Sesame

The allelopathic effect of Vernonia amygdalina and Moringa oleifera leaf extracts on seed
germination and seedling characteristics of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Var. 01M was
analyzed in this study. The seeds were treated with different extract concentrations (i.e.
25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) of Vernonia amygdalina and Moringa oleifera. The allelopathic
study of Vernonia amygdalina and Moringa oleifera was carried out based on percentage
seed germination on the 5th and 10th days, shoot length, root length and shoot/root ratio at
10 days after sowing. Seedling characteristics like number of leaves, height of plant, stem
girth, leaf length, leaf breadth and leaf area all at 8 Weeks after Planting (8WAP) were also
investigated for different concentrations. All data pooled were subjected to Analysis of
Variance (ANOVA) and means with significance difference were separated using Duncan
Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Results showed that eight (shoot length, root length, number
of leaves, plant height, stem girdth, leaf length, leaf breath and area of leaves at 8 WAP) out
of the ten quantitative attributes studied on sesame (Sesamum indicum) showed
significant differences in relation to the different concentrations of Vernonia amygdalina
leaf extracts while only three (shoot length, number of leaves, and plant height at 8 WAP)
out of ten attributes studied on the effects of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts showed
significant difference. Therefore, there is sufficient evidence in this study to conclude that
Vernonia amygdalina had more allelopathic effects on seedling establishment and growth
of sesame (Sesamum indicum) than Moringa oleifera.

The present experiment was carried out. Thirty genotypes of sesame were taken to study genetic variability, heritability and potential for screening suitable genotypes for future improvement programmes. The genotypes exhibited significant differences for all traits under study. A wide range of variability along with high estimates of PCV and GCV observed for seed yield per plant, number of capsules per plant and number of branches per plant, indicating high variability available in the germplasm for these characters for further improvement. High heritability coupled with high genetic advances as per cent of mean was observed for days to 50% flowering, number of capsules per plant, plant height at maturity, seed yield per plant, number of branches per plant, 1000 seed weight and number of seeds per capsule which indicates the predominance of additive gene effect and therefore, these are more reliable for effective selection. Introduction: Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is one of the most versatile and survivor crops that can be grown in semi arid and arid region. To initiate an effect improvement program in any crop, the first and foremost step is building a comprehensive germplasm. Information on the magnitude of variation in the available genetic material and the role played by the environment on the expression of plant character are of the prime importance for the appraisal of the rate and magnitude of possible improvement. Further, estimates of genetic advance and heritability would give the best picture of the extent of improvement expected from selection and reliability of selection based on phenotype. The present investigation is an attempt in that direction.

A field experiment was conducted at College Farm, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari (India) to identify a suitable intercropping system for higher productivity and interrelationship of various growth and yield attributing traits that determine seed yield of sesamum. The experiment was carried out in randomized block design with four replications and nine treatments viz., T1: sole sesamum, T2: sole sesamum (Paired rows at 30-60 cm), T3: sole sesamum (Paired rows at 30-30-75 cm), T4: sole green gram, T5: sole cowpea, T6: sesamum + green gram (paired 2:1), T7: sesamum + green gram (paired 3:2), T8: sesamum + cowpea (paired 2:1) and T9: sesamum + cowpea (paired 3:2). Correlation and regression studies indicated the significant relationship among various growth characters, yield attributes and yield. Results revealed that seed yield of sesamum was significantly affected and positively correlated with growth characters viz., number of branches/plants, dry matter accumulation and yield attributes viz., number of capsules/plants, capsule length, number of seeds/capsules, test weight. Sesamum equivalent yield was also significantly and positively correlated with available N, P and K status of soil. Regression equations showed the yield variations in seed yield of sesamum due to yield attributes to a great extent. Overall, it can be concluded that seed yield of sesamum and sesamum equivalent yield is significantly and positively correlated with growth and yield attributes.

Sesame has a long-standing history and a wide range of usage field because of the reason that it’s the first oil seed plant cultivated in the world. This plant -is being used by people for over 5000 years- has a great importance in Turkish culture as well. Its seeds contain 50 – 60 % oil which has an high quality, moreover one of its most common usage areas is tahini and tahini halva production. In addition to that, sesame which is consumed as a spice is the only condiment that makes the Turkish bagel (simit) world famous. Despite all of these features, sesame production in Turkey in recent years has demonstrated a serious setback. In the 1990s in excess of 30.000 tons of our sesame production has dropped to 16.221 tons by 2012. Sesame production in our many province either completely abandoned or declined very significantly. Our country's growing deficit are tried to close by imports whereas even the half of annual needs of our country cannot provided. In this study, sesame which has been configuring a significant share for itself around agricultural products, is considered in the scope of agricultural geography and some recommendations are made for relevant topics.

