Permeability

Edible films made from chitosan and starch materials have several physical limitations, particularly in terms of tensile strength and elongation. To address these limitations, glycerol and sorbitol are often added as plasticizers during the production process. Chitosan has also been reported to have plasticizing properties and can serve as an alternative through its modification into nanosized particles, thereby increasing its reactivity. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the physical properties of edible films made from black mangrove (Rhizophora mucronata) fruit starch and chitosan by adding nano chitosan suspension at different storage temperatures to determine the best treatment. A completely randomized factorial design was used, and the data obtained were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at a 95% confidence level with IBM SPSS statistics 25. The treatments used included the addition of nano chitosan suspension (A) at various concentrations of 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% with storage (B) for 0 days, 9 days at room temperature, and 9 days at cold storage (± 5 0 C) in triplicates. The significant treatments were then further tested using Honestly Significant Difference (sig < 0.05). The results showed that the addition of nano chitosan suspension with storage method affected the physical properties of the edible films. The edible film made from black mangrove fruit starch-chitosan with the addition of nano chitosan (50%:50%:75%) stored at cold temperature for nine days had the best physical properties to be applied as a package for fishery products (fillets) based on De Garmo analysis.

Hesperidin (Hsd), a bioactive phytomedicine, experienced an antidiabetic activity versus both Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes mellitus. However, its intrinsic poor solubility and bioavailability is a key challenging obstacle reflecting its oral delivery. From such perspective, the purpose of the current study was to prepare and evaluate Hsd-loaded sulfobutylether-βcyclodextrin/chitosan nanoparticles (Hsd/CD/CS NPs) for improving the hypoglycemic activity of the orally administered Hsd. Hsd was first complexed with sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD) and the complex (CX) was found to be formed with percent complexation efficiency and percent process efficiency of 50.53 ± 1.46 and 84.52 ± 3.16%, respectively. Also, solid state characterization of the complex ensured the inclusion of Hsd inside the cavity of SBE-β-CD. Then, Hsd/CD/CS NPs were prepared using the ionic gelation technique. The prepared NPs were fully characterized to select the most promising one (F1) with a homogenous particle size of 455.7 ± 9.04 nm, a positive zeta potential of + 32.28 ± 1.12 mV, and an entrapment efficiency of 77.46 ± 0.39%. The optimal formula (F1) was subjected to further investigation of in vitro release, ex vivo intestinal permeation, stability, cytotoxicity, and in vivo hypoglycemic activity. The results of the release and permeation studies of F1 manifested a modulated pattern between Hsd and CX. The preferential stability of F1 was observed at 4 ± 1 °C. Also, the biocompatibility of F1 with oral epithelial cell line (OEC) was retained up to a concentration of 100 µg/mL. After oral administration of F1, a noteworthy synergistic hypoglycemic effect was recorded with decreased blood glucose level until the end of the experiment. In conclusion, Hsd/CD/CS NPs could be regarded as a hopeful oral delivery system of Hsd with enhanced antidiabetic activity.

Psoriasis and atopic dermatitis patients show an excessive amount of elastase in peripheral blood neutrophils due to an imbalance between this proteolytic enzyme and its endogenous inhibitors, the search for new human neutrophil elastase (HNE) inhibitors are required. The HNE is an attractive therapeutic target and inhibitors with new molecular architectures have been extensively investigated. In this context a promising novel synthetic human neutrophil elastase inhibitor (ER143) was associated to a starch-based nanoparticulate system (StNC) with improved pharmaceutical performance, using a quality by design approach to support product development and optimization. The resulting formulation was characterized in terms of and in vitro release, permeation and retention studies in newborn pig skin, using Franz diffusion cells revealing the StNC have the ability to control the drug release rate and contribute to a high skin retention and/or permeation profiles. The anti-inflammatory acti...

This study was carried out to detect the distribution of antibiotic resistant genes in Escherichia coli isolated from chickens by whole genome sequencing. Isolation of E. coli from chicken confirmed by biochemical test. This investigated genes included ampC, acrF, bacA, rarD, tehB, bcr, fsr, emrE were resistant to single antimicrobial agent and emrD, marR, marA, marB, mdtK, emrY, emrK, emrA, emrB were multi-resistance. Multi-resistance which was defined as resistance to two or more tested agents. Whole genome sequencing and strategy to identify resistant genes reveals the presence of multidrug resistant genes for above tested antibiotics.

We studied skin occlusion effects in vitro and in vivo on local and systemic delivery of ketoprofen across the organ, using the drug in a conventional non-occlusive topical gel (Togal Mobil-Gel), an occlusive tape (Mohrus), and the new targeted analgesic (Diractin), comprising ultradeformable, hydrophilic carriers in the form of a Transfersome vesicle. In vitro occluded skin permeability to ketoprofen from the tape (0.086cmh(-1)) marginally exceeds the value for the drug from carriers in a gel (0.058cmh(-1)), which resembles conventional gel on open excised skin (0.057cmh(-1)); smallness of occlusion-induced permeation enhancement ( approximately 1.5x) may be due to the high tested applied dose. In contrast, open skin permeability to the drug from the carriers in vitro is approximately 15xlower (0.004cmh(-1)). The benefit of ketoprofen association with the carriers for targeted transcutaneous delivery only shows-up in vivo after an non-occlusive epicutaneous application: the area un...

