Toxoplasmosis Questions & Answers

1. Madireddy S, Rivas Chacon ED, Mangat R. Toxoplasmosis. 2022 Jan. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

2. Lindsay DS, Dubey JP. Toxoplasma gondii: the changing paradigm of congenital toxoplasmosis. Parasitology. 2011 Sep 9. 1-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Montoya JG, Liesenfeld O. Toxoplasmosis. Lancet. 2004 Jun 12. 363(9425):1965-76. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Di Mario S, Basevi V, Gagliotti C, Spettoli D, Gori G, D'Amico R, et al. Prenatal education for congenital toxoplasmosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Feb 28. 2:CD006171. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Marín-García PJ, Planas N, Llobat L. Toxoplasma gondii in Foods: Prevalence, Control, and Safety. Foods. 2022 Aug 22. 11 (16):[QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

6. [Guideline] Kaplan JE, Benson C, Holmes KH, Brooks JT, Pau A, Masur H. Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2009 Apr 10. 58:1-207; quiz CE1-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Jones JL, Kruszon-Moran D, Sanders-Lewis K, Wilson M. Toxoplasma gondii infection in the United States, 1999 2004, decline from the prior decade. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007 Sep. 77(3):405-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Martin AM, Liu T, Lynn BC, Sinai AP. The Toxoplasma gondii parasitophorous vacuole membrane: transactions across the border. J Eukaryot Microbiol. 2007 Jan-Feb. 54(1):25-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Phan L, Kasza K, Jalbrzikowski J, Noble AG, Latkany P, Kuo A, et al. Longitudinal study of new eye lesions in children with toxoplasmosis who were not treated during the first year of life. Am J Ophthalmol. 2008 Sep. 146(3):375-384. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

10. Freeman K, Tan HK, Prusa A, Petersen E, Buffolano W, Malm G, et al. Predictors of retinochoroiditis in children with congenital toxoplasmosis: European, prospective cohort study. Pediatrics. 2008 May. 121(5):e1215-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Latkany P. Ocular Disease Due to Toxoplasma gondii. Weiss LM, Kim K, eds. Toxoplasma gondii the Model Apicomplexan: Perspectives and Methods. London, United Kingdom: Academic Press; 2007. 101-31.

12. Villard O, Filisetti D, Roch-Deries F, Garweg J, Flament J, Candolfi E. Comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunoblotting, and PCR for diagnosis of toxoplasmic chorioretinitis. J Clin Microbiol. 2003 Aug. 41(8):3537-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

13. Nagineni CN, Detrick B, Hooks JJ. Toxoplasma gondii infection induces gene expression and secretion of interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 by human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Infect Immun. 2000 Jan. 68(1):407-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

14. Yamamoto JH, Vallochi AL, Silveira C, Filho JK, Nussenblatt RB, Cunha-Neto E, et al. Discrimination between patients with acquired toxoplasmosis and congenital toxoplasmosis on the basis of the immune response to parasite antigens. J Infect Dis. 2000 Jun. 181(6):2018-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Cordeiro CA, Moreira PR, Costa GC, Dutra WO, Campos WR, Oréfice F, et al. Interleukin-1 gene polymorphisms and toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. Mol Vis. 2008. 14:1845-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