Background: Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is a diploid species, known as Beniseed,
Gingelly, Sim-Sim and Til. It is grown in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Sesame
seed contains high nutritional values of certain compounds (25% protein and 50% oil) and is
a vital source of natural antioxidants. TH-6 (96006) is characterized by white, bold and high
yielding seeded variety of sesame with a unique character of having single stem.
Methodology: Variety Punjab Til-90 and line 436602 were cultivated at Oilseeds Research
Institute, Faisalabad. At flowering, Til-89 was crossed as female with the line 436602 in
1990. In 1991, the F1 generation of plants were grown and self-pollinated at flowering.
Homozygous progenies of pedigree number F6-96006 from F6 were evaluated for their high
yield in season 1996-97. Evaluation was done through micro, zonal, station and finally
“National Uniform Yield Trials”.
Results: In 2006, 2217 kg/ha production was marked as its maximum potential at Oilseed
Research Institute (Faisalabad) in Zonal Varietal Trail. In National Uniform Sesame Yield
2006 and 2007 the performance of TH-6 was better than TS-3 (check) by giving 32.16% and
9.59% more yield respectively. TH-6 also showed moderate tolerance against insect pests
Phyllody diseases and Charcoal Rot.
Conclusion: Agronomic studies revealed that TH-6 performed better if planted in 15th to 30th
June if supplementation of one bag of di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) and half bag of Urea
at the time of sowing and flowering, respectively, with 1st and 2nd irrigation.

This study was conducted at new developmental farm, University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa during the year
2012. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) using three replications. Four nitrogen (40, 60, 80
and 100 kg N/ha) and three phosphorus levels (40, 60 and 80 kg P/ha) were used. Number of pods/plant, number of seeds/pod, seed
yield (kg/ha), thousand seed weight (g) and harvest index (%) were significantly affected by nitrogen and phosphorus. While, the
parameters i.e. days to emergence and emergence (m2) were non-significantly affected. The interaction between nitrogen and
phosphorus showed that optimum grain yield (891.26 kg/ha) was at 100:80 kg N: P/ha, while, minimum seed yield (502.33 kg/ha) was
at 100:40 kg N: P/ha as compared to the control (662 kg/ha). Nitrogen and phosphorus applied @ 100:80 kg N: P/ha may be
recommended for better growth and yield of Sesame.

Pakistan is facing severe scarcity of edible oil and spending a huge amount of foreign exchange on its annual import. Sesame is the best option as an edible oilseed crop due to less water requirement. Various statistical analyses are used to test the contribution of different yield related traits for developing high yield potential cultivars. Correlation analysis illustrates the association among different yield related traits exist in plant population under study. Genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variability reveal the extent of differences among the accessions, due to the genetic factors and their response to environmental condition of the experiment. Path coefficient analysis reveals the relationship between variables in multivariable system is considered. Previous studies of various sesame breeders proved that plant height, number of branches per plant, capsules per plant, seeds per capsules, 1000-seed weight are the traits which have significant and positive correlations with yield per plant at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. These characters also have high path analysis values especially capsules per plant had highest direct effect on seed yield followed by 1000-seed weight. So, these traits may be used as selection criteria in future breeding programs for the improvement of seed yield of sesame.

Sesamum indicum L. is used as an important oil crop in the world. For establishing of a simple and a rapid system for in vitro culture of sesame shoot tips and hypocotyls explants were cultured on MS media with differtent combinations and concentrations of PGRs. On medium with 5 mgl -1 BA plus 1 mgl -1 IAA and 1 mgl1 ABA mutliple shoot induction on explants was occurred. Multiple shoot indution on medium supplemented with 2 mgl -1 BA and 0.3 mgl -1 NAA happen with a short phase of callusing. Also MS medium with 3 mgl -1 2,4-D and 0.5 mgl -1 kinetin was a suitable medium for inducing of somatic embryogenic calli with the frequency of sub-culturing potential. Regenerated shoots on both media rooted on MS medium plus 1.5 mgl -1 NAA and 0.03 mgl -1 BA and whole regenerated plantlets formed. Abbreviations: 2,4-D – 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid; ABA – Abscisic acid; BA – 6 benzylaminopurine; IAA – Indole – 3 – acetic acid; IBA – Indole – 3 – butyric acid; Kinetin – n 6 – Furfyrylaminopu...

