Odia calendar
The Odia calendar (Odia: ପାଞ୍ଜି Pāñji) is a lunisolar calendar followed in the state of Odisha, India. The calendar follows the sidereal solar cycle while using the lunar Purnimanta phase for the religious dates.[1] The New Year in the Odia calendar is known as Pana Sankranti. It occurs on the first day of the traditional solar month of Meṣa, hence equivalent lunar month Baisakha. The Odia calendar follows the Amli era, which began on Bhādra śukla dvādaśī from 592 CE.[2]
New Year and Era
As per the siderial solar cycle followed by the Odia Panjika, the first day of the year or New Year falls on Mesa Sankranti (Sun-crossing into Siderial Aries) in Mid-April. The Odia New Year festival is known as Pana Sankranti (Odia: ପଣା ସଂକ୍ରାନ୍ତି) or Maha Vishuba Sankranti (Odia: ମହା ବିଷୁବ ସଂକ୍ରାନ୍ତି).[3]
The Amli era (Odia: ଅମଳି Amaḷi) for the Odia calendar began on 592 CE on Bhādra śukla dvādaśī (the 12th day of the full moon fortnight of the Bhādra month). Bhādra śukla dvādaśī is considered to be the birthday of the mythical king Indradyumna who set up the up the icon of Lord Jagannath (Neela Madhava) at Puri.[4][5] The epoch seems to correspond to the reign of Shailodbhava and early Eastern Ganga dynasties.
Thus the Era calendar new year falls on the 12th day of the full moon fortnight or the waxing moon lunar phase of the Bhādra month in September. This day is termed as the Odia fiscal New Year and is known as the festival of Sunia (Odia: ସୁନିଆଁ) which denotes the start of the beginning of the new fiscal calendar year for the collection of revenue, publishing of almanacs and the palm-leaf horoscopes carrying the reigning year of the Gajapati King. Post-1947, it has been reduced as a ceremonial day and is mostly used in the Panji calendars to denote the change of Odia calendar year for records and horoscopes.[6][7][8]
| New Year | Odia month | Gregorian | Cycle |
|---|---|---|---|
| Odia New Year (Pana Sankranti/Maha Vishuba Sankranti) |
1 Baisakha (Mesa) | 14 April 13 April (Gregorian leap year) |
Solar |
| Odia fiscal New Year (Sunia) |
ଭାଦ୍ର ଶୁକ୍ଳ ଦ୍ୱାଦଶୀ Bhādra Sukḷa Dwādasi 12th day of Waxing Moon (Full moon) phase |
varies, September | Lunar |
| Odia year | Vikrami year | Gregorian year |
|---|---|---|
| ୧୪୨୮ ଉତ୍କଳାବ୍ଦ/ଉତ୍କଳୀୟ ସନ 1428 Utkaḷābda/Utkaḷīya Sana |
२०७८ विक्रम संवत 2078 Vikram Samvat |
2021 CE |
Anka year
The Anka year (Odia: ଅଙ୍କ Aṅka) system is a unique regnal year system instituted by the Eastern Ganga kings for dating their reigns. It had a number of features that mark the regnal year different from that actual duration of the year elapsed during the reign. The system still survives today and is used in the Odia panjis to mark the titular regnal year of the King of Puri, Gajapati Maharaja Dibyasingha Deb of the Bhoi dynasty, whose title carries the legacy of historical ruling monarchs of Odisha.[9][10]
Features:
- The Anka system always starts on the Odia fiscal new year called Sunia which falls on the 12th day of the bright fortnight of the month Bhadra (August-September) known as Bhādra Sukḷa Dwādasi. If the king accedes the throne for a few days before this date, then the first year of his reign would then just be a few days long.
- Coins were minted on the date of the new year, and hence the first coins were given the Anka year 2, the number 1 was not used.
- All years ending in 6 were skipped. As in the Anka year 5 was followed by Anka year 7, Anka year 15 was followed by Anka year 17 and so on.
- All years ending in 0 were also skipped, except for the Anka year 10.
