Synergism

Steady-state absorption, emission, and femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopies were used to ascertain the static and dynamic nature of the solvent response of methanol–chloroform binary solvent mixtures of different stoichiometric ratios using 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-methyl-6-(4-dimethylaminostyryl)-4H-pyran (DCM) as the probe molecule. The appearance of synergistic solvation behavior in the steady-state absorption measurements can be explained in terms of solvent–solvent interactions through an extended hydrogen-bonding network. The disappearance of such synergistic behavior in the excited state of the DCM dye was recently proposed by us to be due to the weak nature of the intermolecular interactions present in binary solvent mixtures ( J. Phys. Chem. B 2012, 116, 1345). It was anticipated and subsequently confirmed by the dynamics of the solvent response that the disruption of the weak interactive solvent network is the main reason for the absence of the synergism in the excited state. As expected, we observed the slowest dynamics for the mixture with XMeOH = 0.45, with an average solvation time of 12.03 ps, which is much higher than the values for the pure bulk counterparts (⟨τs⟩Methanol = 4.32 ps and ⟨τs⟩Chloroform = 1.32 ps). The unprecedented slowing of solvation for DCM is probably due to the rigid interactive methanol-chloroform solvent system in the first solvation shell, followed by solvent rearrangements around the solute dipole. Overall interactions present within the methanol-chloroform binary solvent mixture furnish clear evidence of solvent association through weak hydrogen bonding.

There is more that separates Western Christianity from its Eastern counterpart beyond the historical rifts of the Filioque clause. Indeed, the very nature of salvation is perceived in radically different ways. While Western Christianity (largely) views salvation as remission of guilt from sin, Eastern Orthodoxy views salvation as “becoming god” or “deification.” Some (such as Tuomo Mannermaa) attempt to minimalize (and even harmonize) these differences. This article argues that notions of theosis (as proposed by historic and modern theologians within and surrounding Eastern Orthodoxy) prevent unification of these two branches given the synergism required to its attainment.

Keamanan satu negara tidak lepas dari kondisi di sekitarnya, termasuk Indonesia yang berada di kawasan Asia Tenggara. Negara-negara di kawasan Asia Tenggara telah sepakat untuk membentuk kerja sama pertahanan dan berbagi persepsi dalam menghadapi ancaman nyata, yang sebagian besar adalah ancaman non-tradisional, yang harus dihadapi dengan membangun keamanan yang komprehensif. Untuk itu, Indonesia akan mengerahkan seluruh kementerian/lembaga untuk terlibat sesuai perannya dengan berpedoman kepada konsep perang semesta, sebagai bagian dari kebijakan pertahanan negara. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menemukan berbagai alternatif upaya melakukan sinergi kelembagaan ke tingkat yang optimal. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan fenomenologis yang diperoleh selama peneliti menjalankan tugas di Direktorat Kerja sama Internasional Pertahanan, Direktorat Jenderal Strategi Pertahanan Kementerian Pertahanan. Berdasarkan data yang dikumpulkan melalui wawancara, observasi, dan studi pustaka, pada akhirnya peneliti menemukan bahwa sinergi kelembagaan yang diharapkan dalam pelaksanaan kebijakan kerja sama pertahanan tidak pada kondisi yang diharapkan. Perlu dilakukan berbagai upaya untuk meningkatkan sinergitas, terutama dalam memadukan kepentingan, mengkoordinasikan upaya, dan mengkomunikasikan hasil. Sinergitas kelembagaan harus menjadi bagian integral dari setiap tahapan implementasi kebijakan kerja sama pertahanan yang dilakukan, agar Indonesia dapat lebih berperan aktif dalam membangun keamanan komprehensif di kawasan Asia Tenggara. Peneliti kemudian memberikan beberapa saran kepada para pemangku kepentingan untuk menghasilkan implementasi kebijakan kerja sama pertahanan antar lembaga yang sinergis sebagai bagian dari kebijakan pertahanan negara. Saran yang diberikan juga diharapkan dapat mendukung keberhasilan Indonesia sebagai ketua ASEAN pada tahun 2023.

