Shipping seasons along the Northwest Passage vary in space and time, with southward transport of multi-year ice creating choke points that reduce overall season length, according to an analysis of sea ice charts derived from risk index systems from 2007 to 2021.

Icelandic granitoids are not analogues for continental crust on the early Earth but can help understand how silicic crust forms on other terrestrial planets without plate tectonics, according to geochemical modelling based on four granitic Iceland plutons.

The carbon stored in Africa’s miombo woodlands may require a significant upward revision owing to the contribution from large trees, according to 3D multi-scale lidar measurements acquired from 50 kha of intact and degraded forests in Mozambique.

Increased soil carbon, lower soil bulk density, higher earthworm abundance and vascular plant richness indicate that permaculture in Central Europe enhances soil health and biodiversity, suggest field experiments in Germany and Luxembourg.

Submarine groundwater discharge creates the unique ecosystem of warm–water marine biological communities that has been observed on the Siberian Arctic Shelf, according to analysis of a range of in situ measurements in 2020 and 2023.

Opinions about vegetable oils in social media are dependent on the type of oil and shows a disconnection between the public discourse and the scientific discussion, according to a public perception study of twenty million social media posts.

Mixed phase clouds - clouds that contain ice as well as supercooled-liquid particles - are more liquid at the cloud top than the cloud interior, globally, according to satellite observations. Setting cloud top phase accordingly in climate model projections leads to additional warming.

Crystal migration can occur during magma ascent in volcanic eruptions and when this process occurs, it leads to non-Newtonian behaviour, according to a volcanic conduit flow model.

Enhanced precipitation recycling and moisture convergence over the Tibetan Plateau from climate warming offsets the decline in moisture transport associated with the monsoons and westerly winds, according to analyses of Lagrangian simulations and water budgets over a decade, and climate projections

Overflow from Lake Nasser during times of excessive precipitation over source areas could be redirected to depressions with permeable bedrock to recharge the underlying Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System and limit flood impacts, according to hydrologic simulations

A combination of anthropogenic warming and natural variability led to another record-breaking year of warmth in 2023. Global mean temperatures in 2023 nearly exceeded the 1.5 °C threshold, making it both a scientific and societal imperative to understand the underlying reasons for this warmth.

Attribution of the record-shattering global annual heat in 2023 to human and/or natural factors is fundamentally required for reliable predictions of upcoming global warming and its impacts. An observation-model comparison of global hot areas supports a key role for human-induced climate change, with a small contribution from El Niño.

In northern China and the Korean Peninsula, air pollution has worsened over the past ten years, but the two countries have not cooperated efficiently to resolve the problem. China and Korea must separate environmental negotiations and diplomatic actions to address the transboundary nature of air pollution.

Oxygen levels in the ocean increased three times between the early Ediacaran and the early Cambrian, in synchrony with major developments in animal evolution.

In 2021, one in five people in Africa was affected by hunger, and the continent had the highest prevalence of undernourished people globally. We argue that food systems in Africa can be more resilient if their development includes climate adaptation.

Large language models can summarize, aggregate, and convey localized climate-related data to people in a cost-effective and expeditious manner. This Comment introduces a simple, proof-of-concept prototype and argues that the approach holds the potential to truly democratize climate information.