16. Cordeiro CA, Moreira PR, Andrade MS, Dutra WO, Campos WR, Oréfice F, et al. Interleukin-10 gene polymorphism (-1082G/A) is associated with toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008 May. 49(5):1979-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Cordeiro CA, Moreira PR, Costa GC, Dutra WO, Campos WR, Oréfice F, et al. TNF-alpha gene polymorphism (-308G/A) and toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2008 Jul. 92(7):986-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Montoya JG, Remington JS. Toxoplasmic chorioretinitis in the setting of acute acquired toxoplasmosis. Clin Infect Dis. 1996 Aug. 23(2):277-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Gras L, Wallon M, Pollak A, Cortina-Borja M, Evengard B, Hayde M, et al. Association between prenatal treatment and clinical manifestations of congenital toxoplasmosis in infancy: a cohort study in 13 European centres. Acta Paediatr. 2005 Dec. 94(12):1721-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Thiébaut R, Leproust S, Chêne G, Gilbert R. Effectiveness of prenatal treatment for congenital toxoplasmosis: a meta-analysis of individual patients' data. Lancet. 2007 Jan 13. 369(9556):115-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Luft BJ, Remington JS. Toxoplasmic encephalitis in AIDS. Clin Infect Dis. 1992 Aug. 15(2):211-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Porter SB, Sande MA. Toxoplasmosis of the central nervous system in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1992 Dec 3. 327(23):1643-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Torok E, Moran E, Cooke F. Toxoplasmosis. Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology. New York: Oxford University Press; 2009:567; Vol 1:

24. Hofman P, Bernard E, Michiels JF, Thyss A, Le Fichoux Y, Loubière R. Extracerebral toxoplasmosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Pathol Res Pract. 1993 Sep. 189(8):894-901. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Flegr J. Influence of latent Toxoplasma infection on human personality, physiology and morphology: pros and cons of the Toxoplasma-human model in studying the manipulation hypothesis. J Exp Biol. 2013 Jan 1. 216:127-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Henriquez SA, Brett R, Alexander J, Pratt J, Roberts CW. Neuropsychiatric disease and Toxoplasma gondii infection. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2009. 16(2):122-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Yolken RH, Dickerson FB, Fuller Torrey E. Toxoplasma and schizophrenia. Parasite Immunol. 2009 Nov. 31(11):706-15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Miman O, Kusbeci OY, Aktepe OC, Cetinkaya Z. The probable relation between Toxoplasma gondii and Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett. 2010 May 21. 475(3):129-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Kusbeci OY, Miman O, Yaman M, Aktepe OC, Yazar S. Could Toxoplasma gondii have any role in Alzheimer disease?. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2011 Jan-Mar. 25(1):1-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Nayeri T, Sarvi S, Sharif M, Daryani A. Toxoplasma gondii: A possible etiologic agent for Alzheimer's disease. Heliyon. 2021 Jun. 7 (6):e07151. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

31. Sutterland AL, Kuin A, Kuiper B, van Gool T, Leboyer M, Fond G, et al. Driving us mad: the association of Toxoplasma gondii with suicide attempts and traffic accidents - a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2019 Jul. 49 (10):1608-1623. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

32. Barry MA, Weatherhead JE, Hotez PJ, Woc-Colburn L. Childhood parasitic infections endemic to the United States. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2013 Apr. 60(2):471-85. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Smith RE, Ganley JP. Ophthalmic survey of a community. 1. Abnormalities of the ocular fundus. Am J Ophthalmol. 1972 Dec. 74(6):1126-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Rico-Torres CP, Figueroa-Damián R, López-Candiani C, Macías-Avilés HA, Cedillo-Peláez C, Cañedo-Solares I, et al. Molecular Diagnosis and Genotyping of Cases of Perinatal Toxoplasmosis in Mexico. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2011 Dec 14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Desmonts G, Couvreur J. Congenital toxoplasmosis. A prospective study of 378 pregnancies. N Engl J Med. 1974 May 16. 290(20):1110-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. McCannel CA, Holland GN, Helm CJ, Cornell PJ, Winston JV, Rimmer TG. Causes of uveitis in the general practice of ophthalmology. UCLA Community-Based Uveitis Study Group. Am J Ophthalmol. 1996 Jan. 121(1):35-46. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Glasner PD, Silveira C, Kruszon-Moran D, Martins MC, Burnier Júnior M, Silveira S, et al. An unusually high prevalence of ocular toxoplasmosis in southern Brazil. Am J Ophthalmol. 1992 Aug 15. 114(2):136-44. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. de-la-Torre A, López-Castillo CA, Gómez-Marín JE. Incidence and clinical characteristics in a Colombian cohort of ocular toxoplasmosis. Eye (Lond). 2009 May. 23(5):1090-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Gómez-Marín JE, de-la-Torre A, Barrios P, Cardona N, Alvarez C, Herrera C. Toxoplasmosis in military personnel involved in jungle operations. Acta Trop. 2011 Dec 9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Holland GN, Crespi CM, ten Dam-van Loon N, Charonis AC, Yu F, Bosch-Driessen LH, et al. Analysis of recurrence patterns associated with toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2008 Jun. 145(6):1007-1013. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Remington JS. Toxoplasmosis in the adult. Bull N Y Acad Med. 1974 Feb. 50(2):211-27. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