The agriculture it faces serious problems in terms of development since it is one of the most neglected sectors at present. Food security is expected to occur in areas that are highly dependent on the primary sector (agriculture, livestock, forestry and fisheries), so the growth of the agricultural sector is also the most effective means of reducing poverty and achieving food safety. In this respect, agriculture is also hampered by limitations in the distribution of its products, that is, there are no adequate marketing channels aimed at ensuring that farmers receive just enough for their crops and thereby generate true economic and social development. In recent decades, certain products such as sesame have been characterized by a high degree of intermediation in different states of the country, especially in marginalized or remote populations.

The demand of fuel has increased nowadays. The hydrocarbons are the most common source of fuel used by humans. Hydrocarbons such as fossil fuels are from the remains of ancient plants and animals and have been formed through the exposure of high heat and pressure in the Earth’s crust. We get almost 90% of all energy from fossil fuels. These fuels greatly benefit humans, wherein they are used for engines and generating electricity.

However, the sources of these fuels are non-renewable and limited. Furthermore, these are the largest emitters of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane which cause the formation of holes on the ozone layer leading to global warming and climate change.

The researchers thought of using plants as biofuel so that it would act as a substitute or alternative for fossil fuels. If plants were to be used as biofuel, then much of our non-renewable resources would be saved from complete depletion. There harms caused by fuels from non-renewable resources can also be reduced and lessened. Furthermore, we thought of using plants that did not have a reputation of having the ability to be used as a biofuel.

Oil from the Sesamum indicum plant was extracted and purified through processes such as boiling, filtration and transesterification. The oil then subjected and underwent miscibility, clearness, odor, flammability, and lighting tests.

Sesame is highly a fertilizer responsive crop especially to nitrogen. Even then farmers seldom apply inorganic fertilizers. Adequate application of nitrogenous fertilizers not only improves the crop yield but also maintains soil N status and thus sustain productivity. Various reports indicate that in sesame, application of N fertilizers results in significant increase in growth and yield parameters and seed yield. The response of sesame to N fertilizers varied from 20‐15U kg/ha under different micro farming situations. Successive increase in N level up to 150 kg/ha increased the various growth parameters viz., plant height, number of branches and dry matter production. Similarly yield components and yield were significantly increased up to 150 kg N/ha.

Collection of dwidling gernplasm resources, study of their
morpho-physiological and genetic variation, utilization in
hybridization, mutation breeding and anther culture programs
were undertaken to establish a wide genetic and infra-structural base for sesame (Sesarnum indicum L.) improvement. Over 1400 exotic and 35 Iocal germplasm accessions collected from different regions represent the second largest qenetic collection in Sri Lanka after rice, and one of the largest genetic collections of sesame in the world encompassing accessions with useful agronomic characters such as dctrminate growth, indehiscent capsules, short maturation period, low seed shattering and reaction to day length, pest, disease and drought resistance etc. New genetic characters that could solve cultivation and processing problems such as disease resistance, photo period insensitivity, easy dehulling, low shattering have been combined with high yielding adapted cultivars through mutation induction and cross breeding. Crosses with high heterosis
and cmbining ability have been identified. Natural cross
pollination in sesame under field conditions in Sri Lanka was found to be relatively high (4-5.1%). Possibility of reducing
contamination by sampling seeds from lower capsules of early flowering varieties and upper capsules of late-flowering varieties has been shown. Possibility of overcoming narrow adaptation of
pure lines due to genotype-environment interaction by using multilines has been demonstratpd. Initial work in the development of a protocol for using doubled haploid technology for increasing the efficiency of sesame breeding was undertaken and high rates of callus induction was achieved.

Okra (Abelmoschus esculuntus (L.) Moench) is a popular vegetable in Ghana but its production is limited by nematode infestation of soils. Pot experiments were carried out in a plant house at the Nyankpala campus of the University for Development Studies (UDS), Tamale to assess the effect of aqueous sesame seed extract on rootknot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) of okra. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with each of the four treatments replicated four times. Treatments consisted of three levels of sesame seed extract (10,20 and 30 g/50ml) per pot and a control (0 g/50ml). All pots were inoculated with 1000 root-knot nematode eggs a week before the application of the treatments. Data collected included plant height, number of leaves, stem girth, fruit weight, fresh root weight, number of fruits, nematode eggs per 50 g of fresh soil and root galling index. The results showed that aqueous extract of S. indicum at 30 g/50 ml (w/v) suppressed root-knot nematodes better than the control. Similarly, okra plants treated with S. indicum had the lowest infection index (root gall). There were significant differences (P<0.05) among the treatment means for number of fruits and fruit weight of okra between aqueous sesame seed extract at 30 g/50 ml and the control. Yield of okra can be enhanced and nematode population reduced through the application of sesame seed extract preferably at 30 g/50ml