Shimokitazawa is a commercial neighborhood in Tokyo, wellknown for its narrow streets, where small shops create an intimate street environment. The blend of these streets and the ground floor of the buildings through the pedestrian activities could reveal the characteristics of a permeability of the neighborhood at eye level, which would lead to a significant urban attribute on a human-centered design. This study aims to clarify the characteristics of commercial streets in Shimokitazawa by investigating the physical components and pedestrian characteristics of the Temporary Edge. The findings suggest different patterns diversifying their permeability and uneven distributions, creating a unique streetscape.

The Sandawa sector in the southeastern edge of the Mt. Apo Geothermal Project in the Philippines is characterized by geothermal fluids whose acidity has been increasing over time. This is pronounced in well KN2D wherein measured discharge pH at the wellhead dropped from 4-5 to 2.5 (at 20°C) after 12 years in production. The pH of the deep reservoir fluid feeding well KN2D has also declined from 6.1 to 4.7 based on SOLVEQ-XPT modelling of the discharge fluids to downhole conditions. Geochemical evaluation of the discharge fluid shows that the surface acidity observed in Mt. Apo is due to HSO4 - dissociation as the H2SO4-rich reservoir fluid ascends to the surface. The increase in acidity of the reservoir fluid, meanwhile, could be due to (1) the drawing in of more acidic fluids from deeper in the reservoir as a result of mass extraction, and (2) the loss of the buffering capacity of the exposed wall rock along fractures that have continuously conveyed the flowing acidic fluids since ...

Cellulose esters with long carbon side chains (e.g. stearate) were produced via a homogenous reaction in ionic liquids. The degree of substitution was calculated to approximately 2. The melt rheology was studied for the pure cellulose esters but also combinations of the esters and polypropylene to study the processability of a blended composite material. It was shown that the compatibility between the two components was weak, which resulted in a phase-separated composite material. The morphology and permeability of water and oleic acid of the composite films were studied and it was shown that the water permeability decreased upon addition of the cellulose ester to the polymer. The permeability of oleic acid was however unchanged, which is most probable a result of high solubility in the cellulose ester rich domains of the composites. Also, the following hypothesis is stated: cellulose stearate influence the polypropylene crystallization process by decreasing the size of spherulites.

This article evaluates the prediction capabilities and limitations of the ISA-hypoplasticity constitutive model for sands in the simulation of liquefiable sloping ground dynamic centrifuge tests from the LEAP-2017 project. For that purpose, the experimental results of three centrifuge tests performed at different centrifuge facilities are considered. The corresponding dynamic coupled predictions were carried out using the finite element software Abaqus Standard. The material parameters of the adopted constitutive model were determined based on a detailed laboratory characterization of the tested Ottawa F-65 sand, which included drained monotonic triaxial and undrained cyclic triaxial tests considering a wide range of initial conditions and testing characteristics. The comparison between measured and computed sloping ground accelerations and spectral response suggests reasonable predictions by the model. Furthermore, the results suggest that the constitutive model is only able to realistically reproduce the trends of the experimental excess pore water pressure when considering cyclic mobility effects.

NMO‐IgG autoantibody selectively binds to aquaporin‐4 (AQP4), the most abundant water channel in the central nervous system and is now considered a useful serum biomarker of neuromyelitis optica (NMO). A series of clinical and pathological observations suggests that NMO‐IgG may play a central role in NMO physiopathology. The current study evaluated, in well‐differentiated astrocytes cultures, the consequences of NMO‐IgG binding on the expression pattern of AQP4 and on plasma membrane water permeability. To avoid or to facilitate AQP4 down‐regulation, cells were exposed to inactivated sera in two different situations (1 hr at 4°C or 12 hr at 37°C). AQP4 expression was detected by immunofluorescence studies using a polyclonal anti‐AQP4 or a human anti‐IgG antibody, and the water permeability coefficient was evaluated by a videomicroscopy technique. Our results showed that, at low temperatures, cell exposure to either control or NMO‐IgG sera does not affect either AQP4 expression or pl...

1. The efflux of 22Na from garfish olfactory nerves, after treatment with ouabain and equilibration with 22Na, occurs in two components of almost equal size. One component represents efflux from the extracellular space and the other, much slower, component represents efflux from the intracellular space through the axonal membrane.2. The rate of efflux of 22Na through the membrane is increased from 0·038 to 0·055 min−1 by veratrine, and restored back to 0·036 min−1 by the additional application of tetrodotoxin or saxitoxin (10−7 M).3. 50% inhibition of this increased sodium ion flux occurs at tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin concentrations of 12 and 6 n M respectively.4. The tetrodotoxin‐sensitive efflux of 22Na is almost unchanged in nerves equilibrated with hypertonic 0·85 M‐NaCl, whereas it is largely eliminated in nerves equilibrated with 0·85 M‐LiCl. We interpret this to indicate that there exists within the sodium channel a specific metal cation site which is responsible for the co‐o...