Spanish literature, legends, and traditions. Travel books written at that time maintained and intensified that interest, and led to a more serious and scientific impulse towards the study of Spanish and Hispanic American culture. This impulse did not have a word coined to name itself in Spanish and was designated by the end of the 19th century with the words hispanófilo (Hispanophile) and hispanofilia (Hispanophilia) (for example, Juan Valera), and at the beginning of the 20th century ended up being called Hispanismo (Hispanism).

Hispanism has traditionally been defined as the study of the Spanish and Hispano-American culture and particularly of its language by foreigners or people generally not educated in Spain. The Cervantes Institute has promoted the study of Spanish and Hispanic culture around the world, similar to the way institutions such as the British Council, the Alliance Francaise or the Goethe Institute have done for their own countries. At the same time, autonomous Spanish communities have also developed their own fields of study, such as Catalanística, Vasquística and Galeguística, which will fall outside of the purview of this article.

Hispanism in the world

Hispanism in the United States and Canada

Hispanism in the United States has a long tradition and is highly developed. To a certain extent this is a result of the United States's own history, which is tied closely to the Spanish empire, Mexico, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Cuba. Historically, many Americans have romanticized the Spanish legacy and privileged the Castilian language and culture, while simultaneously downplaying or rejecting the Spanish (Latin American and Caribbean) dialects and cultures of US colonial possessions. There are now more than thirty-five million Spanish speakers in the United States, making Spanish the second most spoken language in the country and Latinos the largest national minority. Spanish is still used actively in some of the most populous states, including California, Florida, New Mexico, and Texas, and in large cities such as New York, Los Angeles, Miami, San Antonio and San Francisco. The American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese was founded in 1917 and holds a biennial congress outside the United States; Hispania is the association's official publication. The North American Academy of the Spanish Language brings together Hispanists in North America.

The first academic professorships of Spanish at United States universities were established at Harvard (1819), Virginia (1825), and Yale (1826). The U.S. consul in Valencia, Obadiah Rich, imported numerous books and valuable manuscripts that became the Obadiah Rich Collection at the New York Public Library, and numerous magazines, especially the North American Review, published translations. Many travelers published their impressions on Spain, such as Alexander Slidell Mackenzie (A Year in Spain, 1829, and Spain Revisited, 1836). These were read by Washington Irving, Edgar Allan Poe, and other travelers like the Sephardic journalist Mordecai M. Noah and the diplomat Caleb Cushing and his wife. Poe studied Spanish at the University of Virginia and some of his stories have Spanish settings. He also wrote scholarly articles on Spanish literature.

The beginnings of Hispanism itself are found in the works of Washington Irving, who met Leandro Fernández de Moratín in Bordeaux in 1825 and was in Spain in 1826, when he frequented the social gatherings of another North American, Sarah Maria Theresa McKean, the marquise widow of Casa Irujo, 1780–1841, and in 1829. He went on to become ambassador between 1842 and 1846. Irving studied in Spanish libraries and met Martín Fernández de Navarrete in Madrid, using one of his works as a source for his The Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus (1828), and made friends and corresponded with Cecilia Böhl de Faber, from where a mutual influence was born. His Romantic interest in Arab topics shaped his Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada (1829) and Alhambra (1832). McKean's social gatherings were also attended by the children of the Bostonian of Irish origin John Montgomery, who was the consul of the United States in Alicante, particularly by the Spanish-born writer George Washington Montgomery.

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's translations of Spanish classics also form part of the history of North American Hispanism; he went through Madrid in 1829 expressing his impressions in his letters, a diary and in Outre-Mer (1833–1834). A good connoisseur of the classics, Longfellow translated Jorge Manrique's couplets. In order to fulfill his duties as a Spanish professor, he composed his Spanish Novels (1830), which are story adaptations of Irving and published several essays on Spanish literature and a drama, including The Spanish Student (1842), where he imitates those of the Spanish Golden Age. In his anthology The Poets and Poetry of Europe (1845) he includes the works of many Spanish poets. William Cullen Bryant translated Morisco romances and composed the poems "The Spanish Revolution" (1808) and "Cervantes" (1878). He was linked in New York to Spaniards and, as director of the Evening Post, included many articles on Peninsular subjects in the magazine. He was in Spain in 1847, and narrated his impressions in Letters of a traveller (1850–1857). In Madrid he met Carolina Coronado, translating into English her poem "The Lost Bird" and novel Jarilla, both of which were published in the Evening Post. But the most important group of Spanish scholars was one from Boston. The work of George Ticknor, a professor of Spanish at Harvard who wrote History of Spanish Literature, and William H. Prescott, who wrote historical works on the conquest of America, are without doubt contributions of the first order. Ticknor was a friend of Pascual de Gayangos y Arce, whom he met in London, and visited Spain in 1818, describing his impressions in Life, letters and journal (1876). In spite of significant difficulties with his vision, Prescott composed histories of the conquest of Mexico and Peru, as well as a history of the reign of the Catholic Monarchs.

Other important Hispanists have been French E. Chadwick, Horace Flack and Marrion Wilcox, all of whom have studied Hispanic-North American relations; A. Irving Leonard, of the University of Michigan, who specialized in the work of Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora and published numerous works on Latin American literature and history; and Hubert H. Bancroft (1832–1918) and Edward Gaylord Bourne (1860–1908), who vindicated the work of Spain in the Americas. Williams has written about art. Jeremiah D. M. Ford (1873–1958) is the author of the anthologies Old Spanish Readings (1906) and Spanish Anthology (1901). Edith F. Helman has studied Francisco de Goya in Trasmundo de Goya (Madrid 1964). Charles Carroll Marden edited the critical edition of Poema de Fernán González and published the anonymous Libro de Apolonio and Milagros de Nuestra Señora of Gonzalo de Berceo; Katherine R. Whitmore, inspiring muse of the poetic cycle of Pedro Salinas, has taken care of contemporary lyric poetry and the Generation of 98. Charles Philip Wagner wrote a Spanish Grammar and studied the sources of the Libro del caballero Cifar; George T. Northup did editions of Medieval texts such as Libro de los gatos; Raymond S. Willis studied the Libro de Alexandre; Raymond R. MacCurdy did fundamental studies and editions on Francisco Rojas Zorrilla; Lewis U. Hanke specialized in the historiography of Indians, and published excellent studies on Father Bartolomé de las Casas; Ada M. Coe, Benjamin B. Ashcom, Ruth Lee Kennedy and Gerald Edward Wade focused on the theater; Sylvanus Grisworld Morley and Courtney Bruerton established for the first time a solid chronology of plays of Lope de Vega; Sturgis E. Leavitt focused on bibliographical studies; Edwin B. Pleases studied the life and works of Maria de Zayas and published the Amadís de Gaula; Nicholson B. Adams was devoted to the romantic drama; Henry H. Carter published the Cancionero de Ajuda; J. Wickersham Crawford studied the life and works of Cristóbal Suárez de Figueroa; Edwin B. Williams composed a bilingual dictionary; and Henry R. Kahane, Harvard professor Dwight L. Bolinger and Norman P. Sacks wrote on linguistics and grammar.

Spanish professors teaching at North American universities have contributed to the promotion of Hispanic studies. These include Federico de Onís, Ángel del Río, Joaquin Casalduero and his nephew Joaquín Gimeno Casalduero, Francisco García Lorca - Federico's younger brother, José Fernández Montesinos, José Francisco Cirre, Jorge Guillén, Pedro Salinas, Claudio Guillén, César Barja, Diego Marín, Agapito Rey, Vicente Lloréns, Jerónimo Mallo or Américo Castro, some of whom left Spain because of the Spanish Civil War. The Spanish emigrant and philanthropist Gregorio del Amo created the Amo Foundation in Los Angeles to foment the cultural interchanges between both countries. Among the disciples of Américo Castro at Princeton University, as well as the Spaniard Juan Marichal, Edmund L. King, who was a great specialist in the work of Gabriel Miró, Albert A. Sicroff and Stephen Gilman; this last one specialising in the Celestina. Rudolph Schevill published with Adolfo Bonilla the Complete Works of Miguel de Cervantes; Joseph G. Fucilla studied the Italian trace in Hispanic letters and Archer Milton Huntington, who studied under William Ireland Knapp, and went on to found the Hispanic Society of America, one of the fundamental pillars of North American Hispanism.

