Water Management

This presents a management strategy for the urban waterlogged deposits and archaeological remains at Nantwich, Cheshire, endorsed as a Supplmentary Planning Document by East Cheshire Council for its local plan. It advocates a holistic solution for preventing dessication of the deposits by raising awareness with all urban planners (spatial planners, water engineers, highways engineers, utility providers, as well as developers and other parties) to change their approach to have more permeable surfaces (inclusing SUDS) and allow rainwater to percolate through the deposits, helping preservation of organic archaeological remains and preventing subsidence of the timber-frame historic buildings that form the historic centre and conservation area of the town.

Albay, M., Oruç Babuşçu, F., Berberoğlu, U., Biçkici, E., Çakmak, Ö., Çamur, D., ... Yılmaz, Ş. (2014). Su Sağlığı ve Su Kalitesinin İyileştirilmesi. In M. Müezzinoğlu, & E. Gümüş (Eds.), Çok Paydaşlı Sağlık Sorumluluğunu Geliştirme Programı 2013-2023 "Sağlığın Korunması ve Geliştirilmesine Çok Paydaşlı Yaklaşım" - Fiziksel Çevrenin Geliştirilmesi (pp.17-196). Ankara: T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı.

Project Page:
https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/tr/cokpaydasli-anasayfa

YÖNETİCİ ÖZETİ:
Su, canlıların biyolojik açıdan en temel gereksinimi konumundadır. Su, yaşam için olmazsa olmaz bir maddedir. İnsanlar biyolojik olarak açlığa ve susuzluğa uzun süre dayanabilir gibi gözükmesine karşın, vücut fonksiyonları ve duygusal olarak susuzluğa dayanabilmek sanılanın aksine kolay değildir. Bununla birlikte su sadece içme ve bireysel olarak beslenme ve temizlikte kullanılmaz. Tarımsal üretimin, hidro enerjinin, sanayi üretiminin ve ekosistemin varlığı ve sürdürülebilmesi için de su olmazsa olmaz koşuldur. Dünyada kullanılabilir tatlı su potansiyelinin sadece %1 oranında olması ve bu oranın dünyanın her yerine eşit olarak dağılmaması, hızlı ve çarpık kentleşme ile birlikte nüfusun yoğun olduğu bölgelerde suyun bulunmaması veya mevcut suyun yetersiz kalması veya sağlığa uygun özellikler taşımaması bir çok hastalıkların ortaya çıkmasına ve hatta toplu ölümlere dahi neden olabilmektedir. İnsan, çevre ve doğanın sağlıklı sürdürülebilmesinde “su yönetimi” çok önemli bir kavramdır. Bu nedenle, suya erişim haklarının korunabildiği doğru su yönetiminin hangi kurallar çerçevesinde ve hangi örgütsel yapıyla sağlanabileceğinin tespiti genel koşuldur. Bu çalışmada suyun kulanım alanlarına göre korunması ve yönetimi öncelikle olarak değerlendirilmiştir.

