J Neurosurg
J Neurosurg
Pediatrics
Pediatrics
8:000–000,
8:1–5, 2011
Pediatric Chiari malformation Type 0: a 12-year institutional
experience
Clinical article
Joshua J. Chern, M.D., Ph.D., Amber J. Gordon, M.D., Martin M. Mortazavi, M.D.,
R. Shane Tubbs, M.S., P.A.-C., Ph.D., and W. Jerry Oakes, M.D.
Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, Alabama
Object. In 1998 the authors identified 5 patients with syringomyelia and no evidence of Chiari malformation
Type I (CM-I). Magnetic resonance imaging of the entire neuraxis ruled out other causes of a syrinx. Ultimately, abnormal CSF flow at the foramen magnum was the suspected cause. The label “Chiari 0” was used to categorize these
unique cases with no tonsillar ectopia. All of the patients underwent posterior fossa decompression and duraplasty
identical to the technique used to treat patients with CM-I. Significant syrinx and symptom resolution occurred in
these patients. Herein, the authors report on a follow-up study of patients with CM-0 who were derived from over 400
operative cases of pediatric CM-I decompression.
Methods. The authors present their 12-year experience with this group of patients.
Results. Fifteen patients (3.7%) were identified. At surgery, many were found to have physical barriers to CSF
flow near the foramen magnum. In most of them, the syringomyelia was greatly diminished postoperatively.
Conclusions. The authors stress that this subgroup represents a very small cohort among patients with Chiari
malformations. They emphasize that careful patient selection is critical when diagnosing CM-0. Without an obvious
CM-I, other etiologies of a spinal syrinx must be conclusively ruled out. Only then can one reasonably expect to ameliorate the clinical course of these patients via posterior fossa decompression. (DOI: 10.3171/2011.4.PEDS10528)
Key Words
•
posterior fossa
neurosurgery
•
pediatrics
I
cervical syringomyelia can be associated
with supratentorial lesions, such as hydrocephalus,
craniosynostosis, and meningitis. Posterior fossa lesions associated with syringomyelia include tumor, posterior fossa cysts, and various Chiari malformations. One
possible mechanism of syrinx formation due to posterior
fossa pathology is an alteration of CSF flow at the craniocervical junction.5 This notion has been supported by
CSF flow studies as well as clinical responses after attempts to alter CSF dynamics via foramen magnum decompression.3,4 Possible underlying causes of disrupted
CSF flow in the absence of cerebellar tonsillar herniation
include a compacted posterior fossa as well as intraoperative findings of veils and arachnoid adhesions at the
foramen of Magendie.3,4 Because of this hypothesized
pathophysiological mechanism, the term “Chiari 0 malformation” was coined, referring to syringomyelia that
resolves following posterior fossa decompression and in
the absence of tonsillar ectopia.5
diopathic
Abbreviations used in this paper: CM-I = Chiari malformation
Type I; PICA = posterior inferior cerebellar artery.
J Neurosurg: Pediatrics / Volume 8 / July 2011
•
hindbrain hernia
•
tonsillar ectopia
•
Herein, we present the salient features of our surgical experience with the CM-0 in children, derived from
over a decade of experience with this unique pathological
entity.
Methods
Following institutional review board approval, a retrospective analysis of all CM-Is in pediatric patients surgically treated at the Children’s Hospital in Birmingham,
Alabama, was performed. Four hundred five patients
were surgically treated between 1998 and 2010. In this
group, 15 patients fulfilled the criteria for CM-0. All patients had undergone imaging of the head, craniocervical
junction, and spine. Imaging of the head was performed
to exclude intracranial pathology, including hydrocephalus. High-resolution MR imaging studies of the posterior
fossa were not routinely obtained. Spine MR imaging
with contrast enhancement was conducted to examine
the extent of syringomyelia, to rule out potential intrinsic spinal cord neoplasm, and to exclude a tethered spinal
cord. Flexion and extension radiographs were obtained to
1
J. J. Chern et al.
rule out craniocervical junction instability. Cerebrospinal
fluid flow studies were performed early in this series but
not over the last approximate decade because of our experience with false-negative results.
