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United States District Court for the District of Columbia

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District of Columbia
District of Columbia Circuit
Seal of the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia.png
Judgeships
Posts: 15
Judges: 13
Vacancies: 2
Judges
Chief: James E. Boasberg
Active judges:
Loren AliKhan, James E. Boasberg, Tanya S. Chutkan, Jia Cobb, Rudolph Contreras, Christopher Reid Cooper, Dabney Friedrich, Timothy J. Kelly, Trevor McFadden, Amit Priyavadan Mehta, Randolph D. Moss, Carl Nichols, Ana C. Reyes

Senior judges:
John Deacon Bates, Rosemary Collyer, Paul Friedman, Joyce Hens Green, Thomas Hogan, Beryl A. Howell, Ellen Huvelle, Amy B. Jackson, Henry Kennedy, Colleen Kollar-Kotelly, Royce Lamberth, Richard Leon, Richard Roberts, Barbara Rothstein, Emmet G. Sullivan, Reggie Walton


The United States District Court for the District of Columbia is one of 94 United States district courts. Cases dealing with the laws of the District of Columbia are heard by this court only under the same circumstances that would cause a case under state law to come before a federal court. Appeals from this court are heard by the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.

The court sits in the E. Barrett Prettyman Federal Courthouse located on Constitution Avenue NW. The District has no local district attorney or equivalent, and so prosecutorial matters fall under the jurisdiction of the United States Attorney for the District of Columbia.

Vacancies

See also: Current federal judicial vacancies

There are two current vacancies on the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, out of the court's 15 judicial positions.

Pending nominations

Judge Appointed By Assumed Office Bachelors Law

Amir Ali

Joe Biden (D)

University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2008

Harvard Law School, 2011

Sparkle Sooknanan

Joe Biden (D)

Todd E. Edelman

Joe Biden (D)

Yale University, 1990

New York University School of Law, 1994


Active judges

Article III judges

Judge Appointed By Assumed Office Bachelors Law

James E. Boasberg

Barack Obama (D)

March 17, 2011 -

Yale College, 1985

Yale Law School, 1990

Rudolph Contreras

Barack Obama (D)

March 23, 2012 -

Florida State University, 1984

University of Pennsylvania Law School, 1991

Christopher Reid Cooper

Barack Obama (D)

March 28, 2014 -

Yale University, 1988

Stanford Law School, 1993

Tanya S. Chutkan

Barack Obama (D)

June 5, 2014 -

George Washington University, 1983

University of Pennsylvania Law School, 1987

Randolph D. Moss

Barack Obama (D)

November 14, 2014 -

Hamilton College, 1983

Yale Law School, 1986

Amit Priyavadan Mehta

Barack Obama (D)

December 19, 2014 -

Georgetown University, 1993

University of Virginia School of Law, 1997

Timothy J. Kelly

Donald Trump (R)

September 8, 2017 -

Duke University, 1991

Georgetown University Law Center, 1997

Trevor McFadden

Donald Trump (R)

October 31, 2017 -

Wheaton College, 2001

University of Virginia School of Law, 2006

Dabney Friedrich

Donald Trump (R)

December 1, 2017 -

Trinity University, 1988

Yale Law School, 1992

Carl Nichols

Donald Trump (R)

June 25, 2019 -

Dartmouth College, 1992

University of Chicago Law School, 1996

Jia Cobb

Joe Biden (D)

November 12, 2021 -

Northwestern University, 2002

Harvard Law School, 2005

Ana C. Reyes

Joe Biden (D)

February 21, 2023 -

Transylvania University, 1996

Harvard Law School, 2000

Loren AliKhan

Joe Biden (D)

December 13, 2023 -

Bard College at Simon's Rock, 2003

Georgetown University Law Center, 2006


Active Article III judges by appointing political party

This list displays the number of active judges by the party of the appointing president and does not reflect how a judge may rule on specific cases or their own political preferences.

  • Democrat appointed: 9
  • Republican appointed: 4

Senior judges

Judge Appointed By Assumed Office Bachelors Law

Joyce Hens Green

Jimmy Carter (D)

July 1, 1995 -

University of Maryland, 1949

George Washington University Law Center, 1951

Thomas Hogan

Ronald Reagan (R)

May 1, 2008 -

Georgetown College, 1960

Georgetown University Law Center, 1966

Paul Friedman

Bill Clinton (D)

December 31, 2009 -

Cornell University, 1965

State University of New York, Buffalo School of Law, 1968

Barbara Rothstein

Jimmy Carter (D)

September 1, 2011 -

Cornell University, 1960

Harvard Law School, 1966

Henry Kennedy

Bill Clinton (D)