Despite the extensive availability and use of plant extracts as feed additives in various livestock species, peer-reviewed and scientific evidence of their usage in horses is lacking. This article dealt with the review of reports from recent studies investigating the usage of plant bioactives or extracts in horse nutrition. For the time being, several herbs, either alone or in composites, are being commercialized and openly available in horsemarket stores, which makes it difficult and confusing for horse owners and veterinarians to make a justifiable choice. Usage of ginger extract as a feed additive in sport horses is encourageable as it manages to attain quick recovery after exhaustion in racing and jumping events. Garlic, ginseng, primerose, and rose hip possess potent antioxidative properties, and their supplemen-tation in a regular diet may lessen the chance of occurrence of oxidative stress-related diseases. Owing to their cytoprotective and mucus-stimulatory effects, licorice and Aloe vera extracts have potentiality as feed additives in Standardbred and Thoroughbred racehorses, as they are more prone for equine gastric ulcer syndrome. Echinacea is able to stimulate the equine immunocompetence on addition to the regular diets of equine species. Besides the anti-inflammatory effect, devils claw possess anorexigenic effect, which can limit feed intake, thus keeping the body condition score in check and avoiding obese-related health problems in horses. Regularizing flaxseed meal or its extract as a dietary supplement may support healthy skin and coat condition due to the presence of omega-3 fatty acids as an active component. Aloe vera, well known for cytoprotective and mucus-stimulatory effects, is found to be efficient in protecting the gastrointestinal tract against ulcers or other disorders on administering as a dietary supplement to equines, but the extent of effect depends on the dosage and extent of supplementation. Although, theoretically plant extracts application is safer compared with synthetic antibiotics or drugs, it does not mean they are completely safe, and few considerations should be given for dosage of the drug, period of administration, apart from monitoring parallel drugs given to prevent herb-drug interactions. The plant extracts with potent benefits, and not tested in horses have to be evaluated with a primary objective to verify the negative side effects, if any, followed by standardization of the dosage.

A total of eighty bacterial isolates were isolated from pus, sputum, blood, stool and urine of different patients admitted to Sidnawy Hospital, Zagazig University, Egypt. These bacterial isolates were distributed as 50 Gram negative bacterial isolates (62.5%) and 30 Gram positive bacterial isolates (37.5%). The antibiotic susceptibility showed that the most effective antibiotic was amikacin followed by nitrofurantoin, norfloxacin, streptomycin and ciprofloxacin with 80%, 76.25%, 71.25%, 70% and 60% susceptibility respectively. On the other hand, 87.5% of bacterial isolates were resistant to aztreonam while 77.5% and 67.5% were resistant to clindamycin and oxacillin respectively. The four tested isolates; Escherichia coli 3, Staphylococcus aureus 20, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 58 and Klebsiella pneumoniae 65 were selected as multi-drug resistant (MDR) isolates against the tested antibiotics. Identification of the four selected isolates was confirmed molecularly by investigation of 16S rRNA gene sequences. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the most three effective antibiotics; amikacin, nitrofurantoin and norfloxacin were determined against the four multi-drug resistant(MDR) isolates. Furthermore, a total of 488 methanolic and aqueous crude extracts derived from different parts of 235 medicinal plant species traditionally used in Egyptian folk medicine belonging to 209 genera and 88 botanical families, were screened for their antibacterial activity against the highly resistant bacterial isolates. Out of 235 tested plants, 30 plant species belonging to 21 botanical families showed highly significant antibacterial activity by inhibiting all tested MDR isolates, and were more effective against Gram-positive than Gram-negative isolates. The microorganisms' susceptibility to different extracts did not correlate with the susceptibility or resistance to particular antibiotics. In most cases the organic extracts (80% methanol, 80% ethanol, 80% butanol, acetone, petroleum ether or chloroform) showed the same or greater activity than the aqueous extracts. Also, the methanolic extracts showed the strongest and broadest spectrum. The combination between the most potent plant extracts (Rhus coriaria, Acacia nilotica or Tamarindus indica) and antibiotics (amikacin, norfloxacin, vancomycin, tetracycline or amoxycillin) showed synergistic effect against the tested bacteria than each of them alone. [EL-Zawahry, Y. A.; Reda, F. M. and Azazy, W. M. Synergistic Effects of Combination Treatment between Certain Plant Extracts and Some Antibiotics on the Resistance of Pathogenic Bacteria against Some Common Antibiotics. Life Sci J 2013;10(4):3477-3489]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 463

The honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) is an important pollinator and a model for pesticide effects on insect pollinators. The effects of agricultural pesticides on honeybee health have therefore raised concern. Bees can be exposed to multiple pesticides that may interact synergistically, amplifying their side effects. Attention has focused on neonicotinoid pesticides, but flupyradifur-one (FPF) is a novel butenolide insecticide that is also systemic and a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonist. We therefore tested the lethal and sublethal toxic effects of FPF over different seasons and worker types, and the interaction of FPF with a common SBI fungicide, propicona-zole. We provide the first demonstration of adverse synergistic effects on bee survival and behaviour (poor coordination, hyperactivity, apathy) even at FPF field-realistic doses (worst-case scenarios). Pesticide effects were significantly influenced by worker type and season. Foragers were consistently more susceptible to the pesticides (4-fold greater effect) than in-hive bees, and both worker types were more strongly affected by FPF in summer as compared with spring. Because risk assessment (RA) requires relatively limited tests that only marginally address bee behaviour and do not consider the influence of bee age and season, our results raise concerns about the safety of approved pesticides, including FPF. We suggest that pesticide RA also test for common chemical mixture synergies on behaviour and survival.