Each patient underwent posterior cranial fossa decompression along with the removal of the posterior arch
of C-1. The size of the craniectomy was 2.5 cm in width
and in height. Intraoperative ultrasonography was not
used in these 15 patients. Intradural exploration of the
spinomedullary junction revealed potential arachnoid adhesions that might cover the foramen of Magendie. Occasionally, metal clips were used to attach the arachnoid
membrane to the dura mater in an attempt to decrease
the likelihood of a posterior fossa CSF hygroma causing
acute hydrocephalus.2 All patients underwent duraplasty
with autologous pericranium. Each patient was monitored
in the intensive care unit overnight and in general was
sent to the ward over the following couple of days.
Results
Patient Presentation
The patient cohort consisted of 9 boys and 6 girls with
no history of trauma or infection of the spine (Table 1).
Patient ages ranged from 3 to 15 years (mean 10.5 years).
The most common presenting symptom was spine-related, including scoliosis (8 patients), limited neck range of
motion (1 patient), and torticollis (1 patient). Six patients
reported headache and/or neck pain. Four patients reported headaches that were typical of cerebellar ectopia, that
is, those that were Valsalva induced, of short duration,
and posterior in location. One patient had atypical headache. On examination 1 patient had gait disturbance and
was found to have increased tone in the lower extremities.
The duration of symptoms varied between 1 month and 3
years. In 1 case, the onset of symptoms occurred after a
traumatic event. One patient had a cerebellar hemorrhage
at birth, and the dysmorphic posterior fossa contents were
suggestive of extensive scar formation. No other inciting
events or etiologies were identified in the other cases.
The minimal follow-up in these patients was 1 year.
Postoperatively, 10 of the 15 patients experienced significant to complete symptom resolution. One patient had
a preoperative scoliosis curve of 80° that continued to
progress and eventually required spinal fusion. One patient who had presented with non–Chiari-like headaches
continued to experience headaches postoperatively. Three
patients who had presented with mild scoliosis (< 35°)
demonstrated stable curves after surgery.
Syringomyelia Signs
All 15 patients presented with syringes of various
lengths (3–18 levels). All but 1 patient showed marked
diminishment in the size of the syrinx. The percent decrease in the syrinx cross-sectional area ranged between
60% and 95%. This decrease was most dramatic in 2 patients who had presented with holocord syringes (Figs.
1–4). In the only exception, the patient had a syrinx extending from the cervical region to the conus with dilation at the conus level. The terminal portion of the syrinx
measured 4 mm in diameter and remained unchanged at
the 5-year follow-up. In general, the change in syrinx size
was first observed between 6 months and 1 year after surgery; however, no routine imaging was typically done prior to 6 months. None of the residual syringes were found
to progress with follow-up.
Intraoperative Findings
The posterior arch of C-1 was bifid in 1 patient, and
the assimilation of C-1 occurred in 1 patient. One patient
had a markedly thickened bone and an upward lipping
of the opisthion. Eight patients demonstrated an arachnoid veil occluding the fourth ventricular outlet, which
was transected in all patients. In 1 of these 8 patients,
TABLE I: Summary of clinical course of 15 patients with CM-0*
Case No. Age (yrs)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
10
3
7
12
14
6
8
10
13
15
13
9
13
14
10
Presenting Symptom
Max Syrinx Diameter in mm (no. of levels)
Intraop Findings
Postop Symptoms
FU (mos)
back pain, headache
gait disturbance
headache, neck pain
scoliosis (35°)
scoliosis (30°), neck pain
torticollis, headache
scoliosis (25°)
headache (atypical)
scoliosis (30°), headache
arm paresthesias
scoliosis (80°)
leg pain, scoliosis (25°)
back pain, leg paresthesias
back pain, scoliosis
hand weakness, scoliosis
3 (6)
11 (8)
8 (3)
UN (4)
5 (14)
7 (7)
11 (18)
6 (9)
6 (7)
7 (3)
8 (12)
4 (5)
7 (14)
UN (8)
4 (6)
unremarkable
veil, scar tissue
veil
unremarkable
thickened bone
unremarkable
veil
tortuous PICA
veil
veil
unremarkable
unremarkable
veil
veil
veil
resolved
improved
resolved
curve improved
curve stable
improved
resolved
headache persisted
curve stable
resolved
curve worsen
curve stable
improved
improved
improved
46
16
12
33
24
19
16
15
52
59
75
12
19
13
36
* FU = follow-up; UN = unknown.