Soil co-contamination with lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) is a tenacious risk to crop production globally. The current experiment observed the roles of amendments [biochar (BC), slag (SL), and ferrous manganese ore (FMO)] for enhancing Pb and Cd tolerance in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). Our results revealed that application of amendments significantly enhanced the nutrient level of sesame seedlings developed under extreme Pb and Cd conditions. The higher Pb and Cd-tolerance in sesame encouraged by amendments might be credited to its capability to restrict Pb and Cd uptake and decreased oxidative damage induced by Pb and Cd that is also demonstrated by lesser production of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2), malondialdehyde (MDA), and reduced elec-trolyte leakage (EL) in plant biomass. The added amendments relieved Pb and Cd toxicity and improved pho-tosynthetic pigments, soluble protein, and proline content. Not only this amendments also decreased the anti-oxidant bulk, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) in sesame plants compared to control when exposed to Pb and Cd. Moreover, the added amendments = down-regulated the genes expression which regulate the SOD, POD, and CAT activity in sesame under Pb and Cd-stress. Furthermore, supplementation of amendments to the soil, reduced the bio accessibility (SBET), leachability (TCLP), and mobility (CaCl 2) of Pb and Cd. Collectively, our findings conclude that the application of amendments enhanced sesame tolerance to Pb and Cd stress by restricting Pb and Cd accumulation, maintained photosynthetic presentation and dropped oxidative loss through enhanced antioxidant system, thus signifying amendments as an operational stress regulators in modifying Pb and Cd-toxicity that is highly important economically in all crops including sesame.

Sesame has great potential as an industrial crop but its production is challenged by drought and salt stresses. To unravel the genetic variants leading to salinity and drought tolerances at the germination stage, genome-wide association studies of stress tolerance indexes related to NaCl-salt and polyethylene glycol-drought induced stresses were performed with a diversity panel of 490 sesame accessions. An extensive variation was observed for drought and salt responses in the population and most of the accessions were moderately tolerant to both stresses. A total of 132 and 120 significant Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) resolved to nine and 15 Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were detected for drought and salt stresses, respectively. Only two common QTLs for drought and salt responses were found located on linkage groups 5 and 7, respectively. This indicates that the genetic bases for drought and salt responses in sesame are different. A total of 13 and 27 potential candidate genes were uncovered for drought and salt tolerance indexes, respectively, encoding transcription factors, antioxidative enzymes, osmoprotectants and involved in hormonal biosynthesis, signal transduction or ion sequestration. The identified SNPs and potential candidate genes represent valuable resources for future functional characterization towards the enhancement of sesame cultivars for drought and salt tolerances.

Abstract
Voice and sounding is an integrated element in dramatherapy, as in acting and life in general. In this article I want to encourage dramatherapists and educators to relate to voicework that enhances the intimate relationship between breathing, sounding and an embodied sense of self. Listen carefully emphasises the receptive aspect of arts practice and introversion as a foundation for authentic and healthy expression. I address ‘the presence of absence’ and our ability to listen with awareness to what is implicit and not yet made conscious. I have been inspired by feminist philosopher Adriana Cavarero who proposes a philosophy of voice that challenges logo-centric Western philosophical thinking. Her work underpins the relationship between voice and identity. From my experience, I will present three different approaches to voicework that all integrate somatic exploration and a holistic approach to life and health. These are the legacy of Roy Hart and Alfred Wolfsohn, Movement with touch and sound (Sesame), and Fitzmaurice Voicework®. This article caters for a broad professional community that is interested in the integration of voicework in drama and theatre practice for educational and therapeutic purposes.

The major issue of the current era is an unbalanced and poor diet like unhealthy fast foods, the main cause of various diseases. Most nutraceutical and pharma industries formulating the medicines from artificial sources are expensive and have several side effects. However, scientists are making efforts to find out the natural sources of medicines for the betterment of human health and treatment of diseases. Simultaneously, the worldwide preferences have shifted from artificial to natural resources and unconventional crops (i.e., oilseeds as protein source) and foods are becoming part of regular diet in most of the community, nutraceutical, and pharma industries. Sesame (SesamumindicumL.) is one of the unconventional crops providing multiple benefits due to its special bioactive components, such as sesamin, sesaminol, and gamma-tocopherol, and fatty acids composition like unsaturated fatty acids (i.e., oleic acid, linoleic acid, stearidonic acid, palmitoleic acid, and traces of linol...

