This review article explores the intricate correlation between growth factors
and bone metastases, which play a crucial role in the development of several
types of malignancies, namely breast, prostate, lung, and renal cancers. The
focal point of our discussion is on crucial receptors for growth factors,
including Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), Transforming Growth
Factor- (TGF), Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor
(VEGFR), and Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR). These receptors, which are
essential for cellular activities including growth, differentiation, and
survival, have important involvement in the spread of cancer and the interactions
between tumors and the bone environment. We discuss the underlying mechanisms of
bone metastases, with a specific emphasis on the interaction between growth
factor receptors and the bone microenvironment. EGFR signaling specifically
enhances the process of osteoclast development and the formation of osteolytic
lesions, especially in breast and lung malignancies. TGF receptors have
a role in both osteolytic and osteoblastic metastases by releasing TGF,
which attracts cancer cells and promotes bone remodeling. This is a crucial
element in the spread of prostate cancer to the bones. The functions of FGFR and
VEGFR in the processes of bone formation and tumor angiogenesis, respectively,
highlight the complex and diverse nature of these interactions. The review
emphasizes the possibility of targeted therapeutics targeting these receptors to
interrupt the cycle of tumor development and bone degradation. Therapeutic
approaches include focusing on the VEGF/VEGFR, EGF/EGFR, FGF/FGFR, and
TGF/TGFR pathways. These include a variety of compounds, such
as small molecule inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies, which have shown
potential to interfere with tumor-induced alterations in bone. The text discusses
clinical trials and preclinical models, offering insights into the effectiveness
and constraints of various treatments. Ultimately, this study provides a succinct
but thorough summary of the present knowledge and treatment strategies focused on
growth factor receptors in bone metastases. This highlights the significance of
comprehending the signaling of growth factor receptors in the microenvironment
where tumors spread to the bones, as well as the possibility of using targeted
therapies to enhance the results for cancer patients with bone metastases. The
advancement of treating bone metastases hinges on the development of treatments
that specifically target the intricate relationships between malignancies and
bone.