SONUÇ VE GENEL DEĞERLENDİRME:
Suyun, çevre ve canlı yaşamı için önemi tartışılmaz. Bununla birlikte su, hava ile birlikte çevresel faktörlerden etkilenmekte ve kirlemektedir. Canlıların ve özellikle insanların doğrudan kullabilediği su miktarı ise kısıtlıdır. Kısıtlı olan doğrudan kullanılabilir su kaynaklarını İnsani faaliyetlernedeniyle kirlenmesi beraberinde birçok sağlık sorununu getirmektedir. Bu sağlık sorunları akut, kronik, harra gelecek nesilleri etkileyebilecek genetik sorunlardır.İnsani faaliyetler sonucu hem içme-kullanma suyu gibi doğrudan kullanılabilen, hem de deniz gibi doğrudan tüketilmeyen su kaynakları bile olumsuz etkilenebilmektedir. Bu nedenler su, bireyler ve yerel-merkezi yönetimlerce öncelikli ele alınması gereken bir konudur. Yerel ve merkezi yönetimlerin en temel görevlerinden birisii hatta en başlıcası suyun ve su kaynaklarının korunması, insanlara sürekli, kesintisiz ve sağlıklı su sağlanmasıdır. Yerel ve merkezi yönetimlerin suyun öneminin farkına varmaları, suyu ayrı bir konu olarak ele almalı ve kirlenmeye, kıtlığına yönelik önlem almaları, hem şu an yaşayan topluma hem de gelecek nesillere yapacakları en büyük hizmettir. Su, sağlık sektörü, yerel ve merkezi yönetimler, özel kuruluşlar, üniversiteler, bilimsel kuruluşlar gibi bir çok sektörü ilgiliendiren çok sektörlü bir konudur. Sektörler zaman zaman işbirliği içerisinde çalışmaları gerekeceği gibi, bazen de yetki ve sorumluluk karmaşası ile karşı karşıya kalabilmektedirler. Bu nedenle öncelikle su ile ilgili mevzuatın bütüncül bir şekilde ele alınıp düzenlenmesi, güncellenmesi ve geleceğe yönelik yenilerinin hazırlanması gerekmektedir. Mevzuatta özellikle etkin ve uygulanabilir yaptırımlar tanımlanmalı, bunlar yetkili kişi / kurumlarca uygulanabilmelidir. Suyun merkezi ve yerel yönetimlerde yetkilileri ve sorumluları tanımlanmalıdır. Son yapılan bakanlık adları ve görevlerindeki değişiklikler, yerel yönetimlere de yansıtılabilmelidir. Suyun temini, sağlıklı bir şekilde sürekliliğinin sağlanması mali desteği gerektirmektedir. Merkezi ve yerel yönetimler suya yeterince ilgi göstermeli, bütçelerinde olmazsa olmaz payları ayırmalıdır. Suyun insani tüketimine sunulması, gerekli işlemlerden geçirilmesine ve sağlıklı sistemlerler iletilmesine bağlıdır. Gelecekte kentleşme olgusu ve nüfus projeksiyonlarına göre alt yapının oluşturulması vazgeçilemez zorunluluktur. Kentleşme olgusu, medya, yaşanan sorunlar maalesef şehir şebekelerine ve bu sistemlerle bireylere ulaşan suya olan güveni sarsmış durumdadır. Oysa, başta devlet olmak üzere merkezi ve yerel yönetimlerin insanların ev/ iş yerleri çeşmelerinden sürekli su akmasını sağlamaları en temel görevlerinden birisi olmasıyla birlikte, akan suyun sağlıklı olmasını sağlamak da en büyük görevlerindendir. Ambalajlı sular, bireysel su gereksinimini sağlamada çok öenmli yerleri vardır. Ancak, ev ve işyerlerinde şehir şebeke suyu en az ambalajlı sular kadar kaliteli olmak zorundadır. Bu nedenle olmaması gereken şehir şebeke suyuna olan güvensizliğin giderilmesi, bu gidişatı tersine çevrilmesi merkezi ve yerel yönetimlere düşmektedir.

The demand for sustainable water management has promoted the development of methodologies for estimating environmental flows (EF). In this paper, the EF in an Andean river (Pance, Colombia) for conservation and a Mediterranean river (Wadi-Zomar, Palestine) for restoration purposes is made. Different methodologies are applied given the objectives for each river. The authors used hydrological indices proposed for watersheds with different water regimes and adaptations and validations were made to the local context. These methods allow for estimating the EF at various points in the river and the assessment of disruption scenarios for decision-making. In the Wadi Zomar River, three sampling points were selected. The water samples were then examined for the presence of pathogens. No one indicator or simple hydrological parameter is entirely suitable for all environmental systems and pathogens. In the base flow conditions, the amount of pollutant load varied temporally according to the am...

The field experiment was conducted at Birsa Agricultural University during winter (Rabi) season of
2017-18 with the objective to evaluate the growth parameter, yield attributes, yield and economics
of wheat variety HD2967 under precision nitrogen management guided by Greenseeker. The crop
was sown on 25th November and was laid out in randomised block design replicated thrice. The soil
of experimental plot was sandy loam in texture having low nitrogen (175.6 kg/ha), medium in
phosphorous (15.38 kg/ha) and potassium (183.46 kg/ha) with slightly acidic having soil pH 5.5.
The twelve treatments comprised of: T1- absolute control, T2 to T4 - application of 120 kg N in two
and three split doses, T5 to T7 - application of 150 kg N in two and three split doses, T8 to T10 -
application of 180 kg N in two and three split doses and T11 andT12 (guided by Greenseeker by
NDVI technique taken at 45DAS and 65DAS) were applied with 136 kg N and 140 kg N in three
split doses respectively. The two splits of nitrogen given at sowing and CRI and for three splits
nitrogen was applied at sowing, CRI and at tillering stage (45 DAS). Application of 140 kg N in three
split doses i.e. 30 kg N as basal, 60 kg N at CRI and Greenseeker guided nitrogen application of 40
kg at 45 DAS (second irrigation) and 10 kg at 65 DAS (third irrigation) recorded the highest No. Of
tillers/m2 (424.48), dry matter accumulation (1307.49 g/m2
), crop growth rate (8.14 g/m2
/day),
effective tillers/m2 (410.56), spike length (12.96 cm), spikelets per spike (21.66), filled grains per
spikes (53.10), unfilled grains per spikes (2.56), thousand grain weight (42.80 g), grain yield (48.39
q/ha), straw yield (71.72 q/ha), net return (Rs 55695/ha) and B:C ratio (1.75).

