A Look Inside—Histopathological Examinations of Different Tail Tip Lesions in Dairy Cows
<p>Annular constrictions with alopecic but otherwise intact skin. (<b>a</b>) Distal part of a tail with two annular constrictions. The more proximal constriction encompasses about 95% of the tail circumference and the more distal constriction about 50%. The skin in these areas is alopecic but otherwise intact. (<b>b</b>) Sagittal sections through the constrictions. In both cases, the epidermis is inconspicuous. No hair follicles can be seen in the dermis underneath the constriction. (<b>c</b>) Histopathological findings of the area marked in (<b>b</b>), H.E. The epidermis (1) is without pathological findings. The dermis in the affected area is characterized by granulation tissue (2), which contains no hair follicles or sebaceous glands, in contrast to the adjacent area (3). The granulation tissue extends down to the central longitudinal connective tissue of the tail (4).</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Annular constrictions with crust formation. (<b>a</b>) Distal part of a tail with an annular constriction encompassing the entire circumference of the tail. The center of the constriction is bloody encrusted. (<b>b</b>) Sagittal section through the annular constriction shown in (<b>a</b>). In the marginal area, the skin is alopecic and no hair follicles or sebaceous glands can be found in the area under the constriction. In the central area of the constriction, there are bloody crusts. (<b>c</b>) Distal part of a tail with annular constriction encompassing about 70% of the tail. The constriction is bloody encrusted. The tail tip is also affected by severe scaling. (<b>d</b>) Distal part of a tail with two annular constrictions with crust formation. The more proximal constriction encompasses about 75% of the tail circumference. (<b>e</b>) Sagittal section of the proximal constriction shown in (<b>d</b>). The constricted area is devoid of hair follicles or sebaceous glands. In the center of the constriction, the epidermis is covered by crusts.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Histological sections of annular constrictions with crust formation, H.E. (<b>a</b>) Histological section of the constricted area marked in 2 (<b>a</b>) and 2 (<b>b</b>). Purulent-necrotizing inflammation of the epidermis with crusting (1), breakdown of the epidermal basement membrane (2) and underlying granulation tissue (3). (<b>b</b>) Magnification of the granulation tissue depicted in (<b>a</b>) directly underlying the lesion. Accumulation of mononuclear cells (1) and sprouting new blood vessels (2). (<b>c</b>) Magnification of the granulation tissue depicted in (<b>a</b>) in the deeper layers underneath the lesion, containing blood vessels (1), fibrocytes (2) and collagen (3). (<b>d</b>) Magnification of the area marked in (<b>a</b>) with spongiosis (1), hemorrhage (2) and the breakdown of the basement membrane (3). (<b>e</b>) Histological section of the constricted area marked in 2 (<b>c</b>), showing the accumulation of neutrophil granulocytes (1), parakeratotic hyperkeratosis (2) and intracellular edema of keratinocytes (3). Dermis displays hyperemia of papillary bodies (4) and adjacent free erythrocytes (arrows). (<b>f</b>) Histological section of the constricted area marked in 2 (<b>d</b>) and 2 (<b>e</b>). The crust contains neutrophil granulocytes (1), bleeding (2) and intralesional bacteria (arrow). (<b>g</b>) Magnification of the area marked in (<b>f</b>). Coagulation necrosis of the dermal papillary bodies (1) and epidermal layers within the crust. Necrotic area is demarcated by neutrophil granulocytes (2). (<b>h</b>) Magnification of the necrotic area depicted in (<b>g</b>). Structure of the papillary bodies is still intact with visible vessel walls (arrows). Cells of the dermal (1) and epidermal layers (2) are necrotic.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Alopecic tail with encrustation of the tail tip. (<b>a</b>) Distal part of a tail with large-scale alopecia and annular constriction encompassing about 95% of the tail circumference. (<b>b</b>) Tip of the tail depicted in (<b>a</b>) with alopecia and encrustation. (<b>c</b>) Sagittal section of the same tail with loss of tissue at the tip of the tail. (<b>d</b>) Histological section of the area marked in (<b>c</b>) with purulent-necrotizing inflammation of the epidermis and crust formation showing the accumulation of neutrophil granulocytes (1) and the multifocal breakdown of the basement membrane (2).