November 18, 2011 -

Princeton, 1970

Harvard Law, 1973

Royce Lamberth

Ronald Reagan (R)

July 15, 2013 -

University of Texas, Austin, 1965

University of Texas School of Law, 1967

Ellen Huvelle

Bill Clinton (D)

June 3, 2014 -

Wellesley College, 1970

Boston College, 1975

John Deacon Bates

George W. Bush (R)

October 12, 2014 -

Wesleyan University, 1968

University of Maryland School of Law, 1976

Reggie Walton

George W. Bush (R)

December 31, 2015 -

West Virginia State College, 1971

American University, 1974

Richard Roberts

Bill Clinton (D)

March 16, 2016 -

Vassar College, 1974

Columbia Law, 1978

Rosemary Collyer

George W. Bush (R)

May 18, 2016 -

Trinity College, 1968

University of Denver College of Law, 1977

Richard Leon

George W. Bush (R)

December 31, 2016 -

College of the Holy Cross, 1971

Suffolk University Law School, 1974

Emmet G. Sullivan

Bill Clinton (D)

April 3, 2021 -

Howard University, 1968

Howard University School of Law, 1971

Colleen Kollar-Kotelly

Bill Clinton (D)

February 15, 2023 -

Catholic University of America, 1965

Catholic University of America, 1968

Amy B. Jackson

Barack Obama (D)

May 1, 2023 -

Harvard College, 1976

Harvard Law School, 1979

Beryl A. Howell

Barack Obama (D)

February 1, 2024 -

Bryn Mawr College, 1978

Columbia University, 1983


Senior judges by appointing political party

The list below displays the number of senior judges by the party of the appointing president. It does not reflect how a judge may rule on specific cases or their own political preferences.

  • Democrat appointed: 9
  • Republican appointed: 6

Magistrate judges

Federal magistrate judges are federal judges who serve in United States district courts, but they are not appointed by the president and they do not serve life terms. Magistrate judges are assigned duties by the district judges in the district in which they serve. They may preside over most phases of federal proceedings, except for criminal felony trials. The specific duties of a magistrate judge vary from district to district, but the responsibilities always include handling matters that would otherwise be on the dockets of the district judges. Full-time magistrate judges serve for renewable terms of eight years. Some federal district courts have part-time magistrate judges, who serve for renewable terms of four years.[1]

Judge Appointed By Assumed Office Bachelors Law

G. Michael Harvey

February 13, 2015 -

Duke University, 1989

University of Pennsylvania, 1993

Robin M. Meriweather

January 10, 2017 -

University of Michigan, 1995

Yale Law School, 1998

Zia Faruqui

September 14, 2020 -

Georgetown University

Georgetown University


Former chief judges

In order to qualify for the office of chief judge in an Article III circuit or district court, or on the United States Court of International Trade, a judge must be in active service and hold seniority over the court's commissioned judges who are 64 years of age or under, have served one year or more, and have not previously served as chief judge.[2]

In the event that no judge on the court meets those qualifications, the youngest judge in regular active service aged 65 years or more and who has served as a judge for one year or more shall become chief judge. If no judge meets those qualifications, the judge holding seniority in active service who has not served as chief before shall become the chief judge.[3][4][5]

The chief judge serves for a term of seven years until another judge becomes eligible to serve in the position. No judge is permitted to serve as chief judge after reaching the age of 70 years unless no other judge is qualified to serve.[3][4][5]

Unlike the chief justice of the United States, a chief judge returns to active service after the expiration of their term and does not create a vacancy on the court by the fact of their promotion.[2][3][4][5]

On the United States Court of Federal Claims, the chief judge is selected by the president of the United States. The judge must be less than 70 years of age. A chief may serve until they reach age 70 or until another judge is designated by the president as the new chief judge. If the president selects a new chief judge, the former chief judge may continue active service on the court for the remainder of their appointed term.[6]


Former judges

For more information about the judges of the District of Columbia, see former federal judges of the District of Columbia.

Jurisdiction

The District Court for the District of Columbia has original jurisdiction over cases filed in the District of Columbia. These cases can include civil and criminal matters that fall under federal law.

The D.C. District Court hears federal cases within the District of Columbia. Its appellate court is the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.

Caseloads

This section contains court management statistics dating back to 2010. It was last updated in August 2023. Click [show] below for more information on caseload terms and definitions.