Sesame is the most ancient oil seed used by man and it is considered as one of the most important oil crop. Sesame is an erect annual plant of numerous types and varieties two basic sesame types are usually distinguished; long-season, occasionally treated as perennials. Seeds are rich source of edible oil (48-55%) and protein (20-28%). The optimum soil condiotion for sesame is well-drained, loose, fertile and sandy alluvial soils that have a pH value between 5.4 and 6.7. This review is required to review the effects of plant density and nitrogen fertilization on yield and yield components of sesame. Nitrogen is the most important essential nutrient in plant nutrition. When rate of nitrogen fertilizer increased, yield and yield components of sesame also increased in some extent except oil contents. Oil contents of crops are decreased when nitrogen rate is increased. Maximum yield of sesame is achieved from the best spatial arrangement of plants for effective canopy development, water and nutrient utilization and pest control increasing plant density by decreasing planting distance b/n plants increased plant height, height of the first fruiting branch. These results are due to higher competition among plants for light and results the elongation of internodes. Decreasing plant population by increasing distance b/n plants increased number of branches, capsules/plant, 1000-seed weight and seed weight/plant. Increasing plant population density decreases seed yield and oil content of seed per plants and increases seed yield and oil yield/ha, due to the greater number of sesame plants per unit area.

Sesame is an important ancient oilseed crop of high medicinal value. In the present study, 37 characters including both quantitative and qualitative traits of sixty genotypes were characterized following IPGRI morphological descriptors for sesame. Multivariate analysis was computed to distinguish the varieties into different groups. Though thirty six microsatellite markers including genomic and Est-SSR markers were initially selected, but, finally, the accessions were genotyped by eight polymorphic primers. Altogether, 27 alleles were detected among the 60 genotypes, with an average of 3.37 alleles per locus. The number of alleles ranged from 2 to 6 alleles. From data of microsatellite markers, dissimilarity coefficients between varieties were computed following Jaccard's coefficient method. Principal coordinate analysis was used to represent the varieties in bi-directional space. Dendrogram was constructed using NJ method based on dissimilarity matrix. Cluster analysis based on morphological and molecular marker classified sesame genotypes into two major groups. Mantel test showed an insignificant correlation between phenotypic and molecular marker information. The genotypes belonging to the same geographical area did not always occupy the same cluster. The results confirmed that both genetic and phenotyp-ic diversity in a combined way could efficiently evaluate the variation present in different sesame accessions in any breeding program.

Pakistan is facing severe scarcity of edible oil and spending a huge amount of foreign exchange on its
annual import. Sesame is the best option as an edible oilseed crop due to less water requirement. The present study
was conducted to estimate the genetic variability and trait association among 13 sesame genotypes in research area
of Oilseeds Research Institute (AARI), Faisalabad, Pakistan during the crop season 2014. The data were subjected to
analysis of variance, correlation and path analysis. Analysis of variance showed that genotypes differed highly
significantly from each other for all the characters. Plant height, branches per plant and capsules per plant showed
high mean values. Yield per plant had highly significant positive correlation of all other traits both at genotypic and
phenotypic level. Path analysis revealed that capsules per plant had highest direct effect on seed yield per plant and
Seeds per capsules had highest indirect effect via capsules per plant on seed yield per plant. So the trait capsules per
plant may be used as selection criteria for the improvement of seed yield of sesame.

Background: Sesame is a flowering plant in the genus Sesamum also called benne. Numerous wild relatives occur in Africa and a smaller number in India. It is widely naturalized in tropical regions around the world and is cultivated for its edible seeds, which grow in pods or "buns". World production in 2016 was 6.1 million tons, with Tanzania, Myanmar, India, and Sudan as the largest producers. Sesame seed is one of the oldest oilseed crops known, domesticated well over 3000 years ago. Sesamum has many other species, most being wild and native to sub-Saharan Africa. Sesamum indicum, the cultivated type, originated in India and is tolerant to drought-like conditions, growing where other crops fail. Objectives: The main goal of this expert system is to get the appropriate diagnosis of disease and the correct treatment. Methods: In this paper the design of the proposed Expert System which was produced to help Agriculture experts in diagnosing many of the sesame diseases such as: Phyllody, Dry root rot, Phytophthora blight and Alternaria blight. The proposed expert system presents an overview about sesame diseases are given, the cause of diseases are outlined and the treatment of disease whenever possible is given out. CLIPS Expert System and Delphi languages were used for designing and implementing the proposed expert system. Evaluation: The expert system in the diagnosis of Sesame diseases was assessed by farmers and agricultural engineers and they were satisfied with its quality of performance and ease of use. Conclusions: The Proposed expert system is very useful for Agriculture experts, patients with sesame problems and newly graduated Agricultural students.