Other important American Spanish scholars were Otis H. Green, professor at the University of Pennsylvania who was co-director of Hispanic Review, one of the most famous Hispanic journals in that country; Yakov Malkiel; Ralph Hayward Keniston, who published a useful study on the syntax of the Spanish Golden Age; Lloyd Kasten and Lawrence B. Kiddle, who published some works of Alfonso X of Castile; Erwin Kempton Mapes, who specialized in Modernism; John E. Englekirk, a famous hispanoamericanista that studied in addition the influence of Edgar Allan Poe in Hispanic Literatures; John Esten Keller, publisher of medieval story repertoires; Leo Spitzer; Alan S. Trueblood; Laurel H. Wardropper; Anthony Zahareas; Walter T. Pattison; Richard Pattee; Russell P. Sebold, who specialized in convulso transit between the 18th and 19th centuries; Edwin S. Morby, publisher of novels of Lope de Vega; James O. Crosby, an expert on Quevedo; John McMurry Hill, author of classic theater editions and glossaries and bibliographies; the Canadian Harry W. Hilborn, who composed a chronology of works of Pedro Calderón de la Barca; Richard Herr, author of an important book on 18th century Spain; John Dowling; Elías L. Rivers, a great specialist in Garcilaso; Donald F. Fogelquist; Karl Ludwig Selig, student of the relations between the emblems and literature of the Golden Age; Victor R. Oelschläger; William H. Shoemaker, a great student of Benito Pérez Galdós; Albert Sicroff, author of a classic study on the statutes of blood purity (estatutos de limpieza de sangre); Charlotte Stern, student of the Spanish medieval theater; Kenneth R. Scholberg, Kessel Schwartz etc. North American Hispanism continues vigorously with active figures such as Daniel Eisenberg, David T. Gies, and Robert Lauer.

In the United States there are important societies that dedicate themselves to the study, conservation and spread of the Spanish culture, of which the Hispanic Society of America is the best known. There are also libraries specialized in Hispanic matter, including ones at Tulane University, New Orleans. Important journals include Hispanic Review, Revista de las Españas, Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica, Hispania, Dieciocho, Revista Hispánica Moderna and Cervantes.

Hispanism in France and Belgium

Hispanism in France goes back to the powerful influence of the literature of the Spanish Golden Age on authors such as Pierre Corneille and Paul Scarron. Numerous grammars and dictionaries were written by French authors, but there were also Spanish Protestants who fled the Inquisition and took by office education from the Spanish language, including the author of Second part of the Lazarillo de Tormes, Juan de Luna. Charpentier's Parfaicte méthode pour entendre, écrire et parler langue espagnole (Paris: Lucas Breyel, 1597) was supplemented by the grammar by Cesar Oudin (also from 1597) that served as model to those that were later written in French. Michel de Montaigne read the Cronistas de Indias and had as one of its models Antonio de Guevara. Molière, Alain-René Lesage, and Jean-Pierre Claris de Florian took arguments and personages from Spanish literature.

Painters such as Eugène Delacroix and Henri Regnault; writers such as Alexandre Dumas, Théophile Gautier, George Sand, Stendhal, Hippolyte Taine and Prosper Merimée; travellers like Jean François Bourgoing, Charles Davillier, Louis Viardot, Isidore Justin Séverin, Charles Didier, Alexandre de Laborde, Antoine de Latour, Joseph Bonaventure Laurens, Edouard Magnien, Pierre Louis de Crusy and Antoine Frederic Ozanam traveled to Spain in the 19th century, leaving written testimony. François René de Chateaubriand went through Spain while returning from Jerusalem and wrote about his trip. Louis Viardot was a great Spanish translator; Victor Hugo was in Spain accompanying his father general Hugo in 1811 and 1813, envanecía in being called Great of Spain and knew the language; there are numerous references, among others figures and texts, to El Cid and the work of Cervantes in his works; Prosper Merimée (who, either before his repeated trips to Spain or, had shaped his intuitive vision in The theater of Clara Gazul (1825) and in the family of Carvajal (1828) made many trips between 1830 and 1846 making numerous friends, among them the Duke of Rivas and Antonio Alcala Galiano, and wrote Lettres addressées d'Espagne au directeur of the Revue de Paris, which are imperceptible costumbrista outlines that emphasize the description of a bullfight; their short novels are classic works on Spain about the souls of the Purgatorio (1834) that transfer the subject of Don Juan Tenorio to Salamanca, as José de Espronceda later does in his El estudiante de Salamanca ("The student of Salamanca"), and Carmen (1845); Henri Murger, Stendhal or Gustave Flaubert. Only on the influence of Miguel de Cervantes could become chapter separate and Honoré de Balzac was a friend of Francisco Martínez de la Rosa and the twig dedicated to its novel to him (1829). Martinez de la Rosa released Abén Humeya in Paris in 1831. Romancero included in Bibliothèque universelle of romans, which was published in 1774. Crezé de Lesser published Romance du Cid in 1814, comparing them like epic Herder with the Greeks, and they were reprinted in 1823 and 1836, giving much fabular to the French romantic movement. The brother of Victor, the journalist and publisher Abel Hugo, emphasized the literary value of Romancero, translating and publishing Romancero and the history of King Rodrigo in 1821 and Romance historiques traduits of l'espagnol in 1822. He also composed the vaudeville Them français in Espagne (1823), inspired by his interest in the county in which, when he was younger, he and his brother were in the Noble Seminary of Madrid during the reign of King Jose. Madame de Stäel contributed to the knowledge of Spanish Literature in France by using German, which helped introduce Romanticism to the country. This led to the dramatic literature course of Friedrich von Schlegel in 1814 and Volume IV of the work of Bouterwek, which won the title of Histoire de la litterature espagnole in 1812. It also helped to encourage the Swiss Simonde Sismondi in her study of De la littérature du midi de l'Europe (1813). In this sense the Castilian poetry anthology was very important subsequent to the 15th century, when in 1826-1827 it was translated and published with introductions and notes by Juan Maria Maury under the title L'Espagne poétique in two volumes. In Paris, the publishing house Baudry published many works of Romantic Spaniards and even maintained a Collection of the best Spanish authors, edited by Eugenio de Ochoa. Visions of Spain offered books of trips of Madame d'Aulnoy, Saint-Simon, Théophile Gautier (who crossed Spain in 1840 and published Voyage in Espagne (1845) and one Spain (1845), plenty of colorful colorful sensitivity and, as much, that they served as inspirations to the same Spaniards (poets like Zorrilla and narrators like those of the Generation of 98 and Alexandre Dumas) that attended the representation Don Juan Tenorio of José Zorrilla in Madrid and received quite negative impressions of their experiences; its drama Don Juan de Marana revived the legend of Don Juan, changing the end after to have seen the version of Zorrilla in the delayed edition of 1864. Francois-René de Chateaubriand happened through the peninsula in 1807 and had some intervention in the invasion of One hundred thousand children of San Luis in 1823; d'Outre told in his it Mémoires d'ultratombe (1849–1850). Perhaps at that time conceived to write you venture du to Them to Le dernier Abencerraje (1826), raising the chivalry hispanoárabe. Very read espagnol was Lettres d'un (1826) of Louis Viardot, that was in Spain in 1823. Stendhal dedicated to the chapter " Of l'Espagne" in its test Of l'amour (1822). visited the Peninsula in 1834 soon. George Sand spent one season in Majorca with Chopin (1837–1838), installed in the tétrica Cartuja de Valldemosa, as she herself remembers in Un hiver au midi of l'Espagne (1842) and in his Memoirs. The Spanish classic painting exerted a formidable influence on Manet, and more recently, on the modern painting generally, Pablo Ruiz Picasso or Salvador Dali. Spanish music influenced composers like the Georges Bizet, Emmanuel Chabrier, Edouard Lalo, Maurice Ravel, Debussy, and so on.