Hence no Anka years exist for 1, 6, 16, 20, 26, 30, 36, 40, 46, 50, 56, and so on.
| Regnal year | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anka year | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 37 |
| Gregorian year | Regnal year | Odia year | Anka year |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2021 CE | 50 | ୧୪୨୮ ଉତ୍କଳାବ୍ଦ 1428 Utkaḷābda |
୬୩ ଅଙ୍କ 63 |
Panji
Notable Odia Panji calendars include Kohinoor Panji, Biraja Panji, Radharaman Panji, Bhagyadeepa Panji, Bhagyajyoti Panji, Bhagyachakra Panji.[11]
Madala Panji (Odia: ମାଦଳ ପାଞ୍ଜି) is a chronicle of the Jagannath Temple, Puri in Odisha. It describes the historical events of Odisha related to Jagannath and the Jagannath Temple. The Madala Panji dates from the 12th century and was traditionally written on a year-to-year basis on Vijayadashami Day by the Karanas community. The tradition of keeping this chronicle began with Eastern Ganga king Anantavarman Chodaganga (1077–1150).
Months
| Odia (Lunar) ମାସ māsa |
Days | Vikrami (Lunar) मासाः māsāḥa |
Odia (Solar) ରାଶି rāsi |
Vikrami (Solar) राशी rāśi |
Zodiac | Sign | Gregorian |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ବୈଶାଖ Baisākha |
31 | वैशाखः Vaiśākhaḥ |
ମେଷ Mesa |
मेष Meṣa |
Aries |  |
April–May |
| ଜ୍ୟେଷ୍ଠ Jyesṭha |
31 | ज्येष्ठः Jyeṣṭhaḥ |
ବୃଷ Brusa |
वृषभ Vṛṣabha |
Taurus |  |
May–June |
| ଆଷାଢ଼ Āsāḍha |
32 | आषाढः Āṣāḍhaḥ |
ମିଥୁନ Mithuna |
मिथुन Mithuna |
Gemini |  |
June–July |
| ଶ୍ରାବଣ Srābaṇa |
31 | श्रावणः Śrāvaṇaḥ |
କର୍କଟ Karkaṭa |
कर्क Karka |
Cancer |  |
July–August |
| ଭାଦ୍ରବ/ଭାଦ୍ର Bhādraba/Bhādra |
31 | भाद्रपदः Bhādrapadaḥ |
ସିଂହ Singha |
सिंह Siṃha |
Leo |  |
August–September |
| ଆଶ୍ୱିନ Āswina |
31 | आश्विनः Āśvinaḥ |
କନ୍ୟା Kanyā |
कन्या Kanyā |
Virgo |  |
September–October |
| କାର୍ତ୍ତିକ Kārttika |
30 | कार्तिकः Kārtikaḥ |
ତୁଳା Tuḷā |
तुला Tulā |
Libra |  |
October–November |
| ମାର୍ଗଶିର Mārgasira |
29 | मार्गशीर्षः Mārgaśīrṣaḥ |
ବିଛା Bichā |
वृश्चिक Vṛścika |
Scorpio |  |
November–December |
| ପୌଷ Pausa |
29 | पौषः Pauṣaḥ |
ଧନୁ Dhanu |
धनुष Dhanusa |
Sagittarius |  |
December–January |
| ମାଘ Māgha |
30 | माघः Māghaḥ |
ମକର Makara |
मकर Makara |
Capricorn |  |
January–February |
| ଫାଲ୍ଗୁନ/ଫଗୁଣ Phālguna/Phaguṇa |
30 | फाल्गुनः Phālgunaḥ |
କୁମ୍ଭ Kumbha |
कुम्भ Kumbha |
Aquarius |  |
February–March |
| ଚୈତ୍ର Caitra |
30 | चैत्रः Caitraḥ |
ମୀନ Mina |
मीन Mīna |
Pisces |  |
March–April |
Days
The Odia calendar incorporates the seven-day week.