Globally, the environmental awareness is driving the research towards energy resources that are more beneficial to milieu. Biofuel is considered to be a remarkable option for that. Among the sources of biofuels, vegetable oils are the cheapest, easily available and in abundant quantity. However, some processes are needed to make vegetable oils suitable for engines because vegetable oils have certain detrimental properties. In this study, three potential feedstocks, namely, moringa, sesame and rice bran oils are critically investigated as potential sources for biodiesel production. The work was divided into several steps: firstly, the production of biodiesel from the three feedstocks; secondly, the measurement of the important physical and chemical properties of biodiesels; and finally, the development of mathematical equations with the help of polynomial curve fitting method for biodiesel–diesel and biodiesel–biodiesel blends to predict the most important properties, such as kinematic viscosity, flash point, calorific value, CFPP of the blended biodiesel. The experiment has shown that the three feedstocks can be considered to be feasible sources for biodiesel. It is seen from the experiment that biodiesel blends have notable effect on properties; for instance, the viscosity of the rice bran oil is improved to 5.1631 mm2 s
1 from 5.3657 mm2 s
1, when mixed with sesame biodiesel at a volume ratio of 3 : 1. Moreover, it is improved to 5.0921 mm2 s
1, when mixed with moringa biodiesel at a volume ratio of 3 : 1. Moreover, flash point and CFPP of rice bran biodiesel are also improved, when mixed with sesame or moringa biodiesel in any percentage.

Sesame is an important oilseed crop due to its different types of commercial application. The produced oil from sesame uses for food and beauty care product preparation due to its high nutritive value. However, the yield of sesame is comparatively low than other oilseed crops. Nitrogen and Boron are essential nutrients for plant development and growth. So, the combined application of nitrogen and boron can increase the yield of sesame. From these perspectives, an experiment was carried out to study the effect of nitrogen and boron application on yield contributing characters and yield of sesame. The experiment consisted of four Nitrogen doses (N 0 : 0 kg N/ha (control), N 1 : 50 kg Original Research Article Article Shamsuzzoha et al.; ARRB, 31(5): 1-12, 2019; Article no.ARRB.48279 2 N/ha, N 2 : 60 kg N/ha, N 3 : 70 kg N/ha) and three Boron doses (B 0 : 0 kg B/ha (control), B 1 : 2 kg B/ha, B 2 : 3 kg B/ha). It was laid out in two factors Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Result demonstrated that combination of 60 kg N/ha and 3.0 kg B/ha were acceptable for getting better yield and maximum economic return from the studied parameters.

In this study, the germinated sesame seeds were planted using the fluid drilling technique and this technique was compared with other ones from the point of the effects on plant emergence from the soil. The experiments were carried out in the experimental field of the department of Agricultural Machinery Faculty of Agriculture at Ege University. Split – Split – Plot type of experiment was investigated under different soil conditions. Different soil conditions in this study were obtained by using different soil types and moisture contents. The moisture content of the soil was provided by irrigation. The main plot for each soil type was divided into three sub plots. The each of these three sub plots with different soil moisture content (dry, low moisture and moistured) was then divided into plots in order to apply dry, wet and germinated planting techniques. The experiments were triplicated. The results obtained from the experiments were then analyzed statistically by Totemstat Statistic Pocket Programme in order to compare the differences in the percent of plant emergence, period of emergence and the growth of sesame plants. The studies conducted on planting technique of germinated seedes were usually on vegetables. Some studies using this technique were also achieved for flowers, grass and cereals. But as known from the literature there is no study using sesame seeds. It is believed this is the first one. Germinating power of sesame seeds is high but because of the small seed size emergence power is low. From the study, it was concluded that the emergence ratio increased and plant growth was beter when the sesame seeds were pre-germinated and then planted.