Despite control methods developed against malaria, the emergence of Anopheles gambiae s.l. resistance to insecticides constitutes a threat that could lead to the failure of the fight against this pathology. A summary study was carried out in order to show the spatio-temporal dynamic of resistance of European Scientific Journal, ESJ ISSN: 1857-7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857-7431 January 2021 edition Vol.17, No.3 www.eujournal.org 246 Anopheles gambiae s.l. to some insecticides used in Congo from 2002 to 2018. Sensitivity tests were carried out with two to five days old adult females. The insecticides tested belonged to 4 families: (1) organochlorines: DDT 4%; (2) organophosphates: malathion 5%, pirimiphos-methyl 1.25%; (3) pyrethroids: permethrin 0.75%, deltamethrin 0.05% and 0.5%, lambdacyhalothrin 0.05%; (4) carbamates: bendiocarb 0.1% and 0.5%. Tests were done with synergists. The knock-down effect was evaluated for 60 minutes and mortality 24 hours later. This study showed the existence of resistance to DDT, pyrethroids, development of resistance to bendiocarb and pirimiphos-methyl and sensitivity to malathion in several departments of the country. The knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations (L1014F) and (L1014S) are responsible for DDT resistance. Restoration of Anopheles' sensitivity to deltamethrin after exposure to synergists involves metabolic resistance. The study confirmed the development susceptibility to DDT, pyrethroids, bendiocarb and pirimiphos-methyl. To ensure the effectiveness of insecticides, it is essential to monitor the periodically susceptibility tests to insecticides and to identify the possible resistance mechanisms involved.

Enactivism as a radical conceptual shift in non-classical epistemology and in cognitive science is under consideration in the monograph. Consciousness is viewed as active and interactive, embodied and situated, its cognitive activity is carried out by in-building into a cognizing environment, i.e. by enacting a surrounding medium. Some prerequisites of emergence and development these notions are traced in studies of G. Berkeley, D. Hume, H. Bersson. The recent contributions of Francisco Varela, Evan Thompson, Alva Noë in the development of enactivism are considered as well. Enactivism is treated as a new form of constructivism in epistemology. In its conceptual frames,  the mind-body problem, the problem of subject and object of cognition, the problem of connection of cognition with action can be solved in a non-traditional way. The book is addressed to specialists in epistemology and in philosophy of science as well as to all who is interested in the modern trends of development of philosophy.
В монографии рассматривается энактивизм как радикальный концептуальный поворот в неклассической эпистемологии и когнитивной науке. Сознание
представляется как активное и интерактивное, отелесненное и ситуационное, его когнитивная активность совершается посредством вдействования в окружающую и познаваемую среду, т.е. энактивирования среды. Прослеживаются историко-философские предпосылки возникновения этих представлений в учениях Дж. Беркли, Д. Юма, И. Канта, А. Бергсона, а также современный вклад в развитие энактивизма Франсиско Варелы, Эвана Томпсона, Алва Ноэ и др. Энактивизм рассматривается как новая форма конструктивизма в эпистемологии, в концептуальных рамках которого получают нетрадиционные решения проблемы сознания и тела, субъекта и объекта познания, связи познания с действием.
Книга адресована специалистам по эпистемологии и философии науки, а также всем интересующимся современными трендами развития философии.

The coordinated action of carbohydrate-active enzymes has mainly been evaluated for the purpose of complete saccharification of plant biomass (lignocellulose) to sugars. By contrast, the coordinated action of accessory hemicellulases on xylan debranching and recovery is less well characterized. Here, the activity of two family GH115 α-glucuronidases (SdeAgu115A from Saccharophagus degradans, and AxyAgu115A from Amphibacillus xylanus) on spruce arabinoglucuronoxylan (AGX) was evaluated in combination with an α-arabinofuranosidase from families GH51 (AniAbf51A, aka E-AFASE from Aspergillus niger) and GH62 (SthAbf62A from Streptomyces thermoviolaceus). The α-arabinofuranosidases boosted (methyl)-glucuronic acid release by SdeAgu115A by approximately 50 % and 30 %, respectively. The impact of the α-arabinofuranosidases on AxyAgu115A activity was comparatively low, motivating its structural characterization. The crystal structure of AxyAgu115A revealed increased length and flexibility of the active site loop compared to SdeAgu115A. This structural difference could explain the ability of AxyAgu115A to accommodate more highly substituted arabinoglucuronoxylan, and inform enzyme selections for improved AGX recovery and use.