| Day (Odia) | Celestial object | Equivalent | Day (English) | Day (Sanskrit) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ରବିବାର Rabibāra |
Surya | Sun | Sunday | रविवासर Ravivāsara |
| ସୋମବାର Somabāra |
Chandra | Moon | Monday | सोमवासर Somavāsara |
| ମଙ୍ଗଳବାର Maṅgaḷabāra |
Mangala | Mars | Tuesday | मङ्गलवासर Maṅgalavāsara |
| ବୁଧବାର Budhabāra |
Budha | Mercury | Wednesday | बुधवासर Budhavāsara |
| ଗୁରୁବାର Gurubāra |
Brihaspati | Jupiter | Thursday | बृहस्पतिवासर Brhaspativāsara |
| ଶୁକ୍ରବାର Sukrabāra |
Shukra | Venus | Friday | शुक्रवासर Śukravāsara |
| ଶନିବାର Sanibāra |
Shani | Saturn | Saturday | शनिवासर Śanivāsara |
Seasons
| Odia Rutu ଋତୁ |
Season | Sanskrit Ritu ऋतुः r̥tuḥ |
Odia months | Gregorian |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ଗ୍ରୀଷ୍ମ Grisma |
Summer | ग्रीष्म: Grīṣmaḥ |
Baiśākha–Jyeṣṭha | April–June |
| ବର୍ଷା Barsā |
Monsoon | वर्षाः Varṣāḥ |
Āṣāṛha–Śrābaṇa | June–August |
| ଶରତ Sarata |
Autumn | शरद् Śarad |
Bhādraba–Āświna | August–October |
| ହେମନ୍ତ Hemanta |
Pre-Winter | हेमन्तः Hemantaḥ |
Kārttika–Mārgaśira | October–December |
| ଶୀତ Sita |
Winter | शिशिर: Śiśiraḥ |
Pauṣa–Māgha | December–February |
| ବସନ୍ତ Basanta |
Spring | वसन्तः Basantaḥ |
Phālguna–Chaitra | February–April |
Time
| Time | Gregorian | Units | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|---|
| ଦିନ dina |
Day | ୧୨ ଘଣ୍ଟା 12 ghaṇṭā |
12 hours |
| ରାତି rāti |
Night | ୧୨ ଘଣ୍ଟା 12 ghaṇṭā |
12 hours |
| ଦିବସ dibasa |
Solar day | ୨୪ ଘଣ୍ଟା 24 ghaṇṭā |
24 hours |
| ୧ ସପ୍ତାହ 1 saptaha |
1 week | ୭ ଦିନ 7 dina |
7 days |
| ୧ ପକ୍ଷ 1 pakhya |
1 fortnight | ୧୫ ଦିନ 15 dina |
15 days |
| ୧ ବର୍ଷ 1 barsa |
1 year | ୩୬୫ ଦିନ 365 dina |
365 days |
| ୧ ବର୍ଷ 1 barsa |
1 year | ୧୨ ମାସ 12 māsa |
12 months |
| Paksha ପକ୍ଷ (pakhya) | Period | Lunar phase | Days |
|---|---|---|---|
| ଶୁକ୍ଳପକ୍ଷ śukḷapakhya |
From ଅମାବାସ୍ୟା (Amābāsyā) to ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣିମା (Pūrṇṇima) New moon to Full moon |
Waxing moon | 15 days |
| କୃଷ୍ଣପକ୍ଷ krushṇapakhya |
From ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣିମା (Pūrṇṇima) to ଅମାବାସ୍ୟା (Amābāsyā) Full moon to New moon |
Waning moon | 15 days |
| Lunar Day ତିଥି (tithi) |
Bright fortnight ଶୁକ୍ଳପକ୍ଷ (śukḷapakhya) |
Lunar phase | Dark fortnight କୃଷ୍ଣପକ୍ଷ (krushṇapakhya) |
Lunar phase |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ପ୍ରତିପଦ pratipada |
Waxing Crescent | ପ୍ରତିପଦ pratipada |
Waning Gibbous |
| 2 | ଦ୍ୱିତୀୟା dwitīyā |
ଦ୍ୱିତୀୟା dwitīyā | ||
| 3 | ତୃତୀୟା tr̥̄tīyā |
ତୃତୀୟା tr̥̄tīyā | ||
| 4 | ଚତୁର୍ଥୀ caturthī |
ଚତୁର୍ଥୀ caturthī | ||
| 5 | ପଞ୍ଚମୀ pañcamī |
ପଞ୍ଚମୀ pañcamī | ||