42. McCabe RE, Brooks RG, Dorfman RF, Remington JS. Clinical spectrum in 107 cases of toxoplasmic lymphadenopathy. Rev Infect Dis. 1987 Jul-Aug. 9(4):754-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Monnet D, Averous K, Delair E, Brézin AP. Optical coherence tomography in ocular toxoplasmosis. Int J Med Sci. 2009. 6(3):137-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

44. Benevento JD, Jager RD, Noble AG, Latkany P, Mieler WF, Sautter M, et al. Toxoplasmosis-associated neovascular lesions treated successfully with ranibizumab and antiparasitic therapy. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008 Aug. 126(8):1152-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

45. Ben Yahia S, Herbort CP, Jenzeri S, Hmidi K, Attia S, Messaoud R, et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) as primary and rescue treatment for choroidal neovascularization secondary to ocular toxoplasmosis. Int Ophthalmol. 2008 Aug. 28(4):311-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Sacktor N, Lyles RH, Skolasky R, Kleeberger C, Selnes OA, Miller EN, et al. HIV-associated neurologic disease incidence changes:: Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study, 1990-1998. Neurology. 2001 Jan 23. 56(2):257-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. de Barros RAM, Torrecilhas AC, Marciano MAM, Mazuz ML, Pereira-Chioccola VL, Fux B. Toxoplasmosis in Human and Animals Around the World. Diagnosis and Perspectives in the One Health Approach. Acta Trop. 2022 Jul. 231:106432. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

48. JE Vidal, VL Pereira-Chioccola. Cerebral Toxoplasmosis in People Living with HIV/AIDS. E.S. Martins-Duarte, D. Adesse. Toxoplasma Gondii: Biology and Role in Health and Disease. 1. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.; 2021. 1: 277-296. [Full Text].

49. de Melo RPB, Wanderley FS, Porto WJN, Pedrosa CM, Hamilton CM, de Oliveira MHGS, et al. Description of an atypical Toxoplasma gondii isolate from a case of congenital toxoplasmosis in northeastern Brazil. Parasitol Res. 2020 Aug. 119 (8):2727-2731. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

50. Salviz M, Montoya JG, Nadol JB, Santos F. Otopathology in Congenital Toxoplasmosis. Otol Neurotol. 2013 Apr 17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Fabiani S, Caroselli C, Menchini M, Gabbriellini G, Falcone M, Bruschi F. Ocular toxoplasmosis, an overview focusing on clinical aspects. Acta Trop. 2022 Jan. 225:106180. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

52. Frenkel JK. Toxoplasmosis. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1985 Aug. 32(4):917-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. Dodds EM, Holland GN, Stanford MR, Yu F, Siu WO, Shah KH, et al. Intraocular inflammation associated with ocular toxoplasmosis: relationships at initial examination. Am J Ophthalmol. 2008 Dec. 146(6):856-65.e2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Daher D, Shaghlil A, Sobh E, Hamie M, Hassan ME, Moumneh MB, et al. Comprehensive Overview of Toxoplasma gondii-Induced and Associated Diseases. Pathogens. 2021 Oct 20. 10 (11):[QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

55. Abdul-Ghani R. Polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis: more than two decades of development and evaluation. Parasitol Res. 2011 Mar. 108(3):505-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

56. Tlamcani Z, Lemkhenete Z, Lmimouni BE. Toxoplasmosis: The value of molecular methods in diagnosis compared to conventional methods. J Microbiol Infect Dis. 2013. 3(2):93-99. [Full Text].