This study evaluated the synergistic antibacterial activity of Curcumin with 8 different antibiotic groups. Two
reference, one clinical and ten environmental strains of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) were tested. Disc diffusion
assay with 25μg/mL Curcumin demonstrated synergism in combination with a majority of tested antibiotics against S.
aureus. However, checkerboard micro dilution assay only showed synergism, fractional inhibitory concentration index
(FICI) <0.5 in three antibiotics i.e. Gentamicin, Amikacin, and Ciprofloxacin. Other antibiotics showed indifferent
interactions but no antagonism was observed. In time-kill curve, appreciable reduction of bacterial cells was also
observed in combination therapy (Curcumin + antibiotics) compared to monotherapy (Curcumin or antibiotic(s) alone).
The antibiotics with higher synergistic interaction with Curcumin are arranged in a decreasing order: Amikacin >
Gentamicin > Ciprofloxacin.

Recent studies on bilingualism and pragmatics paid little attention to trilingual speakers. This investigation examined the trilinguals&#39; identity synergism by drawing on their linguistic repertoire and discursive identity through pragmatic skills. For this purpose, twenty advanced EFL learners with Persian and Turkish as their mother tongues were homogenized through IELTS and played roles in Persian, Turkish, and English languages. For modeling, three monolingual native speakers of the English language responded to the English version of written discourse completion tests taken from the same role-plays. The data underwent content analysis to extract and codify the themes. The results revealed a synergy among the trilinguals&#39; discursive systems when performing apology, complaint, refusal, and request speech acts. Multidirectional transfers among the trilinguals&#39; Turkish, Persian, and English languages developed a form of English communication that was different from that ...

The honey bee is a major pollinator whose health is of global concern. Declines in bee health are related to multiple factors, including resource quality and pesticide contamination. Intensive agricultural areas with crop monocultures potentially reduce the quality and quantity of available nutrients and expose bee foragers to pesticides. However, there is, to date, no evidence for syner-gistic effects between pesticides and nutritional stress in animals. The neonicotinoids clothianidin (CLO) and thiamethoxam (TMX) are common systemic pesticides that are used worldwide and found in nectar and pollen. We therefore tested if nutritional stress (limited access to nectar and access to nectar with low-sugar concentrations) and sublethal, field-realistic acute exposures to two neonicotinoids (CLO and TMX at 1/5 and 1/25 of LD 50) could alter bee survival, food consumption and haemolymph sugar levels. Bee survival was synergistically reduced by the combination of poor nutrition and pesticide exposure (250%). Nutritional and pesticide stressors reduced also food consumption (248%) and haemolymph levels of glucose (260%) and trehalose (227%). Our results provide the first demonstration that field-realistic nutritional stress and pesticide exposure can synergistically interact and cause significant harm to animal survival. These findings have implications for current pesticide risk assessment and pollinator protection.

A significantly increased resistance against cadmium toxicity inBufo arenarum embryos was obtained by means of pretreatments with low cadmium/zinc concentrations, allowing embryos to tolerate lethal cadmium concentrations. Slight variations in the pretreatment schedule could result in significant differences within this acclimation phenomenon. The probable mechanisms of action of this protective effect are discussed.

Recent studies on bilingualism and pragmatics paid little attention to trilingual speakers. This investigation examined the trilinguals' identity synergism by drawing on their linguistic repertoire and discursive identity through pragmatic skills. For this purpose, twenty advanced EFL learners with Persian and Turkish as their mother tongues were homogenized through IELTS and played roles in Persian, Turkish, and English languages. For modeling, three monolingual native speakers of the English language responded to the English version of written discourse completion tests taken from the same role-plays. The data underwent content analysis to extract and codify the themes. The results revealed a synergy among the trilinguals' discursive systems when performing apology, complaint, refusal, and request speech acts. Multidirectional transfers among the trilinguals' Turkish, Persian, and English languages developed a form of English communication that was different from that of the native speakers' model. Gestures and mimes were the non-verbal strategies employed more in the trilinguals' Turkish and English languages than their Persian. This study helps researchers and teachers gain insight into identity, pragmatics, and multilingualism.