In Belgium, Pierre Groult and Lucien-Paul Thomas emphasize that studied mainly Mystical Castilian in relation to the flamenco one;, Ernest Merimée, founder of French Institute of Madrid, creator of Manual of history of Spanish Literature and student of Francisco de Quevedo drove Hispanic studies in France Pierre Paris and Guillén de Castro, his son Henri ; Léo Rouanet, Jean Joseph Stanislas Albert Ladies Hinard, Jean-Josep Saroïhandy, Jean Camp, the Georges Cirot, Desdevises du Dézert, Gaston Paris, Adolphe de Puibusque, Raymond Foulché-Delbosc, Eugène Kohler, Marcel Bataillon, Alfred Morel-Fatio, Maurice Legendre, Jean Sarrailh, Jean Cassou, Felix Lecoy, Valery Larbaud, Pierre Fouché, Marcel Lepée, Henri Gavel, Jean Ducamin, Pierre Le Gentile, Israël Salvator Révah, Noël Salomon, Alain Guy, Maxime Chevalier, Louis Combet, Georges Demerson, Marcelin Défourneaux, Charles Vincent Aubrun, Robert Marrast, Gaspard Delpy, Pierre Vilar, Bartolomé Benassar, Joseph Perez, Jean Canavaggio, René Andioc, Albert Dérozier, Claude Morange, Marc Vitse, Robert Jammes, Frédéric Serralta, Lucienne Domergue, Théodore Joseph Boudet, Adolphe Coster, Claude Couffon, Maurice Molho.

At present the most important centers for Hispanism in France are at the Universities of Bordeaux and Toulouse, and in Paris, with the Institut DES Études Hispaniques, founded in 1912. Journals include Bulletin Hispanique.

Hispanism in Great Britain and Ireland

The first Spanish book translated into English was the Celestina is an adaptation in verse published in London between 1525 and 1530 by John Rastell. It includes only the four first acts and is based on the Italian version of Ordoñez; it is often referred to as Interlude and its original title is A New Comedy in English in Manner of an Interlude Right Elegant and Full of Craft of Rhetoric: Wherein is Shewed and Described as well the Beauty and Good Properties of Women, as Their Vices and Evil Conditions with a Moral Conclusion and Exhortation to Virtue.. The Scottish poet William Drummond (1585–1649) translated Garcilaso de la Vega and Juan Boscán. The English knew the masterpieces of Castilian literature, from early translations of Amadís de Gaula by Garci Rodriguez de Montalvo and the Cárcel de amor by Diego de San Pedro. Sir Philip Sidney had read Siete libros de la Diana by the Hispano-Portuguese Jorge de Montemayor and whose poetry influenced him greatly. John Bourchier translated Libro de Marco Aurelio by Antonio de Guevara. David Rowland translated Lazarillo de Tormes in 1586, which possibly inspired the first English picaresque novel, The Unfortunate Traveller (1594), by Thomas Nashe. By the end of the 16th century, the Celestina had been translated fully (in London, J. Wolf, 1591; Adam Islip, 1596; William Apsley, 1598 etcetera). Some of the translators of that time traveled or lived for some time in Spain, such as Lord Berners, Bartholomew Yong, Thomas Shelton, Leonard Digges and James Mabbe. William Cecil (Lord Burghley; 1520–1598) owned the largest Spanish library in the United Kingdom, but his affections towards Spain and did not manage to prevent the war of Felipe II against Elizabeth I.

Elizabethan theater also felt the powerful influence of the Spanish Golden Age. John Fletcher, a habitual collaborator of Shakespeare, lavishly took from Quijote of Cervantes for his Cardenio, written in collaboration with the Swan of the Avon, who was an unsuspected reader of Juan Luis Vives; Fletcher and Beaumont also imitated the famous novel in his more well-known The Knight of the Burning Pestle. He also took from Persiles the customs of the country and the illustrious dishwasher for his beautiful young saleswoman. Thomas Middleton and William Rowley were inspired by Gitanilla to write The Spanish Gipsy (1623). The first translation of Quijote into a foreign language was the English version by Thomas Shelton (first part, 1612, second, 1620). The century did not finish without seeing the first English imitation of this work, the satirical poem Hudibras (1663–78), composed by Samuel Butler. In addition, the works of some great Golden Age poets were translated into English by Richard Fanshawe, who died in Madrid.

Already in the 1738 a luxurious London edition of Don Quijote in Castilian was featured, prepared by the enthusiastic Sephardic Jewish Cervantist Pedro Pineda, with an introduction of novator Gregorio Mayáns y Siscar and excellent engravings; there were few differences between the two new translations of Don Quixote, one by Jarvis (1742) and one by the writer of picaresque novels Tobias Smollett (1755). Smollet appears as a great reader of Spanish narrative and his works take that always-present seal; on the other hand, the best work of the dieciochesca writer Charlotte Lennox is the Quijote Woman (1752), which was inspired by Cervantes and the spiritual Quijote of Richard Serious. The English clergyman John Bowle published the best critical edition of Don Quixote of the 18th century in 1781, at which time the novelists Henry Fielding and Lawrence Sterne learned of Cervantes.

Among the British travellers in Spain in this century who left written testimony of their travels are (chronologically) John Durant Breval, Thomas James, Wyndham Beawes, James Harris, Richard Twiss, Francis Carter, William Dalrymple, Philip Thiknesse, Henry Swinburne, John Talbot Dillon, Alexander Jardine, Richard Croker, Richard Cumberland, Joseph Towsend, Arthur Young, William Beckford, John Macdonald, Robert Southey and Neville Wyndham. Straddling the following century are John Hookham Frere, Henry Richard Vassall Fox, more known like Lord Holland (1773–1840), a great friend of Melchor Gaspar de Jovellanos and Manuel José Quintana and benefactor of José María Blanco White. Lord Holland visited Spain on numerous occasions and wrote his impressions about those trips. He also collected books and manuscripts and wrote a biography of Lope de Vega before opening his house to all the Spaniards, but especially to the liberal émigre's who arrived to the London district of Somers Town in the 19th century, fleeing from Fernandine absolutist repression and the religious and ideological dogmatism of the country. Many of them subsisted by translating or teaching their language; the majority eagerly dealt with Hispano-American topics, although others were involved in Spanish medieval and Romantic literature. One of the émigres, Antonio Alcalá Galiano, taught Spanish literature as a Chair of Spanish at the University of London in 1828 and published his notes. The publisher Rudolph Ackerman established a great business publishing Catecismos (text books) on different matters in Spanish for the new Hispano-American republics, the origin of many of these Spanish émigres. Lewis set some of his works in Spain; the protagonist of Jane Austen's Abbey of Northanger is chalada by Gothic novels, that has been read like Don Quixote with books of chivalry.