Year Appeals Filed Appeals Terminated Pending Appeals Terminations on the Merits (per Active Judge) Procedural Terminations (per Active Judge) Total Written Decisions (per Active Judge) Number of Judgeships Number of Sitting Senior Judges Number of Vacant Judgeship Months Median Time From Filing Notice of Appeal to Disposition
2010 3,104 3,119 4,580 15 48 207 10 11 8 450 16
2011 2,932 2,992 3,710 15 17 196 10 11 8 497 18
2012 2,797 3,147 3,411 15 15 186 9 16 9 445 19
2013 2,725 2,758 3,337 15 26 182 9 14 9 385 17
2014 2,671 2,694 3,279 15 34 178 6 12 8 379 16
2015 2,737 2,516 3,496 15 9 182 6 17 8 370 14
2016 3,076 2,745 3,822 15 41 205 6 13 8 369 12
2017 3,351 2,959 4,199 15 41 223 5 13 7 428 13
2018 3,801 3,258 4,746 15 0 253 9 10 6 588 16
2019 4,629 4,105 5,236 15 5 309 9 11 5 676 16
2020 4,412 3,849 5,748 15 0 294 5 14 5 743 16
2021 4,259 4,135 5,796 15 17 284 7 14 6 874 20
2022 4,464 4,149 6,010 15 3 298 11 18 5 1,031 23
Average 3,458 3,264 4,413 15 20 231 8 13 7 557 17

History

The first federal district court for the District of Columbia was originally established in 1801 as the U.S. District Court for the District of Potomac. This court had federal district court style jurisdiction over the District of Columbia, parts of Maryland and parts of Virginia. The court's existence was brief, however, as it was abolished the following year and instead the chief judge of the District of Columbia U.S. Circuit Court was instructed, by the Judiciary Act of 1802, to hold two sessions a year as a district court. This ad hoc court exercised the same jurisdiction as a federal district court during these sessions.[7]

The court existed in this form up until 1863, during which the courts for the District of Columbia underwent massive reorganization. That year, Congress, partly concerned about the loyalty of one of the circuit court's judges, passed Act 12 Stat. 762, which abolished both the federal circuit and district court. They were replaced, by the same act that abolished them, with the Supreme Court for the District of Columbia, which possessed the same powers of jurisdiction as a federal circuit court. This court was created with four justices, one of them being designated the chief judge, and any of which could convene a U.S. district court or a local criminal court.[7]

The court, as it was, handled matters primarily of local jurisdiction, but its mix of federal and local jurisdiction made the court's status and relationship to other federal courts unclear. The Supreme Court of the United States, in decisions made in 1927 and 1933, declared that the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia was comparable to U.S. district courts. In 1936, the U.S. Supreme Court changed the name of the Supreme Court for the District of Columbia to the District Court for the District of Columbia, and again in 1948, to the name it carries today, the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. Following that transition, justices of the court were to be called judges.[7]

Even with these decisions, the court still utilized a combination of federal and local jurisdiction until 1971. At that time, the Superior Court of the District of Columbia and the District of Columbia Court of Appeals were created to handle local matters.[7]

Judicial posts

The following table highlights the development of judicial posts for the District Court for the District of Columbia:[7]

Year Statute Total Seats
March 3, 1863 12 Stat. 762 4
June 21, 1870 16 Stat. 160 5
February 25, 1879 20 Stat. 320 6
December 20, 1928 45 Stat. 1056 7
June 19, 1930 46 Stat. 785 9
May 31, 1938 52 Stat. 584 12
August 3, 1949 63 Stat. 493 15
July 1, 2013 104 Stat. 5089 (temporary) 16
October 12, 2014 Temporary post expired 15

Noteworthy cases

For a searchable list of decisions from the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, click here

Federal courthouse

One courthouse serves the District of Columbia.[18] The land for the courthouse was originally obtained by the federal government for the creation of the District of Columbia. It was originally assigned to hold the U.S. Mint, but was later changed when the Mint remained in Philadelphia. The site was sold by the U.S. government on May 7, 1822, and developed as a commercial and residential district. The current court building was commissioned in 1949 to local architect Louis Justement for his original building.[19][20] Building commenced in August 1949, and the building was finally opened in 1952. In March 1977, the courthouse was renamed the E. Barrett Prettyman Courthouse. Prettyman was a judge for the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit from 1945 to 1971.[19]

About United States District Courts

The United States district courts are the general trial courts of the United States federal courts. There are 94 such courts. Both civil and criminal cases are filed in the district court, which is a court of both law and equity.

There is a United States bankruptcy court and a number of bankruptcy judges associated with each United States district court. Each federal judicial district has at least one courthouse, and most districts have more than one.

There is at least one judicial district for each state, and one each for Puerto Rico and the District of Columbia. District courts in three insular areas—the United States Virgin Islands, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands—exercise the same jurisdiction as U.S. district courts. Despite their name, these courts are technically not District Courts of the United States. Judges on these territorial courts do not enjoy the protections of Article III of the Constitution, and serve terms of 10 years rather than for life.