In the present study amount of Cefixime and amount of Metronidazole solubilised using PEG 6 K, PEG 20 K, PVP K 30, Brij 30 and Sodium lauryl sulphate alone and in combinations was investigated. Study results showed that drug amount solubilised by single surfactant was higher than water for both drugs and values were noticeable for Brij 30 and Sodium lauryl sulphate. Regarding drug amount solubilised using surfactant combination results showed synergistic effects and the effect was prominent when Brij 30 and Sodium lauryl sulphate were present in combination.

Interaction between technicians and experts in physics on the one hand, and specialists in history and social sciences on the other hand might be a solution in the described situation. Such cooperation can contribute to a broader understanding of the historical aspects of WMD nonproliferation and disarmament, expanding the subject of nuclear studies on the whole.

This study evaluated the synergistic antibacterial activity of Curcumin with 8 different antibiotic groups. Two reference, one clinical and ten environmental strains of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) were tested. Disc diffusion assay with 25μg/mL Curcumin demonstrated synergism in combination with a majority of tested antibiotics against S. aureus. However, checkerboard micro dilution assay only showed synergism, fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) &lt;0.5 in three antibiotics i.e. Gentamicin, Amikacin, and Ciprofloxacin. Other antibiotics showed indifferent interactions but no antagonism was observed. In time-kill curve, appreciable reduction of bacterial cells was also observed in combination therapy (Curcumin + antibiotics) compared to monotherapy (Curcumin or antibiotic(s) alone). The antibiotics with higher synergistic interaction with Curcumin are arranged in a decreasing order: Amikacin &gt; Gentamicin &gt; Ciprofloxacin.

ABSTRACT The influence of halide ions (Cl−, Br−, I−) on the corrosion inhibition efficiencies of various organic-type inhibitors including polymers, natural products of plant origin, organic dyes, surfactants, drugs etc. on metals corrosion in various aqueous aggressive environments and under different experimental conditions has been widely reported in the literature and is discussed in this paper. Most of the available data show that the halide additives synergistically increased the inhibition efficiencies of most organic cation-type molecules in the order Cl− &amp;lt; Br− &amp;lt; I− in the different environments investigated. Such synergistic effects often show sensitivity to various factors including nature and concentration of the additives, temperature as well as nature of the metal and aggressive environments. Mechanisms proposed for the synergistic interactions have been compared and evaluated with respect to the reported experimental data.

Recent studies on bilingualism and pragmatics paid little attention to trilingual speakers. This investigation examined the trilinguals&#39; identity synergism by drawing on their linguistic repertoire and discursive identity through pragmatic skills. For this purpose, twenty advanced EFL learners with Persian and Turkish as their mother tongues were homogenized through IELTS and played roles in Persian, Turkish, and English languages. For modeling, three monolingual native speakers of the English language responded to the English version of written discourse completion tests taken from the same role-plays. The data underwent content analysis to extract and codify the themes. The results revealed a synergy among the trilinguals&#39; discursive systems when performing apology, complaint, refusal, and request speech acts. Multidirectional transfers among the trilinguals&#39; Turkish, Persian, and English languages developed a form of English communication that was different from that ...

Context: Venom from endemic scorpion of Cuba, Rhopalurus junceus, decreases the viability of epithelial cancer cells and has negligible cytotoxic effect on normal cells. Conventional chemotherapy induces unspecific cytotoxic effect against cancer and normal cells. Pharmacological interaction of this scorpion venom with conventional cytostatics is unknown.

Aims: To evaluate the cytotoxic effect of combined treatment of Rhopalurus junceus scorpion venom and conventional cytostatics in the cervical cancer and kidney normal cell line HeLa and Vero, respectively.

Methods: Both cell lines were treated alone with different concentrations of 5-fluoruracil (0.5, 5, 50, 500 and 5000 µM), doxorubicin (0.005, 0.05, 0.5, 5 and 50 µM) and cisplatin (3.13, 6.25, 12.5, 25 and 50 µM) or combined with ½IC50 in HeLa (0.5 mg/mL) of scorpion venom. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. The combination index and dose reduction index at different concentration levels were generated by CompuSyn software.

Results: Rhopalurus junceus scorpion venom exerted synergic effect in HeLa cancer cell line when combined with 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin and doxorubicin at 0.5 – 500 µM, 3.13 – 25 µM and 0.005 – 5 µM, respectively. Meanwhile, higher concentration levels of cytostatics combined with scorpion venom induced antagonist effects. Besides, 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin and doxorubicin as single treatment and combined with scorpion venom did not showed significant differences respect to cell viability in Vero cells.

Conclusions: Rhopalurus junceus scorpion venom is able to potentiate selectively the cytotoxicity, at low concentrations of chemotherapy drugs, against the cervical cancer cell line HeLa.