This paper investigates the potential of using controlled hydraulic transients for non-intrusive assessment of the internal condition of water transmission pipelines. Deterioration of pipelines is a natural process. An effective tool for evaluating the state of pipeline interiors could be extremely useful for planning rehabilitation or identifying critical points in a system. A non-intrusive technique for evaluating the state of the internal surface of a pipeline is introduced. The total length of the pipeline was divided into a number of segments and the condition of each segment assessed based on the transient response corresponding to that interval. In addition to quantification of the deterioration level of different sections of the pipeline, critical points were identified where closer investigation was suggested. The proposed technique, although in an early stage of development, was tested on a real pipeline.

Increasing demands on limited water resources have made wastewater reclamation for municipal irrigation an attractive option for extending water supplies in the semiarid Southwest. However, public concerns remain about the potential risks of human contact with reclaimed water used for irrigating public and recreational areas. This study focused on identifying public perceptions regarding wastewater reuse and how these may affect

Abstract. The water management problem is at the forefront of public policy priorities in many countries because of the growing scarcity of water and its considerable economic and social implications. At the core of water policy is the need to foster a more rational use of the resource, and one way of fostering efficiency might be the creation of an agile market of water rights. However, the design and operation of such a market is not an easy endeavor because it needs to coexist in a complex social and legal framework that has evolved to ...

Many major global mega-conferences on water have been held since the United Nations Water Conference in 1977. Viewed from any direction, this Conference was an important benchmark. In 1992, the UN system organized an International Conference on Water and the Environment in Dublin, and the UN Conference on the Environment and Development at Rio de Janeiro. The results of these two meetings have had only marginal impacts on the water management processes and practices. The impacts of the World Commission on Water for the 21st January, Bonn Consultation, Johannesburg Summit and of the three World Water Forums are discussed. A fundamental question that needs to be answered is are these mega-meetings worth their costs and the efforts needed to organize them in terms of their impacts.

Seventy-five percent of the available water resources in Malaysia are used for rice irrigation. Proper water management must be given due emphasis to effectively manage the water resources. This study analyzed field level practices, which could save irrigation water and thus increase area to be irrigated. The analyses were conducted for both the pre-saturation and normal supply periods using field data collected at the Besut irrigation scheme, Malaysia. Based on field water requirements and available flows at the intake structures, canal simulation was performed using the CanalMan model (Utah State University) together with water balance. The results have shown that pre-saturation should not be done continuously unless flow rates are at least 9.00 and 3.00 m3 s−1 for the Besut and Angga barrages, respectively. If the flow rate falls below these values, then pre-saturation should be done in two phases. However, when the flow rate is between 5.00 and 5.50 m3 s−1 at Besut barrage, pre-saturation should be done in three phases. The simulated schedules were compared with present pre-saturation schedules and it was observed that irrigable area could be increased by 10% than that at present. During the period of normal irrigation supply to the fields, there must be flow rates of at least 5.00 m3 s−1 and 1.50 m3 s−1 at the Besut and Angga barrages, respectively; in order to maintain irrigation supply to the whole irrigation scheme. Otherwise, selective irrigation or irrigation on a rotational basis will have to be enforced.

Water resources management is increasingly dealing with competing demands for fixed or diminishing available supplies. In this , the allocation and accounting of water consumption between competing users, including environmental uses, plays a critical role. Various software tools have been developed to cover aspects of water resources planning and allocation, operation, and catchment management. In line with the requirements of water management agencies, attention is turning to the development of integrated tools with a broad range of capabilities that include water resource planning under different climatic and allocation policies, water supply under various operating rules and user behaviour, and catchment management and ecosystem condition assessment under different management regimes. This paper describes a preliminary software structure for water allocation, planning and management, starting from the basic concepts of availability, supply, demand and accounting, and outlining t...