| 6 | ଷଷ୍ଠୀ ṣaṣṭhī |
ଷଷ୍ଠୀ ṣaṣṭhī | ||
| 7 | ସପ୍ତମୀ saptamī |
First Quarter | ସପ୍ତମୀ saptamī |
Last Quarter |
| 8 | ଅଷ୍ଟମୀ aṣṭamī |
ଅଷ୍ଟମୀ aṣṭamī | ||
| 9 | ନବମୀ nabamī |
Waning Crescent | ନବମୀ nabamī |
Waxing Gibbous |
| 10 | ଦଶମୀ daśamī |
ଦଶମୀ daśamī | ||
| 11 | ଏକାଦଶୀ ekādaśī |
ଏକାଦଶୀ ekādaśī | ||
| 12 | ଦ୍ୱାଦଶୀ dwādaśī |
ଦ୍ୱାଦଶୀ dwādaśī | ||
| 13 | ତ୍ରୟୋଦଶୀ trayodaśī |
ତ୍ରୟୋଦଶୀ trayodaśī | ||
| 14 | ଚତୁର୍ଦ୍ଦଶୀ caturddaśī |
ଚତୁର୍ଦ୍ଦଶୀ caturddaśī | ||
| 15 | ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣିମା pūrṇṇima |
Full Moon | ଅମାବାସ୍ୟା amābāsyā |
New Moon |
Festivals
Pan-Indian and Odia regional festivals observed as per Odia calendar:
| Months | Festivals |
|---|---|
| Baisākha | Pana Sankranti (Maha Vishuba Sankranti) |
| Jyesṭha | Buddha Purnima, Akshaya Tritiya, Savitri Brata, Sitalsasthi |
| Āsāḍha | Raja Parba, Ratha Jatra |
| Srābaṇa | Raksha Bandhan (Gamha Purnima) |
| Bhādraba | Krishna Janmashtami, Ganesh Chaturthi, Nuakhai, Sunia |
| Āswina | Vishwakarma Puja, Mahalaya, Durga Puja, Dusehra, Kumara Purnima |
| Kārttika | Kali Puja, Dipabali, Jagaddhatri Puja, Boita Bandana, Bali Jatra |
| Mārgasira | Prathamastami, Manabasa Gurubara |
| Pausa | Dhanu jatra, Samba Dashami, Pousha Purnima |
| Māgha | Makar Sankranti, Vasant Panchami |
| Phālguna | Maha Shivaratri |
| Chaitra | Holi(Dol Purnima), Odisha Day (Utkala Dibasa) |
References
- ^ S. Balachandra Rao (2000), Indian Astronomy: An Introduction, Universities Press, p. 44, ISBN 9788173712050
- ^ VK Mishra (2010), The Calendars of India, p. 55, 81, arXiv:1007.0062
- ^ Crump, William D. (2014), Encyclopedia of New Year's Holidays Worldwide, MacFarland, page 114
- ^ Sankar Balakrishna Dikshit (1896). Bharatiya Jyotish Sastra Part 2. India Meteorological Department. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
- ^ Girish Chandra Tarkalankar (1894). Chronological tables from 1764 to 1900. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
- ^ "Sunia". puriwaves. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
- ^ Subhash Sahu (2009), Sunia (The Odia Calendar) (PDF), retrieved 5 December 2020
- ^ Roland Hardenberg (July 2000), The Anka Ceremony of the King of Puri (India), Journal of Social Sciences, retrieved 5 December 2020
- ^ Pankaj Tandon (2012), Tentative Attributions of some Gold Fanams of the Eastern Gangas, BU, retrieved 25 January 2021
- ^ Pankaj Tandon (2018), Coins of the Eastern Gangas ruler Anantavarman Chodaganga, BU, retrieved 25 January 2021
- ^ "Odia calendar". Retrieved 17 November 2020.
External links
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