Music Information Dynamics

This work examines experimentally how a viscous incompressible liquid modifies the behavior of a granular bulk in avalanche. A large and a small laboratory flume of identical length-to-width ratio have been constructed to initiate granular avalanche. Two types of monatomic spheres were used, preserving the ratio between the particle diameter and the flume width, with or without water to prepare

We present a novel hypothetical account of entrainment in music and language, in context of the Information Dynamics of Thinking model, IDyOT. The extended model affords an alternative view of entrainment, and its companion term, pulse, from earlier accounts. The model is based on hierarchical, statistical prediction, modeling expectations of both what an event will be and when it will happen. As such, it constitutes a kind of predictive coding, with a particular novel hypothetical implementation. Here, we focus on the model's mechanism for predicting when a perceptual event will happen, given an existing sequence of past events, which may be musical or linguistic. We propose a range of tests to validate or falsify the model, at various different levels of abstraction, and argue that computational modeling in general, and this model in particular, can offer a means of providing limited but useful evidence for evolutionary hypotheses.

Theories of predictive processing propose that prediction error responses are modulated by the certainty of the predictive model or precision. While there is some evidence for this phenomenon in the visual and, to a lesser extent, the auditory modality, little is known about whether it operates in the complex auditory contexts of daily life. Here, we examined how prediction error responses behave in a more complex and ecologically valid auditory context than those typically studied. We created musical tone sequences with different degrees of pitch uncertainty to manipulate the precision of participants’ auditory expectations. Magnetoencephalography was used to measure the magnetic counterpart of the mismatch negativity (MMNm) as a neural marker of prediction error in a multi-feature paradigm. Pitch, slide, intensity and timbre deviants were included. We compared high-entropy stimuli, consisting of a set of non-repetitive melodies, with low-entropy stimuli consisting of a simple, repetitive pitch pattern. Pitch entropy was quantitatively assessed with an information-theoretic model of auditory expectation. We found a reduction in pitch and slide MMNm amplitudes in the high-entropy as compared to the low-entropy context. No significant differences were found for intensity and timbre MMNm amplitudes. Furthermore, in a separate behavioral experiment investigating the detection of pitch deviants, similar decreases were found for accuracy measures in response to more fine-grained increases in pitch entropy. Our results are consistent with a precision modulation of auditory prediction error in a musical context, and suggest that this effect is specific to features that depend on the manipulated dimension—pitch information, in this case. Preprint versions available at: https://doi.org/10.1101/422949.

Executive Summary National Science Foundation support for scientific cyberinfrastructure dates to the 1960s. Since about 2000, however, efforts in cyberinfrastructure development have gathered momentum, guided by an increasingly comprehensive vision. Yet assembling the range of NSF-sponsored projects into a genuine infrastructure���highly reliable, widely accessible basic capabilities and services supporting the full range of scientific work���remains an elusive goal. Close study of other infrastructures, from ...

About The Authors. Preface. Acknowledgements. List of Symbols. PART I: INTRODUCTION TO POWER SYSTEMS. 1 Introduction . 1.1 Stability and Control of a Dynamic System. 1.2 Classification of Power System Dynamics. 1.3 Two Pairs of Important Quantities: Reactive Power/Voltage and Real Power/Frequency. 1.4 Stability of Power System. 1.5 Security of Power System. 1.6 Brief Historical Overview. 2. Power System Components. 2.1 Structure of the Electrical Power System. 2.2 Generating Units. 2.3 Substations. 2.4 Transmission and Distribution Network. 2.5 Protection. 2.6 Wide Area Measurement Systems. 3. The Power System in the Steady-State. 3.1. Transmission Lines. 3.2. Transformers. 3.3. Synchronous Generators. 3.4. Power System Loads. 3.5. Network Equations. 3.6. Power Flows in Transmission Networks. PART II: INTRODUCTION TO POWER SYSTEM DYNAMICS. 4. Electromagnetic Phenomena. 4.1. Fundamentals. 4.2. Three-Phase Short-Circuit on a Synchronous Generator. 4.3. Phase-to-Phase Short-Circuit. 4....