There are 677 U.S. District Court judgeships.[21][22]

The number of federal district judge positions is set by the U.S. Congress in Title 28 of the U.S. Code, Section 133, which authorizes a set number of judge positions, or judgeships, making changes and adjustments in these numbers from time to time.

In order to relieve the pressure of trying the hundreds of thousands of cases brought before the federal district courts each year, many trials are tried by juries, along with a presiding judge.[23]

Appointments by president

The chart below shows the number of district court judges confirmed by the U.S. Senate through June 1 of the fourth year of each president's term in office. At this point in the term, President Joe Biden had the most district court appointments with 156.


Judges by district

See also: Judicial vacancies in federal courts

The table below displays the number of judges in each district and indicates how many were appointed by presidents from each major political party. It also includes the number of vacancies in a district and how many pending nominations for that district are before the United States Senate. The table can be sorted by clicking the column headers above the line, and you can navigate through the pages by clicking the arrows at the top of the table. It is updated every Monday.


Judicial selection

The district courts are served by Article III federal judges who are appointed for life during "good behavior." They are usually first recommended by senators (or members of the House, occasionally). The President of the United States makes the appointments, which must then be confirmed by the U.S. Senate in accordance with Article III of the United States Constitution.[22]

Step ApprovedA Candidacy Proceeds DefeatedA Candidacy Halts
1. Recommendation made by Congress Member to the President President Nominates to Senate Judiciary Committee President Declines Nomination
2. Senate Judiciary Committee interviews Candidate Sends candidate to Senate for confirmation Returns candidate to President, who may re-nominate to Committee
3. Senate votes on candidate confirmation Candidate becomes federal judge Candidate does not receive judgeship

Magistrate judges

The district courts are also served by magistrate judges. Congress created the judicial office of federal magistrate in 1968. In 1990, the position title was changed to magistrate judge. The chief judge of each district appoints one or more magistrate judges, who discharge many of the ancillary duties of district judges so judges can handle more trials. There are both full-time and part-time magistrate judge positions, and these positions are assigned to the district courts according to caseload criteria (subject to funding by Congress). A full-time magistrate judge serves a term of eight years; a part-time magistrate judge's term of office is four years.[24]


See also

External links

Footnotes

  1. U.S. District Court - NH, "Magistrate Judges," archived April 14, 2014
  2. 2.0 2.1 United States Courts, "Frequently Asked Questions," accessed January 25, 2022
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute, "28 U.S. Code § 136 - Chief judges; precedence of district judges," accessed January 25, 2022
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute, "28 U.S. Code § 258 - Chief judges; precedence of judges," accessed January 25, 2022
  5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute, "28 U.S. Code § 45 - Chief judges; precedence of judges," accessed January 25, 2022
  6. Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute, "28 U.S. Code § 171 - Appointment and number of judges; character of court; designation of chief judge," accessed January 25, 2022
  7. 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Federal Judicial Center, "The U.S. District Courts and the Federal Judiciary," accessed April 26, 2021
  8. 8.0 8.1 New York Daily News, "Justice Department challenges proposed merger of American Airlines and US Airways," August 13, 2013
  9. Wall Street Journal, "Airline Judge a Familiar Face in Antitrust," August 14, 2013
  10. Third Branch News, "Shutdown, Holdup for the Courts," October 7, 2013
  11. CNN Money, "US Air and American Airlines reach deal with Justice to allow merger," November 12, 2013
  12. Dallas Morning News, "Federal Judge gives final approval to settlement between DOJ, American Airlines and US Airways," April 25, 2014
  13. Star-Telegram Sky Talk Blog, "Federal judge approves American-DOJ settlement agreement," April 25, 2014
  14. Washington Post, "Judge declines to block D.C. school closures," May 15, 2013
  15. Courthouse News Service, "Judge won't stop public school shuttering in D.C.," May 20, 2013
  16. MLB.com, "Clemens acquitted on all counts in perjury trial," June 18, 2012
  17. 17.0 17.1 Chicago Tribune, "Roger Clemens not guilty on all counts in perjury trial," June 18, 2012
  18. United states District Court District of Columbia, "Court Location," accessed May 10, 2021
  19. 19.0 19.1 United States District Court for the District of Columbia, "Courthouse History," accessed September 27, 2014
  20. United States District Court for the District of Columbia, "Courthouse Design," accessed September 27, 2014
  21. US Courts, "Federal Judgeships," accessed May 10, 2021 (archived)
  22. 22.0 22.1 U.S. Courts, "United States District Court Federal Judiciary Frequently Asked Questions," accessed May 10, 2021 (archived)
  23. United States District Courts, "District Courts," accessed May 10, 2021
  24. The 'Lectric Law Library, "Understanding the U.S. federal courts"