The article details the development and uses of the water poverty index (WPI). The index was developed as a holistic tool to measure water stress at the household and community levels, designed to aid national decision makers, at community and central government level, as ...

The development of smallholder irrigation is a policy priority in Ethiopia, yet little consideration has been given to the role state interventions play in enabling or constraining effective self-governance in farmer-managed schemes. To address this gap in evidence, research was conducted in Tigray, northern Ethiopia, in two irrigation sites. Focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews with key informants were the primary means of collecting data on local institutional arrangements, government interventions and management challenges. An opinion poll provided additional insights. Our case studies indicate that effective self-governance cannot easily be crafted by external actors. The introduction of modern irrigation technologies and formalized management arrangements has fostered dependency on external support and increased state influence in key decision-making processes, whilst traditional water user associations remain largely autonomous but have little access to financial resources. State interventions have also been poorly tailored to local context with negative consequences for performance, although there have been some successes where traditional arrangements for water management have been integrated into new institutions. The incorporation of farmer perspectives into performance assessments could facilitate more responsive interventions, and remains an important area of irrigation research and practice. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.

There is a great need for robust, defect-free, highly selective molecular sieve (zeolite) thin film membranes for light gas molecule separations in hydrogen fuel production from CH or HO sources. In particular, we are interested in (1) separating and isolating H from HO and CH, CO, CO, O, N gases; (2) water management in PEMs and (3) as a replacement

In urban communities, infrastructures that support living are indispensable. There is increased interest in alternative ways of providing such support systems, including semi-autonomous infrastructures resulting from the self-organization of local actors. In this study, we analyze the emergence and management of such infrastructures in light of the theory of complex adaptive systems, within which they are called ‘inverse infrastructures’. Empirical evidence is drawn from the case of water cooperatives in the town of Ikaalinen, Finland. Our analysis shows that, with favorable preconditions in place, inverse infrastructures may contribute significantly to local infrastructure services and so also to the functioning of society.

Snow cover is a highly variable land surface condition that exerts a strong control on the heat and moisture budget of the overlying atmosphere. Modeling studies based on long integrations of global circulation models (GCM) are normally carried out at very low resolution (typically coarser than 100 km) due to their high computational demand. On local scales, snow cover plays an important socioeconomic role, ranging from water management applications to outdoor recreation. These latter applications vary in horizontal resolution from a few hundred meters to a few kilometers, where small scale topography, land cover and local circulation effects play a significant role. In this study our focus will be on horizontal scales ranging from typical GCM global climate modeling to high resolution global weather forecasts. In the land surface component of a GCM (land surface model - LSM), snow cover temporal and spatial variability is mainly determined by the overlying atmospheric conditions. However, once snowfall settles on the ground, the sub-grid scale variability associated with complex terrain and land cover variability (not resolved at the model resolution) is parameterized following simple physical and/or empirical relations. The present study intends to access the impact of horizontal resolution in the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) land surface model (HTESSEL). HTESSEL is forced by the ECMWF operational weather forecasts since March 2006 to December 2009 (runs in offline/stand-alone mode). The control run is carried out at the horizontal resolution of the forecasts at TL799 (gaussian reduced grid N400 -about 25 km). Two lower horizontal resolutions are then tested: TL255 (gaussian reduced grid - about 80 km, same as the ERA-Interim reanalysis), and TL95 (gaussian reduced grid N48 - about 200 km). The length of the simulations is rather small (only 46 months), however global meteorological forcing at 25 km can only be accessed through the ECMWF recent weather forecasts. Such high resolution associated with the state of the art modeling and assimilation frameworks guarantees that the atmospheric conditions seen by the LSM are as close as possible to reality. To assure that the two lower horizontal resolution simulations have a good quality forcing, an energy/mass conserving remapping was applied when upscaling the forcing fields. Special care was taken for the upscaling of temperature, specific humidity, surface pressure and downward longwave radiation considering the changes in mean orography between resolutions. Snow cover simulations are validated against two daily observational products: 1) IMS Daily Northern Hemisphere Snow and Ice Analysis at 4 km resolution (National Snow and Ice Data Center) and 2) SNOWCLIM snow depth daily European domain at 0.1° resolution (German Weather Service). The present work is focused over Europe, namely in four domains: Alps, Central and Eastern Europe and Scandinavia, where conditional spatial sampling is performed in order to distinguish between complex versus flat terrain and forest versus exposed (low vegetation and bare ground) areas. The results are model dependent, but allow deriving important relations between resolution, orography and vegetation variability impacts on snow cover simulations.

