Stroke order
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化 (Kangxi radical 21, 匕+2, 4 strokes, cangjie input 人心 (OP), four-corner 24210, composition ⿰亻𠤎(GV) or ⿰亻匕(HTJK))
- 𪜐, 吪, 𪢼, 沎, 杹, 𤆷, 𥄒, 𬖒, 𬟹, 𬍕, 訛(讹), 𧿕, 鈋(𨱂), 靴, 魤, 𩑭, 𩲏, 𠇃, 𠕿, 炛, 花, 𠯒, 貨(货), 囮
- 华 (Simplified from 華)
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 152, character 20
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2572
- Dae Jaweon: page 342, character 4
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 109, character 4
- Unihan data for U+5316
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Old Chinese
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訛
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*ŋʷaːl
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吪
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*ŋʷaːl
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鈋
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*ŋʷaːl
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囮
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*lu, *ŋʷaːl
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魤
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*ŋʷaːl
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靴
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*hʷa
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貨
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*hŋʷaːls
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花
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*hʷraː
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化
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*hŋʷraːls
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杹
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*hŋʷraːls
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匕
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*pilʔ
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Ideogrammic compound (會意/会意) of two 人 (“person”), one upright (亻) and one upside down (𠤎) — reversal; change. Shuowen also considers 𠤎 to be a phonetic component.
- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Pinyin): huà (hua4)
- (Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄚˋ
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): hua4
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): хуа (hua, III)
- Cantonese
- (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): faa3
- (Taishan, Wiktionary): fa1
- Gan (Wiktionary): fa4
- Hakka
- (Sixian, PFS): fa
- (Meixian, Guangdong): fa4
- Jin (Wiktionary): hua3
- Northern Min (KCR): hua̿
- Eastern Min (BUC): huá
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien, POJ): hòa / hòe / òa / hoa
- (Teochew, Peng'im): huê3
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 5ho
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): fa4
- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- Gan
- Hakka
- Jin
- Northern Min
- Eastern Min
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
Note:
- hòa - literary;
- hòe - vernacular;
- òa - to cause to ferment.
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
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Character
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化
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Reading #
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1/1
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Modern Beijing (Pinyin)
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huà
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Middle Chinese
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‹ xwæH ›
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Old Chinese
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/*qʷʰˁ<r>aj-s/
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English
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transform
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Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:
* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;
* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
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Zhengzhang system (2003)
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Character
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化
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Reading #
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1/1
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No.
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5327
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Phonetic component
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化
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Rime group
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歌
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Rime subdivision
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1
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Corresponding MC rime
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化
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Old Chinese
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/*hŋʷraːls/
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化
- to change; to transform
- to become; to turn into
- † to die
- to melt
- 把雪化掉 ― bǎ xuě huàdiào ― make snow melt
- to dissolve
- Suffix denoting "change into ...". Akin to English -ize and -ization.
- 民主化 ― mínzhǔhuà ― democratize
- (chemistry) Affix denoting combination.
- 氧化鈣/氧化钙 ― yǎnghuàgài ― calcium oxide
- 氫氧化鈉/氢氧化钠 ― qīngyǎnghuànà ― sodium hydroxide
- Short for 教化 (jiàohuà, “enlightenment; cultivation”).
- (in compounds) Short for 化學/化学 (huàxué, “chemistry”).