Present investigation was aimed to Study the effect of seed treatments and foliar spray against major insect pests of sesame carried out in the experimental field of all India Coordinated Research project on Sesame and Niger at Breeder seed production of Groundnut field, Jawaharlal Neharu Krishi Vishwa vidyalaya, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh. In the field study on 6.1.3 Efficacy of seed treatments and combination of seed treatments with foliar spray against major insect pests of sesame. The results revealed that In seed treatment with Imidachloprid 70 WS and foliar spray of Spinosad 45 SC, seed treatment with Chlorpyrifos 20 EC and foliar spray of Spinosad 45 SC and seed treatment with Thiamethoxam 25 WG and foliar spray of Spinosad 45 SC minimum larval population of til leaf roller and capsule borer (0.39, 0.46 and 0.54 larvae/ plant) were observed. In seed treatment with Imidachloprid 70 WS and foliar spray of Spinosad 45 SC, seed treatment with Chlorpyrifos 20 EC and foliar spray of Spinosad 45 SC and seed treatment with Thiamethoxam 25 WG and foliar spray of Spinosad 45 SC minimum larval population of Bihar hairy caterpillar (0.19, 0.25 and 0.30 larvae/ plant) were observed. In seed treatment with Imidachloprid 70 WS and foliar spray of Spinosad 45 SC, seed treatment with Chlorpyrifos 20 EC and foliar spray of Spinosad 45 SC and seed treatment with Thiamethoxam 25 WG and foliar spray of Spinosad 45 SC lower nymph and adult population of jassid (0.17, 0.23 and 0.32 nymph and adult/ plant) were observed Seed treatment with Imidachloprid 70 WS and foliar spray of Spinosad 45 SC minimum larval population (0.39, 0.19 larvae/plant) was observed.

Studies were made on the fodder and seed production of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) using twelve treatment combinations with four levels of nitrogen (30, 60, 90 and 120 kg/ha/cut) and three levels of phosphorus (0, 50 and 100 kg P2O5/ha), laid out in a randomized block design with four replications. The mean of two years indicated that nitrogen at 120 kg/ha/cut increased the green fodder (834 q/ha) and dry matter yield (129 q/ha) significantly over the lower doses. After leaving the same crop for seed production during mid-March, nitrogen at the rate of 60 kg/ha gave the highest seed yield (7.61 q/ha). Beyond this dose the seed yield decreased drastically due to lodging. Phosphorus at the rate of 50 kg P2O5/ha gave 5% higher dry matter (99.6 q/ha) and 7.4% higher seed yield (7.26 q/ha) over the control.

Integration of organic phyto-residues' application with inoculation of effective soil-borne microsymbiont strain(s) may be reasonably exploited as a suitable low-input technology, for ensuring enhanced tropical soil productivity and crop performance, under chemical-free and environment-friendly soil conditions. Research studies were carried out at the Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso and the Institute of Agricultural Research and Training (IAR&T), Ibadan, between April and July, 2013, to assess the effects of combining different microsymbiont inocula with basal application of Tithonia divesifolia biomass on growth, yield and nutrient uptakes of sesame, under sterile and non-sterile soil conditions. Two (2) levels of soil treatment (i.e. Sterile and Non-sterile), and six (6) levels of application / inoculation (comprising five (5) levels of microsymbiont inocula (Azospirillum spp., Rhizobium spp., Mycorrhiza spp., Azotobacter spp. and the control, plus urea fertilizer application (which was consciously included as a reference, for better comparisons), were assayed, under similar rate of basal application of tithonia residues. The trial was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), replicated three times. Data collected were analysed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and the means were separated using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). At the two locations, all the investigated microbial inocula significantly (p < 0.05) improved sesame performance, irrespective of the soil conditions, compared to the control. However, response of sesame was best with Azospirillum spp., which significantly increased nutrient uptakes and induced improved and prolonged leaf production in sesame, irrespective of the locations and soil conditions. Also, sesame growth increased by 160.6 % and 197.0 % (Ogbomoso), and 166.2 % and 185.8 % (Ibadan), under non-sterile and sterile soil conditions respectively. Thus, combining basal application of decaying Tithonia diversifolia residues with inoculation of effective microsymbiont, may be suitable for improved sesame production, which could also promote chemical-free organic farming in the study areas.