Walter Scott was an enthusiastic Cervantist and tried to translate some Romance texts. He dedicated to the narrative poem The Vision of Roderick (1811) to Spain and its history. Thomas Rodd translated some romances. Lord Byron also was greatly interested in Spain and was a reader of Don Quixote. He translated the romance Ay de mi Alhama in part of his Childe Harold and Don Juan. Richard Trench translated Pedro Calderón de la Barca and was friends with some of the emigrated Spaniards, some of whom wrote in English and Spanish, like José María Blanco-White and Telesforo de Trueba y Cossío, and many of whom, including like Juan Calderón, who held a chair of Spanish at King's College^{[disambiguation needed]}, spread knowledge of the Spanish language and its literature. John Hookham Frere was a friend of Duke de Rivas when he was in Malta and translated some medieval and classical poetry into English. The Spanish scholar brothers Jeremiah Holmes and Benjamin B. Wiffen, the poet lakist Robert Southey, translated Amadís de Gaula and Palmerín de Inglaterra into English, among others estimable works. English novelists were strongly influenced by Cervantes. Especially so was Charles Dickens, who created a quixotic pair in Mr. Pickwick and Sam Weller of Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick club; John Ormsby translated the Cantar del Mio Cid and Don Quixote; Percy Bysshe Shelley left traces of his devotion to Pedro Calderon de la Barca in his work; polyglot John Bowring travelled to Spain in 1819 and published the observations of his trip. Classic travellers are Richard Ford, whose for Handbook travellers in Spain (1845) was greatly reedited, and George Borrow, author of the delicious travel book The Bible in Spain, translated into Castilian by Manuel Azaña, the Calderonista poet Edward Fitzgerald, and the literary historian James Fitzmaurice-Kelly, " padre" of a whole British generation of Spanish scholars such as Edgar Allison Peers and Alexander A. Parker. Other outstanding Hispanists include the Irish Frank Pierce, student of the epic poetry of the Golden Age; John Brande Trend, a historian of Spanish music; Edward Meryon Wilson, author of a splendid translation to English of the Soledades (Solitudes) of Luis de Góngora (1931); Norman David Shergold, student of auto sacramental; John E. Varey, who documented the evolution of the paratheatrical forms in the Golden Age; Geoffrey Ribbans, William James Entwistle, Peter Edward Russell, Nigel Glendinning, Brian Dutton, Gerald Brenan, John H. Elliott, Raymond Carr, Henry Kamen, John H. Polt, Hugh Thomas, Colin Smith, Edward C. Riley, Keith Whinnom, Paul Preston, Alan Deyermond, Ian Michael, and Ian Gibson.

The Association of Hispanists of Great Britain and Ireland (AHGBI) was founded in 1955 by a group of university professors in St. Andrews. Since then annual congresses have been organized and the fiftieth took take place in 2005. The AHGBI played a decisive role in the creation of the Association International of Hispanists (AIH), whose first congress was celebrated in Oxford in 1962.

Hispanism in Germany, Austria and Switzerland

The German Association of Spanish Hispanists was established in 1977 and since then has held a biennial congress. Currently, Spanish frequently surpasses French in number of students. About forty departments of Romance philology exist in Germany and there are more than ten thousand students of Spanish.

Outside of the imitation of the picaresque novel by Hans Jakob Christoph von Grimmelshausen, Hispanism bloomed with force in Germany around the devotion that provoked Romanticism by Miguel de Cervantes, the Golden Age dramatist Pedro Calderon de la Barca, and Baltasar Gracián. Friedrich Diez (1794–1876) can be considered the first philologist that conferred an important place to Spanish, which he does in his Grammar of the Romance Languages (1836–1843) and etymological Dictionary of the Romance Languages (1854). He published his first Hispanicist work, Altspanische Romanzen (Romance medieval Spaniards, 1819), when the interest by the Spanish in other authors, like Dieze and Friedrich Justin Bertuch, woke up.

The romantic group consisting of Ludwig Tieck, an orientalist, writer and poet who translated Quijote into German (1799–1801); Friedrich Bouterwek, the peculiar and very erroneous author of History of Spanish Literature and translator of The Judge of the Divorces of Cervantes and August Wilhelm Schlegel (1767–1845) translated works of Calderón (Spanisches Theater, 1803–1809) and Spanish classic poetry into German. Jakob Grimm, a famous philologist and folklorist, published Silva of Old Woman Romances (Vienna, 1816) with a prologue in Spanish. Consul in Spain Juan Nicolás Böhl de Faber was a great student of Calderón, the Spanish classic theater and traditional popular Literature. The philologist Wilhelm von Humboldt travelled through Spain taking notes and was interested especially in the Basque language, and the philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer was a fervent reader and translator of Baltasar Gracián. Count Adolf Friedrich von Schack (1815–1894) made a trip to Spain in 1852 to study the remnants of the Moor civilization and became a fervent Spanish scholar.

In Switzerland, Austria, and other German-speaking countries many people studied and read classic Spanish literature with rigor, and although the most known of them is perhaps the Viennese writer Franz Grillparzer, the list is certainly not small; Wendelin Foerster, Karl Vollmoller, Adolf Tobler, Heinrich Morf, Gustav Grober, Gottfried Baist, Wilhelm Meyer-Lübke are examples. Among them are two Chileans, Rodolfo or Rudolf Lenz (1863–1938), that he published, between many other works, their important Dictionary of the Chilean voices derived from indigenous languages, his Chilenische Studien and other important works on grammar and the Spanish of America, and Federico or Friedrich Hanssen (1857–1919), that wrote one Grammatical historical of the Castilian language and other works of Castilian Hispanic philology on old, Aragonese dialectology and the Spanish of America. The Romance Manual of Philology by Wilhelm Meyer-Lübke was a classic in Spain, as were his Grammatical of the Romance Languages (1896–1899), Introduction to the Linguistic Romance (1901) (translated into Spanish), and Etymological Dictionary Romanesque (1935). With these translations and books, Johannes Fastenrath spread the Spanish culture among his contemporaries and created a prize that bears his name in the Spanish Royal Academy to award the best works in Spanish poetry, fiction and essays. The Austrian romanista Ferdinand Wolf, friend of Agustín Durán, was particularly interested in Romancero, lyrical cancioneril and medieval popular poetry, and studied authors who resided in Vienna, such as Cristóbal de Castillejo. The Swiss Heinrich Morf edited the old Poem of Joseph (Leipzig, 1883). The works of linguistic idealism and the Stylistics, represented by Karl Vossler and Ludwig Pfandl, were widely read in Spain. The Germanic calderonismo resurged with the editions of Max Krenkel. Other important authors were Emil Gessner, who wrote DAS Altleonesische (Leonine old) (Berlin 1867); Gottfried Baist, author of the book edition of Libro de la caza of Don Juan Manuel (1880) and the draft of a historical grammar of Spanish; Die spanische Sprache, a monumental encyclopedia of the Romance philology published by Gustav Grober in 1888; Hugo Schuchardt, who made Die flamenco songs, so far the best work on the subject; Armin Gassner, who made DAS altspanische Verbum (the old Castilian verb in) (1897), a work on Spanish syntax (1890) and several articles on Spanish pronouns between 1893 and 1895. Moritz Goldschmidt was also responsible for Zur Kritik to der altgermanischen Elemente im Spanischen, Bonn 1887, a mediocre work, but the first one on the influences of the Germanic languages on Spanish.

Authors with more specialized and important contributions to the Hispanic philology were Werner Beinhauer (Spanish colloquial, phraseology, modismos), Joseph Brüch (Germanic influences, historical phonetics), Emil Gamillscheg (Germanic influences on the languages peninsular, toponymy, Basoues and Romans), Wilhelm Giese (etimología, dialectology and popular culture, guanchismos, preroman substrate, judeo-Spanish), Rudolf Grossmann (extranjerismos of the River plate Spanish, Spanish and Hispano-American Literature, Latin American culture), Helmut Hatzfeld (Stylistic, language of Quijote), Heinrich Kuen (linguistic situation of the Iberian Peninsula, typology of Spanish), Alwin Kuhn (Aragonese dialectology, formation of the Romance languages), Fritz Krüger (dialectology, ethnography), Harri Meier (linguistic historical, etimología, formation of the Romance languages, dialectology, linguistic typology), Joseph M. Skin (toponymy and anthroponymy of the Ibero-Romance languages), Gerhard Rohlfs (linguistic historical, etimología, toponymy, dialectology, language and culture), Hugo Schuchardt (Spanish etimologías, pre-Roman dialectology, languages, creoles, Basque studies), Friedrich Schürr (phonetic historical, lexicology), Leo Spitzer (etimología, syntax, stylistic and lexicology of the Spanish), Günther Haensch and Arnold Steiger (Arab influences on the Spanish, Mozarabic language), Karl Vossler (stylistic, characterization of the Spanish language, studies of Spanish Literature and culture), Edmund Schramm (author of a biography of Donoso Cortés and a student at Unamuno), Max Leopold Wagner (Spanish of America, studies on Gypsy dialect and slangs, dialectology), and Adolf Zauner (author of Altspanisches Lehrbuch (Castilian Manual of old, 1907).