57. Paquet C, Yudin MH. Toxoplasmosis in pregnancy: prevention, screening, and treatment. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2013 Jan. 35(1):78-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. Ashburn D, Chatterton JM, Evans R, Joss AW, Ho-Yen DO. Success in the toxoplasma dye test. J Infect. 2001 Jan. 42(1):16-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

59. Pinon JM, Chemla C, Villena I, et al. Early neonatal diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis: value of comparative enzyme-linked immunofiltration assay immunological profiles and anti-Toxoplasma gondii immunoglobulin M (IgM) or IgA immunocapture and implications for postnatal therapeutic strategies. J Clin Microbiol. 1996 Mar. 34(3):579-83. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

60. Lappalainen M, Hedman K. Serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis. The impact of measurement of IgG avidity. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2004. 40(1):81-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

61. Levy RM, Mills CM, Posin JP, Moore SG, Rosenblum ML, Bredesen DE. The efficacy and clinical impact of brain imaging in neurologically symptomatic AIDS patients: a prospective CT/MRI study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1990. 3(5):461-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

62. Peyron F, L'ollivier C, Mandelbrot L, Wallon M, Piarroux R, Kieffer F, et al. Maternal and Congenital Toxoplasmosis: Diagnosis and Treatment Recommendations of a French Multidisciplinary Working Group. Pathogens. 2019 Feb 18. 8 (1):pii: E24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

63. Dunay IR, Gajurel K, Dhakal R, Liesenfeld O, Montoya JG. Treatment of Toxoplasmosis: Historical Perspective, Animal Models, and Current Clinical Practice. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2018 Oct. 31 (4):e00057-17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

64. Rezaei F, Sarvi S, Sharif M, Hejazi SH, Pagheh AS, Aghayan SA, et al. A systematic review of Toxoplasma gondii antigens to find the best vaccine candidates for immunization. Microb Pathog. 2019 Jan. 126:172-184. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

65. Sobrin L, Kump LI, Foster CS. Intravitreal clindamycin for toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. Retina. 2007 Sep. 27(7):952-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

66. Soheilian M, Ramezani A, Azimzadeh A, Sadoughi MM, Dehghan MH, Shahghadami R, et al. Randomized trial of intravitreal clindamycin and dexamethasone versus pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine, and prednisolone in treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis. Ophthalmology. 2011 Jan. 118(1):134-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

67. Soheilian M, Sadoughi MM, Ghajarnia M, Dehghan MH, Yazdani S, Behboudi H, et al. Prospective randomized trial of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole versus pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine in the treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis. Ophthalmology. 2005 Nov. 112(11):1876-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

68. Bilgin M, Yıldırım T, Hökelek M. In Vitro Effects of Ivermectin and Sulphadiazine on Toxoplasma gondii. Balkan Med J. 2013 Mar. 30 (1):19-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

69. Köksal ZŞ, Yanik K, Bilgin K, Yılmaz EM, Hokelek M. In Vivo Efficacy of Drugs against Toxoplasma gondii Combined with Immunomodulators. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2016. 69 (2):113-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

70. Garweg JG, Pleyer U. Treatment Strategy in Human Ocular Toxoplasmosis: Why Antibiotics Have Failed. J Clin Med. 2021 Mar 5. 10 (5):1-18. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

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72. Li X, Straub J, Medeiros TC, Mehra C, den Brave F, Peker E, et al. Mitochondria shed their outer membrane in response to infection-induced stress. Science. 2022 Jan 14. 375 (6577):eabi4343. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

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