Due to the non-availability of sources of resistance in Sri Lanka to Phytophthora blight in sesame (Sesamum indicum) caused by Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica, a mutation breeding programme was initiated. Seeds of three genotypes were subjected to six doses of gamma rays from 100 Gy to 750 Gy from a Co-60 source. Seeds of M2 bulks, sampled by variety and treatment from the first five capsules formed on M1 plants, were grown in a field with a history of repeated incidence of the disease. The best 21 lines, having the highest survival and seed production, identified in the screening of M3 and M4 progeny rows of selected M2 single plants were then tested in a replicated field trial with the recommended cultivar 'MI 3' as a control. The plant survival in selected lines averaged 43.3 percent as against 7.2 percent in the recommended variety. Eight selections recorded significantly higher seed yield than 'MI 3' at P < 0.01 and another three at P < 0.05. Gamma ray treatments of 450 Gy and 600 Gy produced more lines tolerant to the disease than the other doses used.

WORLD OILSEEDS CONGRESS
http://worldoilseed.org
November 6-7, 2019
Lviv, Ukraine

“World Oilseed Congress” is a premier international science, bringing together producers, trade, industry, technology and business focusing on oilseeds. The program will include a plenary session on oilseed production, markets, economics and the policies and regulations governing oil trade. The technical sessions will highlight invited and oral presentations on congress topics.
The congress will be green congress basis so as much as less papers will be used and with carrying out our environment.
Congress language is ENGLISH.
Congress Topics:
• All oilseeds (Sunflower, Canola, Peanut, Flax, Sesame, Cottonseed, Castor, Palm, Olive and other oilseeds) production, breeding, agronomy, biotechnology, etc.
• World oilseed and oil trade,
• Oilseed and Oil chemistry
• Oilseed and Oil Industry and sector
• Oilseed and Oil equipment
• Nutrition and Lipids
• Processing and Industrial Applications
• Food Applications and Products
• Methods and Standards
INVITED SPEAKERS
Prof Dr Aziz TEKIN, President of Oil Science and Technology Association, Turkey (YABITED), Dean of Engineering Faculty, Ankara University, Turkey, Euro Fed Lipid Board Member
Metin YURDAGUL, President of Margarine Producers and Industry Association, Turkey (MUMSAD),
Dr. Leonardo VELASCO, Director of IAS-CSIC, Córdoba, Spain, EUCARPIA Oilseed Coordinator
Prof. Dr Maria DUCA, Rector of University of National Academy of Sci. Moldova
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nooduan MUANGSAN, Suranaree University of Technology, Thailand
Prof. Dr. Nurhan T. DUNFORD, Oklahoma State University, USA

IMPORTANT DATES
Deadlines of Abstract Submission ~ August 1st 2019
Deadlines of Full Paper Submission ~ November 1st 2019
Deadlines for Early Registration ~ May 31st 2019
Congress Dates ~ November 6-7, 2019
Early Registration fee for Academicians & Researchers 125 Euro, Students for 75 Euro
Early Registration fee for Industry 200 Euro, Late registration 250 Euro
Registration Fee covers attending of all Congress sessions, Congress materials (bag, flash memory, etc.), coffee breaks, lunches, transfers between the congress center and hotels during the Congress (November 6th – 7th), city excursion in November 7th and gala dinner on November 7th.
Congress papers will be published in Congress Abstract of Proceeding Book. Additionally, the participants are encouraged to send their full papers that after the Congress are going to be published in indexed International Scientific Journals or Congress Proceeding Book.
Abstract submission and registration link is below. http://oilseed.congress.gen.tr/
You can get more information from our web page.  https://worldoilseed.org/
Wait you to attend in our congress…
See you in Lviv, Ukraine..

Prof. Dr. Yalcin KAYA
Chair of Organizing Committee

Sulphur (S) plays an important role particularly in the nutrition of oilseed crops as it is a key element of S containing amino acids. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of S application on the productivity and oil quality of sesame at Research Farm of PMAS, Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, during Kharif 2008 under rainfed conditions. Elemental S was applied as basal dose @ 0, 30, 45 and 60 kg ha-1 to three sesame cultivars viz. SG-18, SG-27 and TS-3. Sulphur application at all levels significantly improved the yield and related traits of sesame like number of capsules per plant, 1000-seed weight, and biological and seed yields; however S application @ 45 kg ha-1 was the best. Sesame cultivars behaved differently under different levels of S application and TS-3 proved more productive. According to economic and marginal analysis, S application @ 45 kg ha-1 seemed highly practical due to higher net returns, benefit-cost ratio (BCR) and marginal rate of return. In conclusion, to attain maximum sesame productivity along with higher net returns, BCR and marginal rate of return under rainfed conditions, cultivar TS-3 should be grown with S application @ 45 kg ha-1