Fritz Krüger created the famous "School of Hamburg", which applied the principles of the school "Worter und Sachen" ("Words and things"), founded earlier by Swiss and German philologists Hugo Schuchardt, R. Meringer, and W. Meyer-Lübke, aptly combining dialectology and ethnography. Between 1926 and 1944 he directed the magazine Volkstum und Kultur der Romane and the supplements of the same (1930–1945). It totaled 37 volumes, in which many of their disciples published their works. Krüger wrote mainly on Hispanic dialectology, especially on that of western Spain (Extremadura and Leon) and the Pyrenees, and travelled on foot to gather the materials for his monumental work Die Hochpyrenaen (the central Pyrenees), in which he meticulously described the landscape, flora, fauna, material culture, popular traditions and dialects of the central Pyrenees. The versatile romanista Gerhard Rohlfs investigated the languages and the common dialects of the two slopes of the Pyrenees and their elements, pre-Roman substrates of the peninsular languages and guanchismos.

Karl Vossler, founder of the linguistic school of Idealism, today surpassed to a large extent, must to shining Spanish literary work interpretations and deep reflections on the Spanish culture. Vossler initiated with Helmut Hatzfeld and Leo Spitzer a new stylistic school based on the esthetic one, which analyzed mainly average of expression of the different authors (Karl Vossler, Helmut Hatzfeld, Leo Spitzer: Introduction to the stylistic romance, Buenos Aires, 1932)

At the beginning of the 20th century the foundation of two had special importance meritorias institutions dedicated exclusively to the Hispanic studies (including Catalan, Galician and the Portuguese), Iberoamerikanisches Forschungsinstitut of the University of Hamburg, city always abierta to the world, and Iberoamerikanisches lnstitut of Berlin, the great cultural metropolis in those years.

In 1919 the Iberoamerikanisches Forschungsinstitut of the University of Hamburg was based that, until the Sixties was practically the unique university institution with exclusive dedication to the Spanish and the other peninsular languages. The Institute essentially published the valuable journal Volkstum und Kultur der Romanen (1926–1944) dedicated to works on dialectology and popular culture, following, generally, you rule of the school " Worter und Sachen" (" Words and cosas"). Under the direction of Fritz Krüger whose disciples published doctoral theses on the Spanish language and its dialects were created "School of Hamburgo".

Founded in 1930, the Iberoamerican Institute or Iberoamerikanisches lnstitut of Berlin received bottoms librarians of several donations among them of the library of the Institute of Latin American Investigations of the University of Bonn, dissolved in 1930. The library of the Instituto of Berlin, the most important of Europe as far as studies on Spain, Portugal and Latin America and the languages of these countries (including Catalan, Galician, Portuguese, Basque and the indigenous languages of America) today count on 730,000 volumes and 4,300 journals, in addition with great amount to maps, archives of photographies, slides, magnetic tapes, a cut file of press, one of 18,000 discs. The Instituto has an efficient asoramiento. It is also dedicated to investigations in the fields of Literature, linguistic, ethnology, history and history of the art. Under the Nazi regime (1933–1945), the German philology crossed a difficult time. Unfortunately there were Romanists that in their chairs and their works praised and propagated the Nazi ideology. Others, however, lost their chairs or underwent another type of persecution, for being Jewish ones (as for example Yakov Malkiel and Leo Spitzer, that emigrated), others by not to be pleasing to the regime or even enemy assets of the same (like for example Helmut Hatzfeld, that fled from Germany; Werner Krauss, who lost his chair in 1935).

Reconstructed difficultly with the postwar period, the Hispanic philology of German speech contributed to the works of Carolina Michaëlis de Vasconcellos and Ernst Robert Curtius. Rudolph Grossmann made a Gran diccionario hispanoalemán and made a Spanish lyrical Anthology. Also and made great contributions Hans Juretschke Werner Kraus. Werner Beinhauer studied the colloquial Spanish and his book in this matter is a classic one that is still read today with pleasure; Torsten Rox studied Mariano José de Larra and the Spanish nineteenth-century media; Hans Magnus Enzensberger has published a new translation of Federico García Lorca. On the other hand, in Germany has publishing houses specialized in Hispanic studies, like Publishing house Reichenberger de Kassel that is devoted to the Golden Age and does one meritísima work and the Publishing house Klaus Dieter Ververt, which has a branch in Frankfurt and another one in Madrid, which facilitates the collaboration between the Spanish scholars.

In Austria Franz Grillparzer was the first Spanish scholar, great reader of theater of the Golden Age, and emphasizes Anton Rothbauer like studious black legend ("leyenda negra") translator lyrical modern and of ; and Rudolf Palgen are also Austrian Alfred Wolfgang Wurzbach.

Hispanism in Russia

In the Russian Federation the history of Hispanism is long and deep and even resisted the rupture of relations on the occasion of the resulting dictatorship of Civil War. It started in the 18th and 19th century; in this last century, the influence of Cervantes on the Realist novel (Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Ivan Turgenev, Leon Tolstoy) was greatest. Romantic travelers such as Sergei Sobolevski accumulated great book libraries in Spanish and helped Spanish writers such as Juan Valera who visited their country. The Russian Realist dramatist Alexander Ostrovsky translated the theater of Pedro Calderón de la Barca and wrote texts on Spanish Golden Age theater. Also Yevgueni Andréyevich Salias de Tournemir visited Spain, and published Notes of two-shaft by Spain in 1874, more or less when Emilio Castelar published his Contemporary Russia. At present, the Association of Hispanists of the federation counts on the support of the Academy of Sciences; the Hispano-American studies also undergo a great increase. In a 2003 non exhaustive count revealed the number of about four thousand students of Spanish in the universities. Between the outstanding Spanish scholars they can be mentioned, only in the 20th century, the names of Sergei Goncharenko, father of a whole generation of Spanish scholars; Victor Andreyev, Vladimir Vasiliev, Natalia Miod, Svetlana Piskunova and Vsevolod Bagno among others many not less important. Recently, in addition, has been based Russian Hernandian Circle particularly active and consecrated to study the work of Miguel Hernández, that visited the USSR in September 1937.

Hispanism in Poland

Two countries like Spain and Poland, so distant, nevertheless have much common in history and political and cultural evolution. In the 10th century Ibrahim ibn Ya'qub, a Jewish merchant from Tortosa, at that time under the Muslim domination, traveled to the Slav-western countries, perhaps by order of the caliphs. The merchant wrote a story of his trip that conserves only fragments and adaptations in the work of al-Bekri. Ibn Jacob, unknown in Spain, is one of the pillars of the Polish historiography of the Middle Age. Princess Rica (Rycheza) of Poland, daughter of the Polish Duke Ladislao II “the Exile” (1138–1146) married Alfonso VII “the Emperor” (1126–1157), King of Castile, Leon and Galicia when his first wife died; on the other hand, more of a hundred Poles peregrinated to Santiago de Compostela in the Middle Ages; we know the names Jakub Cztan, Franciszek de Szubin and Klemens de Moskorzewo.