2
J Neurosurg: Pediatrics / Volume 8 / July 2011
Chiari malformation Type 0
Fig. 2. Case 4. Postoperative sagittal MR image revealing significantly decreased syringomyelia.
Fig. 1. Case 4. Preoperative sagittal MR image demonstrating a
CM-0.
the arachnoid membrane adhesions were extremely
dense and necessitated shrinking the cerebellar tonsils
with electrical cautery. Interestingly, in 1 case, the PICA
formed a loop immediately adjacent to the obex, and it
was thought that the redundant PICA loop might have
caused intermittent obstruction of the CSF flow at the foramen of Magendie.
Complications of Surgery
No neurological complications occurred as a result of
operative intervention in this small cohort. There was neither CSF leakage nor surgical infection. The average hospital stay was 3 days. Postoperative pain was controlled
in the majority of patients by using alternating doses of
acetaminophen and ibuprofen.4 No patient required reoperation or additional surgical procedures such as syringosubarachnoid shunting.
Anatomy of the Posterior Cranial Fossa
We previously suggested that the syringohydromyelia
seen in the CM-0 might be due to a compressed posterior
fossa and that tonsillar herniation would not be necessary
to disrupt normal CSF flow.3,5 The most striking finding
in the initial group of 5 patients was a caudally displaced
brainstem without tonsillar ectopia. We performed similar measurements in the now larger (inclusive) group of
J Neurosurg: Pediatrics / Volume 8 / July 2011
15 patients, and our findings were consistent with those
observed in our earlier, smaller study.
At the level of the foramen magnum, the sagittal
anteroposterior distance of the spinomedullary junction
was 13 mm versus an average of 11 mm, implying caudal descent of the more rotund medulla oblongata. Correspondingly, the tip of the obex was located at or below
the level of the foramen magnum in all patients except 2,
whereas in a healthy control group, the obex was located
8–17 mm above the level of the foramen magnum. Lastly,
at the midsagittal plane, there was an increase in the distance between the basion and the opisthion (average 37.4
mm, compared with 28–33 mm in age-adjusted controls).
These observations were consistent with the hypothesis
that the contents of the posterior fossa in this group of
patients were caudally compressed.
Discussion
While we find it encouraging that with our selection criteria this small group of patients suffering from
idiopathic syringohydromyelia seemed to respond well to
posterior fossa decompression, we stress once again that
CM-0 is a diagnosis made only after other etiologies of
spinal syrinx have been conclusively ruled out. As our
case number demonstrated, this subgroup is small; CM-0
was found in only 3.7% of our cases. Shunting or fenestrating a symptomatic idiopathic syringohydromyelia
continues to be a valid treatment option for this disease
entity; in our experience, however, the results have often
been disappointing. Therefore, dealing with the primary
cause of the syrinx—that is, interruption of CSF flow at
3
J. J. Chern et al.
Fig. 4. Case 5. Preoperative axial MR image showing syrinx resolution, although the resolution was not as dramatic as that seen in the
patients featured in Figs. 1 and 2.
compression. Complete and partial resolution of lowerextremity symptoms occurred in 3 patients and 1 patient,
respectively.
Headache is often a secondary symptom, although
more than half of the patients denied having headaches.