</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Tails with scaling, swelling or wart-like masses. (<b>a</b>) Distal part of a tail with severe scaling. (<b>b</b>) Histological section of the tail tip depicted in (<b>a</b>), H.E. Epidermis displays orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis (1). (<b>c</b>) Distal part of a tail with macroscopically visible and palpable swelling. (<b>d</b>) Sagittal section of the tail shown in (<b>c</b>). (<b>e</b>) Histological section of the area marked in (<b>d</b>), H.E. Extracellular, low-protein edema (arrows) in the region of the central longitudinal arranged connective tissue. (<b>f</b>) Distal part of a tail with single wart-like mass. (<b>g</b>) Histological section of the wart-like mass shown in (<b>f</b>), H.E. Inconspicuous epidermis (1) with underlying layer of fibroblasts (arrow), connective tissue matrix (2) and blood vessels (3).</p> ">
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Annular Constrictions
3.2. Lesions at the Very Tip of the Tail
3.3. Scaling
3.4. Swelling
3.5. Wart-like Masses
3.6. Narrowing of the Tail
3.7. Additional Histopathological Findings
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Macroscopic Findings | Histopathological Findings | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Lesion | Number of Tails with Respective Lesion | Description | Number of Areas with Respective Findings | Description |
Annular constrictions | 10 | 20 | Different stages of dermal scarring | |
Alopecic skin | 8 | No epidermal abnormality detected | ||
4 | Orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis | |||
2 | Parakeratotic hyperkeratosis | |||
Marginal alopecic skin, central bloody crusts | 1 | Marginal no epidermal abnormality detected, central florid inflammation | ||
2 | Marginal orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis, central florid inflammation | |||
1 | Marginal orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis, central purulent-necrotizing inflammation, crust with remnants of necrotic skin | |||
Bloody crusts | 1 | Purulent-necrotizing inflammation | ||
1 | Florid inflammation, crust with remnants of necrotic skin | |||
Lesions at the very tip of the tail | 9 | Alopecia | 3 | Different stages of dermal scarring, no hair follicles, inconspicuous epidermis |
4 | Different stages of dermal scarring, no hair follicles, mainly orthokeratotic, with one case of parakeratotic hyperkeratosis | |||
1 | Lower hair follicle count, infundibular cyst, inconspicuous epidermis | |||
Bloody crusts | 1 | Purulent-necrotizing inflammation with underlying granulation tissue, no hair follicles | ||
Scaling | 2 | No scaling | 1 | Orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis |
1 | Predominantly orthokeratotic, partly parakeratotic hyperkeratosis | |||
4 | Mild to severe scaling | 1 | Inconspicuous epidermis | |
3 | Predominantly orthokeratotic, partly parakeratotic hyperkeratosis | |||
Swelling | 8 | Swelling in the region of the central longitudinal connective tissue | 8 | Extracellular, low-protein edema |
Wart-like masses | 7 | Well-circumscribed, alopecic, nonencapsulated dermal nodes | 12 | Nodes consisting of abundant collagen, fibroblasts and blood vessels, covered by an unaltered epidermis |
Narrowing of the tail | 4 | Narrowing of all layers of the tail | 4 | Narrowing of all layers of the tail |
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Lorenz, L.M.; Volkwein, M.E.; Schmidt, C.; Lechner, M.; Kremer-Rücker, P.V. A Look Inside—Histopathological Examinations of Different Tail Tip Lesions in Dairy Cows. Animals 2024, 14, 2094. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14142094
Lorenz LM, Volkwein ME, Schmidt C, Lechner M, Kremer-Rücker PV. A Look Inside—Histopathological Examinations of Different Tail Tip Lesions in Dairy Cows. Animals. 2024; 14(14):2094. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14142094
Chicago/Turabian StyleLorenz, Lea M., Marielle E. Volkwein, Christine Schmidt, Mirjam Lechner, and Prisca V. Kremer-Rücker. 2024. "A Look Inside—Histopathological Examinations of Different Tail Tip Lesions in Dairy Cows" Animals 14, no. 14: 2094. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14142094