In 1490, Estanislao the Pole Stanislaus Polonus arrived in Spain. Estanislao settled down in Seville, the more prosperous Spanish city of the time, to introduce the press and during the fourteen years that he worked as a publisher in Spain (only or with their partners) he published one hundred eleven titles that together add twelve thousand pages. The University of Salamanca was the first European university that recognized the heliocentric theory of Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543). From 1562 the discoveries of the Polish scientist got up to the curriculum of the second astronomy course. In the 16th century we have letters of the humanist Jan Dantyszek (Johannes Dantiscus, 1485–1548), ambassador of king Sigismund I the Old before Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor that traveled three times to the Peninsula and remained there for nearly ten years, establishing friendship with very outstanding figures, like Hernán Cortés. The bishop Piotr Dunin Wolski took to Poland three hundred books in Spanish that happened to thicken Jaguellónica Library of Krakow under the name of Bibliotheca Volsciana. In the Academy of Krakow several Spanish professors worked: the Sevillian Garsías Square and the Aragonese jurist Pedro Ruiz de Moros (1506–1571), known in Poland as Roizjusz, that wrote mainly in Latin and was adviser of the king, who in addition spoke the Spanish well and danced the pavane. The Company of Jesus spread mystical, ascetic, and Spanish theology and theater and there was even a Polish Jesuit saint in Spain, Stanisław Kostka (Stanislaus Kostka) (1550–1568). In the 16th century, the travellers Stanisław Łaski, Andrzej Tęczyński, Jan Tarnowski, Stanisław Radziwiłł and Szymon Babiogórski visited Spain, among others. Also an interesting anonymous story of the year 1595 exists that is conserved in manuscript: Diariusz z peregrynacji włoskiej, hiszpańskiej, portugalskiej (Diary of the Italian, Spanish and Portuguese peregrination). The anonymous traveler arrived at Barcelona from Majorca in August of 1595. The mystical works were very influential in this century and ascetic, soon translated, and the philosophy of Juan Luis You live and on Suárez.

Already in the 17th century, we have to another outstanding traveler, the Polish nobleman Jacobo Sobieski, that did the Way of Santiago and wrote a relation of the same. In years 1674-1675 Andrzej Chryzostom Załuski visited Spain the canon (1650–1711), Jerzy Radziwiłł and Stanisław Radziwiłł among others, and all left testimony written of it; it is stated in that does not know black Legend they ignore or it, because its attitude is always benevolent and in favor of the Spaniards. However, modern Hispanic studies Polish, that they call Iberística, takes of the romantic poet Adam Mickiewicz ; later Joachim came hispanófilos from half-full from the 19th century like Lelewel, Wojciech Dzieduszycki, Leonard Rettel, Julian Adolf Swiecicki, Karol Dembowski, who wrote in French a book of trips by the Spain of First Carlista War, or Felix Rozanski, rather disseminators and translators enthusiastic, that preceded to the romanistas which they taught in Poland at that time, like Edward Porebowicz and its successor Zygmunt Czerny. Later and Stefania Ciesielska-Borkowska came Józef Morawski. Maria Strzałkowa wrote the first outline of History of Spanish Literature. As translators emphasize Kazimierz Zawanowski, Zofia Szleyen, Kalina Wojciechowska and Zofia Chądzyńska. The poet and Spanish scholar Florian Smieja taught Spanish and Hispano-American Literature in London, Ontario. In 1971 University of Warsaw was created in the first chair of nonsubordinate Iberística to a department of Romance Literatures and the following year the corresponding university race was created. Now Institute of Iberian and Latin American Studies is called. In her they teach Urszula Aszyk-Bangs, prematurely disappeared M. Pierrette-Ma∏cu˝yƒski (1948–2004) and the polonólogos Robert Mansberger Amorós, Victor Manuel Ferreras and Carlos Marrodán Houses. In Krakow was organized in 1985 the first National Symposium of Spanish scholars. Very important Janusz Tazbir is the work of the Spanish scholars historians and Jan Kienewicz, and in the land of the Literature of Gabriela Makowiecka, Henryk Ziomek, Baczynska Very devout woman, Florian Smieja, Piotr Sawicki and Kazimierz Sabik. Grzegorz BAK, on the other hand, has studied the image of Spain in the Polish Literature of the 19th century.

Hispanism in Portugal and Brazil

Brazil

The integration of Brazil in Mercosur has created the necessity of a closer relation with the Hispanic world and of better knowledge of the Spanish language, thus the Brazilian state has promoted the insertion of the Spanish language as part of obligatory education in the country. A great nucleus of Spanish scholars settled at the University of Sao Paulo, including Fidelino de Figueiredo, Luis Sanchez and Fernandez and Jose Lodeiro. In 1991 the Brazilian Yearbook of Hispanic Studies was created, and this publication has facilitated the diffusion of the work of Spanish scholars in the country. In the year 2000 the I Congresso Brasileiro de Hispanistas took place, and its proceedings were published under the title Hispanism 2000. On that occasion the Brazilian Association of Spanish scholars was established. The II Congresso Brasileiro de Hispanistas, took place in the year 2002. In 2004, the III Congresso Brasileiro de Hispanistas was celebrated and in September 2006, the IV Congresso Brasileiro de Hispanistas took place in Rio de Janeiro, co-organized by the Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro and the Brazilian Association of Spanish scholars.

Portugal

Compared to this Brazilian interest, there is less interest from the part of Portuguese Hispanists, whose association was only established in 2005. The Portuguese investigations in this field are mostly of a comparatist type and focus on Luso-Spanish topics, partly because of academic-administrative reasons. The journal Peninsula is one of the most important. Portuguese Hispanism appears somewhat limited and in certain way there is a mutual relation of distrust between the two cultures, motivated by a history of misunderstandings that comes from the preferential election that Castille made in the 15th century in favor of Catalonia. Nevertheless writers of the Portuguese Renaissance wrote in the two languages, like the dramatist Gil Vicente, Jorge de Montemayor, Sa de Miranda, or, later, the historian Francisco Manuel de Melo.

Hispanism in Italy

The relation between Spain and Italy developed very early during the Middle Ages, especially in Naples (through the relation that it had with the Crown of Aragon and Sicily), and intensified during the Spanish Pre-Renaissance and Renaissance through Castile: Garcilaso de la Vega engaged the members of the Pontanian Academy and introduced the metric, style and subjects of Petrarquism to Spanish lyrical poetry. This close relation extended throughout Manierism and the Baroque in the 16th and 17th centuries. In the 18th century the poet Giambattista Conti (1741–1820) was perhaps the best Spanish scholar, translator and anthologist of Europe. We can also highlight the figure of the dramatist, critic and theater historiographer Pietro Napoli Signorelli (1731–1815), who was against those who, as Girolamo Tiraboschi or Bettinelli, in their country blamed Spanish Literature of "mal gusto", "corrupción" and "barbarie"; Giacomo Casanova and Giuseppe Baretti traveled through Spain, leaving interesting descriptions of their experiences, especially the second, who had learned the language very well, while Leandro Fernández de Moratín traveled to Italy and wrote an interesting diary; his father Nicholas was a great friend of the erudite architect of Carlos III Ignazio Bernascone, and the critic Guido Bellico was in the Real Studies of San Isidro with the eminent doctor and Arabist Mariano Pizzi. To these names we can add those of Leonardo Capitanacci, Ignazio Gajone, Placido Bordoni, Giacinto Ceruti, Francesco Pesaro, Giuseppe Olivieri, Giovanni Querini and Marco Zeno.