Linearized catalytic reaction equations (modelling, for example, the dynamics of genetic regulatory networks), under the constraint that expression levels, i.e. molecular concentrations of nucleic material, are positive, exhibit non-trivial dynamical properties, which depend on the average connectivity of the reaction network. In these systems, an inflation of the edge of chaos and multi-stability have been demonstrated to exist. The positivity constraint introduces a nonlinearity, which makes chaotic dynamics possible. Despite the simplicity of such minimally nonlinear systems , their basic properties allow us to understand the fundamental dynamical properties of complex biological reaction networks. We analyse the Lyapunov spectrum, determine the probability of finding stationary oscillating solutions, demonstrate the effect of the nonlinearity on the effective in- and out-degree of the active interaction network , and study how the frequency distributions of oscillatory modes of ...

Nowadays, scholars have become interested in the ways new media influence young people, but its influence on middle-aged people have not been thoroughly examined. This age category is often ignored as most of the online activities are performed by young persons. New media gathers a wide range of phenomena which may become concepts of the network society through their diversity, knowledge and novelty. Interactivity is the most important characteristic, turning the user into a content creator, not just into a receiver. Moreover, what was once considered to be a personal state of mind tends to become a part of the public domain. Starting from these premises, the article advances the idea that the Internet can be beneficial not just for teenagers, but also for the middle-aged group oriented towards keeping in touch with relatives and friends and towards finding online useful information. At this level, the present paper aims to discover directions given by network society in the lives o...

Settlement patterns and path networks represent different but connected perspectives on human-environment interaction through movement, manifested through the appropriation and organisation of landscape by societies. Settlement patterns and path networks evolve with unharmonized temporalities, but in constant interaction which render the territorial studies very challenging. Remote sensing, GIS and 3D modeling have greatly contributed to our knowledge and understanding of movement as encapsulated in routes, but the methods employed make it difficult to connect with theories of engagement through travel. Pragmatically, it is difficult to integrate LiDAR-detected traces of pathways, which conflate temporalities, with network analysis techniques and settlement pattern analysis which focus on changing patterns over time. This paper argues for an integrated approach. After a general review of the main methods developed to detect and model movement, pathways and networks of transportation...

Understanding boundary-spanning activities such as interorganizational alliances and professional/organizational integration requires clarity about what boundaries are being spanned and how they were constructed. We approach this goal by drawing on social identity theory and institutional theory to develop a process model, whereby inward- and outward-directed networking activities combine to build the social boundaries marking exclusive membership and proprietary domain. Four stages in the process are demonstrated, using two longitudinal case studies of emerging professions: the Jewish legal profession in Israel and physician executives in the USA. Despite the cases' contextual differences, analysis of networking activities supports propositions based on the model.

Western honeybees (Apis Mellifera) serve extremely important roles in our ecosystem and economics as  they are responsible for pollinating $ 215 billion dollars annually over the world.  Unfortunately,  honeybee population and their colonies have been declined dramatically. The purpose of this article is to explore how we should model honeybee population with age structure and validate the model using empirical data so that we can identify different factors that lead to the survival and healthy of the honeybee colony.  Our theoretical study combined with simulations and data validation suggests that the proper age structure incorporated in the model  and seasonality are important for modeling honeybee population.  Specifically, our work implies that the model assuming that (1) the adult bees are survived from the egg population rather than the brood population; and (2) seasonality in the queen egg laying rate, give the better fit than other honeybee models. The related theoretical a...

One of the major areas of Research & Development (R&D) that has made a drastic improvement in Computer Science and electronics is „Automation‟ and „Artificial Intelligence‟. Autonomous Systems are self-governed and does not require any manual interventions. This paper presents an overview of previous developments and the working of Robotic arms along with its mathematical aspects. Arm assembly is used to supplement the robot‟s gestures and allows it to grasp and move objects. Arduino-board and other electronic circuits can be used to drive arm actuators by programming. A robotic arm can have a wide range of applications including pick-anddrop, imitating human arm, drawing objects with programmed intelligence, throwing light-weight objects based on mathematically governed functions. Once designed and implemented arm can be mounted to the mobile base so as to allow itself a complete plane of locomotion. The human arm is considered to have rotational ability mainly at shoulder, elbow a...