- 日化 ― rìhuà ― household chemicals
- 化工 ― huàgōng ― chemical industry
- to burn (clarification of this definition is needed)
- 化寶/化宝 ― huàbǎo ― to burn offerings
- (Cantonese) open-minded; enlightened
- 睇化 [Cantonese] ― tai2 faa3 [Jyutping] ― to see things in an open-minded manner
- 教極都唔化/教极都唔化 [Cantonese] ― gaau3 gik6 dou1 m4 faa3 [Jyutping] ― to teach someone repeatedly but still does not become enlightened
化
(Third grade kyōiku kanji)
- Go-on: け (ke, Jōyō)
- Kan-on: か (ka, Jōyō)←くわ (kwa, historical)
- Kun: ばける (bakeru, 化ける, Jōyō); ばかす (bakasu, 化かす, Jōyō); かえる (kaeru, 化える); かわる (kawaru, 化わる); ふける (fukeru, 化ける)
- 化育 (kaiku): evolution, growth
- 化学 (kagaku): chemistry
- 化合 (kagō): chemical combination
- 化生 (kasei): growth, metamorphosis
- 化成 (kasei): change, transformation
- 化石 (kaseki): fossil, petrifaction
- 化繊 (kasen): synthetic fiber
- 化膿 (kanō): suppuration, festering
- 化粧 (keshō): makeup, cosmetics
- 化身 (keshin): (Buddhism) incarnation
- 化け物, 化物, 化けもの (bakemono): goblin, apparition
- 悪化 (akka): deterioration, aggravation
- 一元化 (ichigenka): unification, centralization
- 液化 (ekika): liquefaction
- 塩化 (enka): chloride
- 欧化 (ōka): Europeanization, westernization
- お化け, 御化け (obake): goblin, apparition
- 感化 (kanka): influence, inspiration
- 帰化 (kika): naturalization
- 気化 (kika): vaporization
- 機械化 (kikaika): mechanization, computerization
- 強化 (kyōka): strengthen, intensify
- 教化 (kyōka): culture, education
- 近代化 (kindaika): modernization
- 具体化 (gutaika): embodiment
- 激化 (gekika), 激化 (gekka): intensification, aggravation
- 硬化 (kōka): hardening; sclerosis
- 合理化 (gōrika): rationalization
- 固化 (koka): solidification
- 国際化 (kokusaika): internationalization
- 誤魔化す (gomakasu): deceive, falsify
- 権化 (gonge): incarnation, avatar
- 酸化 (sanka): oxidation
- 自動化 (jidōka): automation
- 自由化 (jiyūka): liberalization
- 消化 (shōka): digestion
- 浄化 (jōka): purification, cleanup
- 情報化 (jōhōka): informatization
- 進化 (shinka): evolution, progress
- 深刻化 (shinkokuka): becoming more serious
- 正常化 (seijōka): normalization
- 造化 (zōka): the Creator, the Universe
- 多様化 (tayōka): diversification
- 電化 (denka): electrification
- 同化 (dōka): assimilation, absorption
- 鈍化 (donka): becoming dull
- 軟化 (nanka): softening, mollification
- 砒化 (hika): arsenication
- 美化 (bika): beautification, glorification
- 文化 (bunka): culture, civilization
- 分化 (bunka): specialization
- 変化 (henka): change, variation
- 変化 (henge): goblin, ghost
- 本格化 (honkakuka): regularization
- 民営化 (min'eika): privatization
- 明文化 (meibunka): stipulate
- 硫化 (ryūka): sulfuration
- 緑化 (ryokka): tree planting
- 劣化 (rekka): deterioration, degradation
- 老化 (rōka): aging, senile deterioration
- グローバル化 (gurōbaru-ka): globalization
- コンピュータ化 (konpyūta-ka): computerization
From Middle Chinese 化 (MC xwaeH).
化 • (ka) ←くわ (kwa)?
- to change; to take the form of
- to influence
化 • (-ka) ←くわ (kwa)?
- -ization, -ification; action of making something that way
From Middle Chinese 化 (MC xwaeH).
Historical Readings
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Dongguk Jeongun Reading
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Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 |
황〮 (Yale: hwá)
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Middle Korean
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Text |
Eumhun
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Gloss (hun) |
Reading
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Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[1] |
도욀 (Yale: twòwòyl) |
화〯 (Yale: hwǎ)
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- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ɸwa̠(ː)]
- Phonetic hangul: [화(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
Wikisource
化 (eumhun 될 화 (doel hwa))
- hanja form? of 화 (“to be; to become”) [affix]
- hanja form? of 화 (“-ization; -ification”) [suffix]
Compounds
- 강화 (強化, ganghwa)
- 교화 (敎化, gyohwa)
- 동화 (同化, donghwa)
- 문화 (文化, munhwa)
- 변화 (變化, byeonhwa)
- 부화 (孵化, buhwa)
- 소화 (消化, sohwa)
- 악화 (惡化, akhwa)
- 진화 (進化, jinhwa)
- 퇴화 (退化, toehwa)
- 화석 (化石, hwaseok)
- 화학 (化學, hwahak, “chemistry”)
- 위화도회군 (威化島回軍, wihwadohoegun)
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [2]
化: Hán Việt readings: hóa/hoá[1][2][3], góa/goá[1]
化: Nôm readings: Huế[1]
- chữ Hán form of hoá (“to transform; to change into; to become”).
- Nôm form of Huế (“Huế City”).