In the 19th century Italian Romanticism felt a great interest in the Romancero, which was translated by Giovanni Berchet in 1837 and Pietro Monti in 1855. Edmundo de Amicis traveled through Spain and wrote a book of impressions of his trip. Antonio Restori (1859–1928), a professor of the Universities of Mesina and of Genoa, published some works of Lope de Vega and dedicated to the bibliography of the Spanish theater his Saggi di bibliografia teatrale spagnuola (1927); he also wrote Il Cid, studio storico-critico (1881) and La gesta del Cid (1890), among others works on Hispanic topics. Bernardo Sanvisenti, a professor of Spanish language and literature at the University of Milan, wrote Manuale di letteratura spagnuola (1907) and studied in I primi influssi di Dante, del Petrarca, e del Boccaccio sulla letteratura spagnuola (1902) the influence of Boccaccio, Dante and Petrarca in Spanish literature.

Italian Hispanism was born from three centers of interest, already identifiable in the 19th century, that are, first of all, the Spanish presence in the Italian peninsula, provoking remarkable interest in the study of Spain and even in the work creation with Spanish subject (in that climate the great success of Carmen is verified, among other things, of the French Bizet in 1875); secondly, the evolution of a comparatist science, since the first studies on literature in Spanish language are born within comparative literature, from Benedetto Croce with his work La Spagna nella vita italiana durante la Rinascenza (1907) and, mainly, Arturo Farinelli, dedicated to the relations between Spain and Italy, Italy and Germany, and Spain and Germany; to this orbit Spanish scholars like Bernardino Sanvisenti belong; thirdly, the Romance philology: Mario Casella, author of an important study on Cervantes: il Chisciotte (1938) in two volumes; Ezio Levi, Salvatore Battaglia or Giovanni Maria Bertini, translator of Spanish modern poetry, especially of Federico García Lorca. Cannilo Guerrieri Crocetti, a disciple of Pío Rajna, taught in Genoa and Cesare de Lollis made contributions to Cervantism.

Modern Hispanic studies were born later, as of 1945, with the trio Oreste Macrí, author of a monumental edition of the works of Antonio Machado and fray Luis of León; Guido Mancini and Franco Meregalli. Much later came Latin American studies, defining itself as an area of independent specialization of Spanish Literature. Between 60 and 70 the first chairs of Language and Hispano-American Literature with their pioneer are created Giovanni Meo Zilio, that occupied the first chair of the same created in the University of Florence in 1968, and that follows to him shortly after: Giuseppe Bellini, historian of Latin American Literature, translator of Pablo Neruda and student of Miguel Ángel Asturias; Roberto Paoli, great Peruvianist and translator of César Vallejo; and Dario Puccini, student of the lyric poetry of the 20th century, but also of Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz.

The Association of Italian Hispanists (AISPI) was created in May 1973 and has celebrated numerous congresses almost annually since then. Among Italian Hispanists we can mention Silvio Pellegrini, Pío Rajna, Antonio Viscardi, Luigi Sorrento, Guido Tammi, Francesco Vian, Juana Granados de Bagnasco, Gabriele Ranzato, Lucio Ambruzzi, Eugenio Mele, Manlio Castello, Francesco Ugolini, Lorenzo Giussi, Elena Milazzo, Luigi de Filippo, Carmelo Samoná, Giuseppe Carlo Rossi, the poets Giuseppe Ungaretti, that Luis de Góngora translated, and Pier Paolo Pasolini; Margherita Morreale, Giovanni Maria Bertini, Giuliano Bonfante, Carlo Bo, diffuser of poetry of Juan Ramón Jiménez; Ermanno Caldera, interested in the theater; Rinaldo Froldi, Guido Mancini, that did one History of Spanish Literature, and other many as important as they to that certain account cannot be enough.

Hispanism in Israel

Israeli Hispanism has a long tradition, for the Sephardi Jews expelled from Spain in 1492 by the Catholic Monarchs took and conserved their 15th century Castilian wherever they went: Miguel de Barrios and Joseph de la Vega created an academy in Amsterdam and wrote works in brilliant Golden Age Spanish. Presently there are several Israeli mass media in Spanish, some of long history, like the weekly magazine Aurora, and others of recent creation: a digital newspaper and three radio stations. 2.7 percent of the seven million inhabitants of the multicultural country of Israel knows the Spanish language. There are also at present about 100,000 speakers of Judaeo-Spanish, who came from countries that were part of the old Ottoman Empire and from North Africa, that also form part of Hispanic Israel. In the modern period it is worthwhile to mention Samuel Miklos Stern, the discoverer of jarchas, as well as the great student of the Spanish Inquisition, professor Benzion Netanyahu, and many others, such as Haim Beinart. Other Israeli scholars have studied the literature and especially the history of Spain, frequently influenced by the theses of Américo Castro. Don Quixote has been translated into the Hebrew twice; first by Natan Bistrinsky and Nahman Bialik, and in 1994 by Beatriz and Luis Landau; the latter is a university professor at the Department of Hebrew Literature of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and has written the book Cervantes and the Jews (2004). The historian Yosef Kaplan has written numerous works and has translated Isaac Cardoso's Excellence of the Jews into the Hebrew. The Association of Israeli Hispanists was created the 21 of June 2007 at the Cervantes Institute of Tel Aviv with more than thirty professors, researchers and intellectuals linked to the language, literature, history and culture of Spain, Portugal, Latin America and the Judeo-Spanish Sephardic world. The meeting was summoned by the professors Ruth Fine (Hebrew University of Jerusalem), chosen first president of the association; Raanán Rein (University of Tel Aviv), Aviva Dorón (University of Haifa) and Tamar Alexander (Ben-Gurion University of the Negev).

Hispanism in the Arab world

Hispanism in the Arab countries is a logical development, since Spain was during great part of its history part of Al-Andalus, an Arab country until the 15th century, and later even had in its population an ample percentage of Moriscos until their expulsion in 1609. In addition, great part of the Spanish colonial expansion was carried out through the Maghreb. There are early figures of Muslim Hispanism such as the Moroccan Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari or the Egyptian poet Ahmed Shawqi (1868–1932) and the one that can be considered the first scientific Hispanist scholar, the Lebanese Shakib Arslan (1869–1946), friend of Sawqi, author of a book of trips by Spain in three volumes. The Egyptian Taha Husayn (1889–1973), raised the necessity to renew the relation with Spain among others European countries of the Mediterranean and led the edition of the great Andalusian literary encyclopedia Al-Dajira, of Ibn Bassam, from Santarém (died 1147). Other important figures are 'Abd al- `Aziz al-Ahwani, 'Abd Allah `Inan, Husayn Mu' nis, Salih al-Astar, Mahmud Mekki and Hamid Abu Ahmad. Linked to the Egyptian Institute of Madrid are Ahmad Mujtar al-'Abbadi, who specialized in the history of nazarí Granada, Ahmad Haykal, Salah Fadl, As'ad Sarif 'Umar and Nagwa Gamal Mehrez. The First Colloquium of Arab Hispanism took place in Madrid, on February 24–27, 1976.

Hispanism in Holland

In spite of the rough war that faced Spain and Holland during the Spanish Golden Age, an old and fecund Dutch Hispanism existed without a doubt; aside from the influence of golden Spanish Literature in the great writer Gerbrand Bredero and of the translations of Guilliam de Bay in the 17th century, in the 19th century Romanticism woke up the curiosity by all the Spanish, sense generally like exotic stranger and. The Arabist Reinhart Dozy (1820–1883) made important contributions to the study of the Muslim domination in Spain, like Histoire des Musulmans d'Espagne (1861) and his continuation, Recherches l' Histoire et littérature of l' Espagne that in its definitive form was published in 1881. Few years later, Dutch Fonger de Haan (1859–1930) will obtain the chair of Spanish literature at Boston University. Two of his publications, Pícaros and Ganapanes: studies of Spanish erudition of 1899 and An Outline History of the Picaresque Novel in Spain (1903) continue being today as departure points for the investigation in that field; in 1918 he in vain tried to awaken the interest of the State University of Groningen in Hispanic studies. Some years later he gave his library of Hispanic studies to this same university.