Prehistoric water management in the northern US Southwest was integral to successful subsistence. On the Mesa Verde cuesta in southwestern Colorado, several types of water management features have been identified in the archaeological record, but research into these features has typically focused on the efficacy of reservoirs—a large-scale, labor-intensive, and community-oriented means of collecting and storing water. This focus on large-scale water management features has largely ignored the productive potential of small-scale and low-cost strategies for water management executed by individual households. There is considerable evidence, for example, that extensive check dam networks were constructed and used on the Mesa Verde cuesta, but their actual utility as a small-scale risk-aversion strategy to resource stress has not systematically been explored. This paper identifies all ephemeral drainages on the Mesa Verde cuesta where check dam construction was possible, then applies a maize growing niche model to estimate total yields from check dam farming plots for each year from AD 890–1285. A demographic reconstruction is then used to estimate the percentage of the total cuesta population that could have been supported using only check dam maize yields through time. Results suggest that check dam farming could have supplied a reliable source of surplus annual maize sufficient for household storage needs even during the most populous time periods across the cuesta landscape.

Daily stage data measured at the closing section of the Po River (Northern Italy), collected from historical archives of the “Hydrological Office of the Po River—Parma”, allowed to estimate daily discharges for the period 1807–1916, therefore to extend the time series of Po River discharges for 110 years before the actually published time series. This paper provides a detailed description of the stage–discharge conversion and of the tests performed for checking homogeneity of reconstructed data. In particular, monthly discharge data were compared with approximated catchment-average data of precipitation and evapotranspiration for the period 1831–2003, which were estimated, respectively, from monthly data of local precipitation (at Milan, Turin and Parma) and local air temperature (at Milan and Turin). It emerges that estimated values of precipitation, evapotranspiration and discharge provide a coherent picture of the hydrological dynamics in the basin throughout the study period. Specifically, an apparent progressive depletion of basin reservoirs is observed since 1920, i.e., when concomitant sudden changes (regime shifts) occurred in precipitation (downward shift) and evapotranspiration (upward shift). The 1920-shift is amongst the likely causes of the fact that prolonged drought periods as those observed in the 1940s and since 2003 are not observed in the pre-shift period, when accumulation of reservoirs occurred. The increase in peak-flow discharges observed in recent decades, with values well above the maximum discharge estimated for the nineteenth century as well as for the early twentieth century, is apparently the result of the massive levee works along the river network that were completed in the 1960s. On decadal time scales, discharge variability is found to essentially reflect the changes in precipitation patterns. In particular, peaks of comparable magnitude are found in the 128-month (∼11 years) wavelet spectra of precipitation and discharge. Furthermore, concurrent changes are observed in the persistence (i.e., autocorrelation) of precipitation and discharge data. Since the red-noise background spectrum of discharge is much lower than that of precipitation, river discharge is the likely hydrological variable to be preferred for assessing the basin’s response to the background climatic variability occurring at the decadal and multi-decadal time scales, notwithstanding the fact that changes in water management and other anthropogenic impacts can be important on long time scales. Concerning the seasonal to interannual response to climatic forcing, a robust dependence of wintertime precipitation and discharges on the state of the NAO was observed. This dependence results in stronger (weaker) precipitation and higher (lower) discharges during negative (positive) anomalies of the NAO index.

Oudenbosch is a town in the western part of the Dutch province of North Brabant, which was founded in 1301 in relation to peat extraction and refining salt. On a map from 1565 we see an intricate pattern of watercourses. This article describes how those waterways are to be understood.

Currently water resources management is undergoing a major paradigm shift. Water resources management has a strong engineering tradition based on controlling environmental problems with technical solutions. The management of risks relied on the ability to predict extremes and limit their impact with technical means such as dikes, dams and reservoirs. In this paradigm, belief systems, human attitudes and collective behaviours are perceived as external boundary conditions and not as integral part of management. However, the situation has started to change dramatically. Over the past years, integrated water resources management has become the reigning paradigm. The importance of governance and cultural adaptation has become a major issue of concern. At the same time, there is a paucity of adequate scientific concepts that would allow addressing these issues. This paper introduces a concept for social learning developed in the European project HarmoniCOP and discusses its implications for the cultural and institutional context of water resources management. It aims to contribute to the new paradigm of integrated resource management by discussing the importance of processes of culture and social learning for environmental resources management, in general, and water resources management, in particular.