When a patient does present with headache, it is often
Chiari-like (short duration, reproducible with the Valsalva maneuver, and located in the occipital region). For
such headaches to occur, the cerebellar tonsils might be
intermittently herniating, and this phenomenon is not
captured during static MR imaging. This notion may be
supported by the fact that all 3 patients who presented
with Chiari-like headaches experienced complete resolution of their symptoms postoperatively.
Fig. 3. Case 5. Preoperative sagittal MR image demonstrating a
CM-0.
the craniocervical junction—is the logical first step in
treatment, just as in patients with CM-I.
Clinical Characteristics of Patients With CM-0
We previously described 5 patients with CM-0, and
10 patients were added to this group in the present study.
We did not find substantial differences between these 2
patient groups. The predominant symptoms and signs
were related to scoliosis and lower-extremity weakness
and paresthesias. Among the 8 patients with scoliosis and
kyphoscoliosis as the major sign, the curves improved
in 4 (completely resolving in 1 case), remained stable in
3, and worsened in only 1. The patient in this last case
had a preoperative curve of 80° and was the only person
who required spinal fusion following posterior fossa de-
4
Lessons Learned From the Past Decade
As with all surgical procedures, careful patient selection is critical. All of the patients underwent detailed
work-ups as described above. The presence of significant
syringohydromyelia along with correspondingly credible signs and symptoms largely dictated the decision
for surgery. We placed relatively minor importance on
nondescript symptoms such as headache; over the years,
however, we did expand the indications for posterior fossa
decompression in patients, and we were pleased to find
satisfactory results among them.
Obtained anthropomorphic measurements suggested
that the etiology of CM-0 was CSF flow disturbance, and
this hypothesis was further supported by intraoperative
observations. While these morphological measurements,
which have been confirmed by others,1 may help to establish a diagnosis, in reality, our decision to operate relies
very little on these measurements. It is perhaps even more
remarkable then that these patients do share the noted
J Neurosurg: Pediatrics / Volume 8 / July 2011
Chiari malformation Type 0
anatomical similarities and further support CM-0 as an
independent disease entity. Again, the presence of symptomatic syringohydromyelia per se would have prompted
our decision to operate with or without the finding of a
crowded posterior fossa. Interestingly, there may be some
overlap between CM-0 and CM-1.5, as both have shown
caudal descent of the brainstem.
Finally, cine MR imaging would seem to be a valuable tool to document the CSF flow pattern before and
after surgery in these cases. In our early experience, however, this particular modality was often inconclusive despite clinical and radiologically confirmed improvement.
Therefore, the use of cine MR imaging has been abandoned over the last several years.
Conclusions
We stress that this patient subgroup represents a very
small cohort within the spectrum of those with Chiari
malformations. These patients tend to have caudally displaced brainstems and at surgery are often found to have
arachnoid veils occluding the foramen of Magendie. We
emphasize that careful patient selection is critical when
making the diagnosis of CM-0. Without an obvious CMI, other etiologies of a spinal syrinx must be conclusively
ruled out. Only then can one reasonably expect to ameliorate the clinical course of these patients with posterior
fossa decompression.
Disclosure
The authors report no conflict of interest concerning the mate-
J Neurosurg: Pediatrics / Volume 8 / July 2011
rials or methods used in this study or the findings specified in this
paper.
Author contributions to the study and manuscript preparation
include the following. Conception and design: Tubbs. Acquisition
of data: Tubbs, Chern, Gordon. Analysis and interpretation of data:
Tubbs, Gordon. Drafting the article: Tubbs, Chern. Critically revising the article: all authors. Study supervision: Tubbs, Oakes.
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Manuscript submitted November 19, 2010.
Accepted April 25, 2011.
Address correspondence to: R. Shane Tubbs, Ph.D., Pediatric
Neurosurgery, Children’s Hospital, 1600 7th Avenue South, ACC
400, Birmingham, Alabama 35233. email: shane.tubbs@chsys.org.
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