The serious studies of literature find new impulses thanks to work of Jan de Winkel of the University of Amsterdam with his Ontwikkelingsgang der Nederlandsche Letterkunde (1908–1921) that would get to have seven volumes and that quick special attention to the influence that Spanish literature exerted on the Dutch in the 17th century. Other researchers like William Davids (1918), Joseph Vles (1926) and S. Vosters (1955) would continue in the same direction as the Dutch you Winkel. But two Romanists were of great importance for the incipient Hispanism in Holland, Salverda de Grave and Sneyders of Vogel. Jean Jacques Salverda de Grave (1863–1947) got to be a university professor of Romance philology in the University of Groningen in 1907, to be happened in its position, when moving to Amsterdam in 1920, by Kornelis Sneyders de Vogel (1876–1958). In 1906, for the first time since 1659, a Spanish-Dutch Dictionary was published, followed in 1912 by a Dictionary of Dutch-Spanish, both made up of the doctor A. Between these dates and 1945 twelve dictionaries would be published, among which the one of Goes Dam (1937 and 1941) would come to be known. Also 16 grammars would be published, of Wansink (1889), Kerpestein (1919), Geers (1924), Van der Kemp (1941) and of Ridder (1945), among others. It is necessary to mention here doctor W. van Baalen who was an important disseminator of history, customs and wealth of Hispano-America in ten books. Along with the doctor they go Dam would be in 1932 one of the founders of the Nederlandsch Zuid-Amerikaansch Instituut, that it had as the one of his main objectives promotion of the commercial and cultural contacts between both worlds, that at that time so little were known. The Groningan poet Hendrik de Vries (1896–1989) will travel twelve times to Spain between 1924 and 1936 and, although his father, eminent and Polyglot philologist, always had refused to study the Spanish to deeply hate a nation of catholic tradition that during War of Flanders had prevented the birth of a liberal state and Protestant, his son left to him very different and from boy attracted by the Spanish; he dedicated his book of poems Iberia (1964) to Spain.

In Holland, the Institute of Hispanic Studies is at the University of Utrecht, founded in 1951 by Cornelis Frans Adolf van Dam, that has been an important seminary of Spanish scholars. On the other hand, the Mexican Training Center was established in 1993 at the University of Groningen.

Johan Brouwer, who wrote his thesis on Mystical Spanish, wrote twenty-two books on Spanish subject and did numerous translations. Ramón Menéndez Pidal was a disciple of Cornelis Frans Adolf van Dam. Professor of Groningen Jonas Andries van Prague has studied the Spanish theater of Golden Age in the Netherlands and the 98 Generation of, but their works are also remarkable on the sheltered sefardíes writers in Holland. Terlingen work in this field Hungarian B. Heiress of this generation is the one of Henk Oostendorp, Are van Wijk, Jan Lechner and Maxim Kerkhof; Cees Nooteboom has written interesting books from trips to Spain and the Hispanism follows alive in addition with figures as Barber van de Pol, that to the Dutch has made the last translation of Quijote, or with Rick Zaal, Gerrit Jan Zwier, Arjen Duinker, Jean Pierre Rawie, Els Pelgrom, Chris van der Heijden, Albert Helman, Maarten Steenmeijer or Jean Schalekamp.

Hispanism in Scandinavia

Denmark

Don Quixote was translated to Danish in the 18th century by Charlotte Dorothea Biehl (1776–1777), who also translated Cervantes's Novelas ejemplares (1780–1781). Hans Christian Andersen made a trip through Spain and wrote a diary about his experiences. It is necessary to also mention Knud Togeby, Carl Bratli, the Calderonista Johann Ludwig Heiberg, Kristoffer Nyrop and Valdemar Beadle, who wrote about the Middle Ages and the Spanish and Italian Baroque.

Sweden

In Sweden, distinguished Hispanists include E. Staaf, Edvard Lidforss, the translator of Don Quixote to the Swedish; Gunnar Tilander, publisher of medieval fueros; Alf Lombard, Karl Michaëlson, Emanuel Walberg, Bertil Maler, Magnus Mörner, Bengt Hasselrot and Nils Hedberg. Inger Enkvist has investigated the Latin American novel and Juan Goytisolo, and has written important studies on education. Mateo López Pastor, author of the History of contemporary Spanish Literature (1960), also taught in Sweden and published there.

Norway

Hispanism was founded in Norway by professor Magnus Gronvold, who translated Don Quixote to his language in collaboration with Nils Kjær, among others works. Leif Sletsjoe and Kurt E. Sparre are both professors at the University of Oslo, the latter a great Calderonista. At present there is a very powerful and renewed interest among youth and in 2004 there appeared no less than three Spanish grammars for Norwegians; there is an Association of Norwegian Hispanism and a National Association of Professors of Spanish and several magazines like Corriente del Golfo, Tribune and Romansk forum.

Finland

In Finland, there was at the beginning of the 20th century an important group of Hispanists in Helsinki, including Oiva J. Tallgren, his wife Tyyni Tuulio, Eero Neuvonen and Sinikka Kallio-Visapää.

Hispanism in Rumania

In Rumania initiator of the Hispanism to Stefan Virgolici is considered, that translated great part of Don Quixote to its language and published, under the title Studies on Spanish Literature (Jasi, 1868–1870) tests on Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Miguel de Cervantes and Lope de Vega, tests that appeared in the magazine Convorbiri literare (literary Conversations). Popescu-Telega wrote a book on Miguel de Unamuno (1924) and one comparison between the folklores Rumanian and Spanish (1927), wrote a biography of Cervantes (1944) and translated the Romancero (1947) and has also published an anthology written down in Rumanian. Ileana Georgescu and also G. Calinescu and Tudor Vianu have published books on Cervantes.

Hispanism in Asia and the Pacific

There is an Asian Association of Spanish scholars, founded in 1985, that meets every three years.

The Philippines

Hispanism in Asia and the Pacific is of particular interest with regards to the literature and languages of the Philippine Islands, where the Spanish language has had to fight to stay with the diverse indigenous languages of the three archipelagoes that integrate the country and, in addition, with the English language. In 1900 a million of Philippine spoke Spanish like maternal language, today less than ten thousand people, although their alive continuous lexicon in some Creole languages like Chabacano. In Manila has soothes of Cervantes Institute that for years gives Spanish classes, and also exists Real Philippine Academy of the Language, corresponding of the RAE, that guards by the education and good use of the Spanish in the Philippines. But in the country an institution or association does not exist that agglutinates and defends the interests of the own hispanofilipinos. Between the most important Spanish scholars, outside the national hero, poet and novelist José Rizal, is possible to mention to Antonio M. Oil mill, Clear Straight May, to José María Castañer, Edmundo Farolán, Guillermo Gómez, Miguel Fernández Passion, Alfonso Felix and Lourdes Castrillo de Brillantes among others many. The weekly magazine New Era of Manila is the unique Philippine magazine in Spanish who still continues itself publishing, although also exists in the network important Philippine Magazine directed by Edmundo Farolán.

Japan

The Japanese Association of Spanish scholars was founded in Tokyo in 1955 and at the moment it groups, mainly, to university professors. From 1956 the Association owns a magazine, Hispanic. In Japan mainly studies the syntax and the lexicon by means of the Project of the Lexical Variation of the Spanish in the world, (Varilex).

Korea

The relation of Spain with Korea already has a precedent in the figure of Gregorio Céspedes in Century 16th, studied by Chul Park. As far as the past immediate, the education of the Spanish in this country has fifty years of history already and counts at the moment with a strong demand. From 2001, the Spanish figure as optative language in secondary education and Korean Association of Spanish Scholars is based on 1981 and realizes two annual congresses, in June and December. At the moment, publishes the magazine Hispanic Studies.

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