It has become clear in the years that we have been teaching engineering subjects that there is a discontinuity between how related subjects are taught.  By that, we mean that fundamental principles of mass, energy and momentum are indifferent to the application, yet they are introduced and utilized very differently in various engineering courses.  One good example of this disparity is the momentum principle, which is a combination of Newton’s 2 nd Law of Motion and Reynolds Transport Theorem.  In every statics and dynamics textbook, there is no mention of the momentum principle, even though, as will be shown in this paper, many problems (and entire chapters) can be best understood utilizing the momentum principle. Most introductory statics and dynamics courses do teach various forms of “momentum methods.”  The plural form of “momentum methods” indicates that there is more than one, which can be observed in most statics and dynamics textbooks.  Unfortunately, these methods are only s...

The role of chaos in biological information processing has been established as an important breakthrough of nonlinear dynamics, after the early pioneering work of J.S. Nicolis and notably in neuroscience by the work of Walter J. Freeman and co-workers spanning more than three decades. In this work we revisit the subject and we further focus on novel results that reveal its underlying logical structure when faced with the cognition of ambiguous stimuli. We demonstrate, by utilizing a minimal model for apprehension and judgement related to Bayesian updating, that the fundamental characteristics of a biological processor obey in this case an extended, non-Boolean, logic which is characterized as a quantum logic. And we realize that in its essence the role of chaos in biological information processing accounts for, and is fully compatible with, the logic of “quantum cognition” in psychology and neuroscience.

We develop a multilevel theory of the activation and regulation of bio-emotional energy in entrepreneurial systems to explain the transformational endogenous dynamics by which the entrepreneur’s vision of a new future enterprise is realized. By an entrepreneurial system we mean the entrepreneur and the core group of individuals who collaborate to achieve the entrepreneur’s vision or goal (Bruyat & Julien, 2001). We begin with the premise that the entrepreneur is passionately committed to the implementation of a “new” idea that defies or goes beyond the current norms and/or rationality of the existing business order, and that the entrepreneurial system is an order for generating innovative and/or radical economic change in society. But change—the creation of something new—requires additional bio-emotional energy beyond that needed for the maintenance of established order. Drawing on Bradley and Pribram’s (1998) theory of social communication, in which the principles of quantum hologr...

Mainstream strategy scholars have long recognized the importance of stocks (?resources?) in explaining firm growth and performance. Under the label of the Resource Based View (RBV) of strategy, strategy researchers have been consumed with several questions about stock accumulation. Surprisingly, the literature has done little to evaluate how the value (not just the amount) of these accumulated stocks rise or fall endogenously over time. In this paper, we use a simple model to illustrate how the rise or fall in value of resources as they age affects patterns of firm performance and growth rates across industries over time. Using data on firms in 175 different industries from 2003 to 2013, we find evidence supporting our argument that the relationship between firm age and firm growth rates varies across industries as a result of differences in the nature of resource aging across industries.

This report shows how the role of the infrastructure – standards, measurement, accreditation, design and intellectual property – can be integrated into a quantitative model of the innovation system and used to help explain levels and changes in labour productivity and growth in turnover and employment. The summary focuses on the new results from the project, set out in more detail in Sections 5 and 6. The first two sections of the report provide contextual material on the UK innovation system, the nature and content of the infrastructure knowledge and the institutions that provide it. Mixed modes of innovation, the typology of innovation practices developed and applied here, is constituted of six mixed modes, derived from many variables taken from the UK Innovation Survey. These are: Investing in intangibles Technology with IP innovating Using codified knowledge Wider (managerial) innovating Market-led innovating External process modernising. The composition of the innovation modes,...

This paper presents a method for analysis of changes
in information contents in music based on an audio representation called Audio Oracle (AO). Using compression properties ofAO we estimate the amount of information that passes between the past and the present at every instance in a musical signal. This formulation extends the notion of Information Rate (IR) to individual sequences and allows an optimal estimation of the AO threshold parameter. We show that changes in IR correspond to significant musical structures such as sections in a sonata form. Relation to musical perception and applications for compositionand improvisation are discussed in the paper.